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Xie Y, Yang F, He L, Huang H, Chao M, Cao H, Hu Y, Fan Z, Zhai Y, Zhao W, Liu X, Zhao R, Xiao B, Shi X, Luo Y, Yin J, Feng D, Hugnot JP, Muhl L, Dimberg A, Betsholtz C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang L. Single-cell dissection of the human blood-brain barrier and glioma blood-tumor barrier. Neuron 2024; 112:3089-3105.e7. [PMID: 39191260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a crucial vascular specialization, shielding and nourishing brain neurons and glia while impeding drug delivery. Here, we conducted single-cell mRNA sequencing of human cerebrovascular cells from 13 surgically resected glioma samples and adjacent normal brain tissue. The transcriptomes of 103,230 cells were mapped, including 57,324 endothelial cells (ECs) and 27,703 mural cells (MCs). Both EC and MC transcriptomes originating from lower-grade glioma were indistinguishable from those of normal brain tissue, whereas transcriptomes from glioblastoma (GBM) displayed a range of abnormalities. Among these, we identified LOXL2-dependent collagen modification as a common GBM-dependent trait and demonstrated that inhibiting LOXL2 enhanced chemotherapy efficacy in both murine and human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) GBM models. Our comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing-based molecular atlas of the human BBB, coupled with insights into its perturbations in GBM, holds promise for guiding future investigations into brain health, pathology, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhicheng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yaohong Zhai
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenjian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xian Liu
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ruozhu Zhao
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xinxin Shi
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuancheng Luo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Sweden International Joint Research Center for Brain Diseases, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China.
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2
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Chen H, Fang S, Zhu X, Liu H. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and prostate cancer stem cells: crosstalk mechanisms and implications for disease progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1412337. [PMID: 39092186 PMCID: PMC11291335 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1412337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The functional heterogeneity and ecological niche of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), which are major drivers of prostate cancer development and treatment resistance, have attracted considerable research attention. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are crucial components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), substantially affect PCSC stemness. Additionally, CAFs promote PCSC growth and survival by releasing signaling molecules and modifying the surrounding environment. Conversely, PCSCs may affect the characteristics and behavior of CAFs by producing various molecules. This crosstalk mechanism is potentially crucial for prostate cancer progression and the development of treatment resistance. Using organoids to model the TME enables an in-depth study of CAF-PCSC interactions, providing a valuable preclinical tool to accurately evaluate potential target genes and design novel treatment strategies for prostate cancer. The objective of this review is to discuss the current research on the multilevel and multitarget regulatory mechanisms underlying CAF-PCSC interactions and crosstalk, aiming to inform therapeutic approaches that address challenges in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Yue W, Zhang H, Gao Y, Ding J, Xue R, Dong C, Liu F, Yang L, Yang L, Li L. Procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 promotes collagen cross-linking and ECM stiffening to induce liver fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167205. [PMID: 38696846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (Plod2) is a key collagen lysyl hydroxylase mediating the formation of collagen fiber and stabilized collagen cross-links, and has been identified in several forms of fibrosis. However, the potential role and regulatory mechanism of Plod2 in liver fibrosis remain unclear yet. Mouse liver fibrosis models were induced by injecting carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally. The morphology and alignment of collagen was observed under transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness was measured by atomic force microscopy. Large amounts of densely packed fibrillar collagen fibers produced by myofibroblasts (MFs) were deposited in fibrotic liver of mice reaching very large diameters in the cross section, accompanied with ECM stiffening, which was positively correlated with collagen-crosslinking. The expression of Plod2 was dynamically up-regulated in fibrotic liver of mouse and human. In MFs transfection of Plod2 siRNA made collagen fibers more orderly and linear aligned which can be easily degraded and protected from ECM stiffness. Administration of Plod2 siRNA preventatively or therapeutically in CCl4 mice reduced the average size of collagen bundles in transverse section, increased collagen solubility, decreases the levels of crosslinking products hydroxylysylpyridinoline and lysylpyridinoline, prevented ECM stiffening and alleviated liver fibrosis. Altogether, Plod2 mediates the formation of stabilized profibrotic collagen cross-links in MFs, leading to the alteration of collagen solubility and ECM stiffness, and eventually aggravates liver fibrosis, which provide potential target for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingru Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Renmin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chengbin Dong
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fuquan Liu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Jalil SMA, Henry JC, Cameron AJM. Targets in the Tumour Matrisome to Promote Cancer Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1847. [PMID: 38791926 PMCID: PMC11119821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of complex fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans, and macromolecules, generated by stromal, immune, and cancer cells. The components and organisation of the matrix evolves as tumours progress to invasive disease and metastasis. In many solid tumours, dense fibrotic ECM has been hypothesised to impede therapy response by limiting drug and immune cell access. Interventions to target individual components of the ECM, collectively termed the matrisome, have, however, revealed complex tumour-suppressor, tumour-promoter, and immune-modulatory functions, which have complicated clinical translation. The degree to which distinct components of the matrisome can dictate tumour phenotypes and response to therapy is the subject of intense study. A primary aim is to identify therapeutic opportunities within the matrisome, which might support a better response to existing therapies. Many matrix signatures have been developed which can predict prognosis, immune cell content, and immunotherapy responses. In this review, we will examine key components of the matrisome which have been associated with advanced tumours and therapy resistance. We have primarily focussed here on targeting matrisome components, rather than specific cell types, although several examples are described where cells of origin can dramatically affect tumour roles for matrix components. As we unravel the complex biochemical, biophysical, and intracellular transduction mechanisms associated with the ECM, numerous therapeutic opportunities will be identified to modify tumour progression and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angus J. M. Cameron
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (S.M.A.J.); (J.C.H.)
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5
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Borst R, Meyaard L, Pascoal Ramos MI. Understanding the matrix: collagen modifications in tumors and their implications for immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:382. [PMID: 38659022 PMCID: PMC11040975 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are highly complex and heterogenous ecosystems where malignant cells interact with healthy cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Solid tumors contain large ECM deposits that can constitute up to 60% of the tumor mass. This supports the survival and growth of cancerous cells and plays a critical role in the response to immune therapy. There is untapped potential in targeting the ECM and cell-ECM interactions to improve existing immune therapy and explore novel therapeutic strategies. The most abundant proteins in the ECM are the collagen family. There are 28 different collagen subtypes that can undergo several post-translational modifications (PTMs), which alter both their structure and functionality. Here, we review current knowledge on tumor collagen composition and the consequences of collagen PTMs affecting receptor binding, cell migration and tumor stiffness. Furthermore, we discuss how these alterations impact tumor immune responses and how collagen could be targeted to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowie Borst
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Ines Pascoal Ramos
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Burgess JK, Weiss DJ, Westergren-Thorsson G, Wigen J, Dean CH, Mumby S, Bush A, Adcock IM. Extracellular Matrix as a Driver of Chronic Lung Diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:239-246. [PMID: 38190723 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0176ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is not just a three-dimensional scaffold that provides stable support for all cells in the lungs, but also an important component of chronic fibrotic airway, vascular, and interstitial diseases. It is a bioactive entity that is dynamically modulated during tissue homeostasis and disease, that controls structural and immune cell functions and drug responses, and that can release fragments that have biological activity and that can be used to monitor disease activity. There is a growing recognition of the importance of considering ECM changes in chronic airway, vascular, and interstitial diseases, including 1) compositional changes, 2) structural and organizational changes, and 3) mechanical changes and how these affect disease pathogenesis. As altered ECM biology is an important component of many lung diseases, disease models must incorporate this factor to fully recapitulate disease-driver pathways and to study potential novel therapeutic interventions. Although novel models are evolving that capture some or all of the elements of the altered ECM microenvironment in lung diseases, opportunities exist to more fully understand cell-ECM interactions that will help devise future therapeutic targets to restore function in chronic lung diseases. In this perspective article, we review evolving knowledge about the ECM's role in homeostasis and disease in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, and
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Jenny Wigen
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
- Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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Lloyd SM, He Y. Exploring Extracellular Matrix Crosslinking as a Therapeutic Approach to Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:438. [PMID: 38474402 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for tissues and regulatory signals for resident cells. ECM requires a careful balance between protein accumulation and degradation for homeostasis. Disruption of this balance can lead to pathological processes such as fibrosis in organs across the body. Post-translational crosslinking modifications to ECM proteins such as collagens alter ECM structure and function. Dysregulation of crosslinking enzymes as well as changes in crosslinking composition are prevalent in fibrosis. Because of the crucial roles these ECM crosslinking pathways play in disease, the enzymes that govern crosslinking events are being explored as therapeutic targets for fibrosis. Here, we review in depth the molecular mechanisms underlying ECM crosslinking, how ECM crosslinking contributes to fibrosis, and the therapeutic strategies being explored to target ECM crosslinking in fibrosis to restore normal tissue structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Lloyd
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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8
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Ostrowska-Lesko M, Rajtak A, Moreno-Bueno G, Bobinski M. Scientific and clinical relevance of non-cellular tumor microenvironment components in ovarian cancer chemotherapy resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189036. [PMID: 38042260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) components play a crucial role in cancer cells' resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. This phenomenon is exceptionally fundamental in patients with ovarian cancer (OvCa), whose outcome depends mainly on their response to chemotherapy. Until now, most reports have focused on the role of cellular components of the TME, while less attention has been paid to the stroma and other non-cellular elements of the TME, which may play an essential role in the therapy resistance. Inhibiting these components could help define new therapeutic targets and potentially restore chemosensitivity. The aim of the present article is both to summarize the knowledge about non-cellular components of the TME in the development of OvCa chemoresistance and to suggest targeting of non-cellular elements of the TME as a valuable strategy to overcome chemoresistance and to develop new therapeutic strategies in OvCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ostrowska-Lesko
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewskiego Street, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Alicja Rajtak
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Sols-Morreale' (IIBm-CISC), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Fundación MD Anderson Internacional (FMDA), Spain.
| | - Marcin Bobinski
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
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Ravassa S, López B, Treibel TA, San José G, Losada-Fuentenebro B, Tapia L, Bayés-Genís A, Díez J, González A. Cardiac Fibrosis in heart failure: Focus on non-invasive diagnosis and emerging therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 93:101194. [PMID: 37384998 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality and hospitalization worldwide. Cardiac fibrosis, resulting from the excessive deposition of collagen fibers, is a common feature across the spectrum of conditions converging in heart failure. Eventually, either reparative or reactive in nature, in the long-term cardiac fibrosis contributes to heart failure development and progression and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Despite this, specific cardiac antifibrotic therapies are lacking, making cardiac fibrosis an urgent unmet medical need. In this context, a better patient phenotyping is needed to characterize the heterogenous features of cardiac fibrosis to advance toward its personalized management. In this review, we will describe the different phenotypes associated with cardiac fibrosis in heart failure and we will focus on the potential usefulness of imaging techniques and circulating biomarkers for the non-invasive characterization and phenotyping of this condition and for tracking its clinical impact. We will also recapitulate the cardiac antifibrotic effects of existing heart failure and non-heart failure drugs and we will discuss potential strategies under preclinical development targeting the activation of cardiac fibroblasts at different levels, as well as targeting additional extracardiac processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ravassa
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña López
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gorka San José
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Losada-Fuentenebro
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Tapia
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Servei de Cardiologia i Unitat d'Insuficiència Cardíaca, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Díez
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arantxa González
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra and IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Löser R, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kopka K, Santhanam L, Pietzsch J. Lysyl Oxidases as Targets for Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300331. [PMID: 37565736 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to cancer progression and metastasis, in particular the interplay between tumour cells, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix has grown tremendously over the last years. Lysyl oxidases are increasingly recognised as key players in this context, in addition to their function as drivers of fibrotic diseases. These insights have considerably stimulated drug discovery efforts towards lysyl oxidases as targets over the last decade. This review article summarises the biochemical and structural properties of theses enzymes. Their involvement in tumour progression and metastasis is highlighted from a biochemical point of view, taking into consideration both the extracellular and intracellular action of lysyl oxidases. More recently reported inhibitor compounds are discussed with an emphasis on their discovery, structure-activity relationships and the results of their biological characterisation. Molecular probes developed for imaging of lysyl oxidase activity are reviewed from the perspective of their detection principles, performance and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Lam KH, Ma S. Noncellular components in the liver cancer stem cell niche: Biology and potential clinical implications. Hepatology 2023; 78:991-1005. [PMID: 35727189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now recognized as one of the major root causes of therapy failure and tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Early studies in the field focused primarily on the intrinsic regulators of CSC maintenance, but in recent years, mounting evidence has demonstrated the presence and role of extrinsic regulators in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the control of liver CSCs. In addition to direct interaction with cellular components, noncellular components, including the extracellular matrix, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and secreted molecules within the tumor stroma and hepatitis viruses, also play a critical role in shaping the CSC niche. In this review, we highlight how various noncellular components in the TME play a role in regulating CSCs and how CSCs secrete components to interact with the TME to generate their own niche, working hand in hand to drive tumor physiology in HCC. In addition, we describe the potential clinical applications of these findings and propose perspectives on future research of noncellular components in the liver CSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Hei Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen Hospital , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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13
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Poe A, Martinez Yus M, Wang H, Santhanam L. Lysyl oxidase like-2 in fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C694-C707. [PMID: 37458436 PMCID: PMC10635644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important and essential reparative response to injury that, if left uncontrolled, results in the excessive synthesis, deposition, remodeling, and stiffening of the extracellular matrix, which is deleterious to organ function. Thus, the sustained activation of enzymes that catalyze matrix remodeling and cross linking is a fundamental step in the pathology of fibrotic diseases. Recent studies have implicated the amine oxidase lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) in this process and established significantly elevated expression of LOXL2 as a key component of profibrotic conditions in several organ systems. Understanding the relationship between LOXL2 and fibrosis as well as the mechanisms behind these relationships can offer significant insights for developing novel therapies. Here, we summarize the key findings that demonstrate the link between LOXL2 and fibrosis and inflammation, examine current therapeutics targeting LOXL2 for the treatment of fibrosis, and discuss future directions for experiments and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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14
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Mebratu YA, Soni S, Rosas L, Rojas M, Horowitz JC, Nho R. The aged extracellular matrix and the profibrotic role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C565-C579. [PMID: 37486065 PMCID: PMC10511170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible and fatal lung disease that is primarily found in the elderly population, and several studies have demonstrated that aging is the major risk factor for IPF. IPF is characterized by the presence of apoptosis-resistant, senescent fibroblasts that generate an excessively stiff extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM profoundly affects cellular functions and tissue homeostasis, and an aberrant ECM is closely associated with the development of lung fibrosis. Aging progressively alters ECM components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction through the expression of factors linked to a senescence-associated secretary phenotype (SASP). There is growing evidence that SASP factors affect various cell behaviors and influence ECM turnover in lung tissue through autocrine and/or paracrine signaling mechanisms. Since life expectancy is increasing worldwide, it is important to elucidate how aging affects ECM dynamics and turnover via SASP and thereby promotes lung fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the molecular properties of SASP and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the pathophysiological process of ECM remodeling by SASP factors and the influence of an altered ECM from aged lungs on the development of lung fibrosis will be highlighted. Finally, recent attempts to target ECM alteration and senescent cells to modulate fibrosis will be introduced.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is the most prominent nonmodifiable risk factor for various human diseases including Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aging progressively alters extracellular matrix components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the pathological impact of aging and senescence on lung fibrosis via senescence-associated secretary phenotype factors and potential therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Richard Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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15
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Luangmonkong T, Parichatikanond W, Olinga P. Targeting collagen homeostasis for the treatment of liver fibrosis: Opportunities and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115740. [PMID: 37567319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an excessive production, aberrant deposition, and deficit degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Patients with unresolved fibrosis ultimately undergo end-stage liver diseases. To date, the effective and safe strategy to cease fibrosis progression remains an unmet clinical need. Since collagens are the most abundant ECM protein which play an essential role in fibrogenesis, the suitable regulation of collagen homeostasis could be an effective strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview on the dysregulation of ECM homeostasis, focusing on collagens, in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Most importantly, promising therapeutic mechanisms related to biosynthesis, deposition and extracellular interactions, and degradation of collagens, together with preclinical and clinical antifibrotic evidence of drugs affecting each target are orderly criticized. In addition, challenges for targeting collagen homeostasis in the treatment of liver fibrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand; Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Warisara Parichatikanond
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand; Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Radić J, Kožik B, Nikolić I, Kolarov-Bjelobrk I, Vasiljević T, Vranjković B, Despotović S. Multiple Roles of LOXL2 in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Potential for Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11745. [PMID: 37511503 PMCID: PMC10380739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
LOXL2, a copper-dependent amine oxidase, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increased LOXL2 expression in HCC has been linked with an aggressive phenotype and represents a poor prognostic factor. Here, we focus on the mechanisms through which LOXL2 orchestrates multiple oncogenic functions in HCC development. We performed a review of the current knowledge on the roles LOXL2 performs in the modulation of the HCC tumor microenvironment, formation of premetastatic niches, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We also highlighted the complex interplay between LOXL2 and hypoxia, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry in HCC. At the end of the review, we summarize the current LOXL2 inhibitors and discuss their potential in HCC precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Bojana Kožik
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11100 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Nikolić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kolarov-Bjelobrk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tijana Vasiljević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Pathology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Bojana Vranjković
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Sanja Despotović
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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17
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Yin X, Yin X, Pan X, Zhang J, Fan X, Li J, Zhai X, Jiang L, Hao P, Wang J, Chen Y. Post-myocardial infarction fibrosis: Pathophysiology, examination, and intervention. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1070973. [PMID: 37056987 PMCID: PMC10086160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis plays an indispensable role in cardiac tissue homeostasis and repair after myocardial infarction (MI). The cardiac fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix collagen deposition are the hallmarks of cardiac fibrosis, which are modulated by multiple signaling pathways and various types of cells in time-dependent manners. Our understanding of the development of cardiac fibrosis after MI has evolved in basic and clinical researches, and the regulation of fibrotic remodeling may facilitate novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and finally improve outcomes. Here, we aim to elaborate pathophysiology, examination and intervention of cardiac fibrosis after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yin
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxin Yin
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinhui Fan
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhai
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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18
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Wang K, Wen D, Xu X, Zhao R, Jiang F, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li Q. Extracellular matrix stiffness-The central cue for skin fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1132353. [PMID: 36968277 PMCID: PMC10031116 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1132353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is a physiopathological process featuring the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the main architecture that provides structural support and constitutes the microenvironment for various cellular behaviors. Recently, increasing interest has been drawn to the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ECM and the initiation and modulation of skin fibrosis, with the engagement of a complex network of signaling pathways, the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, and changes in immunoregulation and metabolism. Simultaneous with the progression of skin fibrosis, the stiffness of ECM increases, which in turn perturbs mechanical and humoral homeostasis to drive cell fate toward an outcome that maintains and enhances the fibrosis process, thus forming a pro-fibrotic "positive feedback loop". In this review, we highlighted the central role of the ECM and its dynamic changes at both the molecular and cellular levels in skin fibrosis. We paid special attention to signaling pathways regulated by mechanical cues in ECM remodeling. We also systematically summarized antifibrotic interventions targeting the ECM, hopefully enlightening new strategies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feipeng Jiang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengqin Yuan
- School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yifan Zhang, ; Ya Gao, ; Qingfeng Li,
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19
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Ezhilarasan D, Najimi M. Intercellular communication among liver cells in the perisinusoidal space of the injured liver: Pathophysiology and therapeutic directions. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:70-81. [PMID: 36409708 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the perisinusoidal space are surrounded by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and other resident immune cells. In the normal liver, HSCs communicate with these cells to maintain normal liver functions. However, after chronic liver injury, injured hepatocytes release several proinflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, and damage-associated molecular patterns into the perisinusoidal space. Consequently, such alteration activates quiescent HSCs to acquire a myofibroblast-like phenotype and express high amounts of transforming growth factor-β1, angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factors, interleukins 6 and 8, fibril forming collagens, laminin, and E-cadherin. These phenotypic and functional transdifferentiation lead to hepatic fibrosis with a typical abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis and disorganization of the perisinusoidal space of the injured liver. Those changes provide a favorable environment that regulates tumor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and survival in the perisinusoidal space. Such tumor cells by releasing transforming growth factor-β1 and other cytokines, will, in turn, activate and deeply interact with HSCs via a bidirectional loop. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma-derived mediators convert HSCs and macrophages into protumorigenic cell populations. Thus, the perisinusoidal space serves as a critical hub for activating HSCs and their interactions with other cell types, which cause a variety of liver diseases such as hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and their complications, such as portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting the crosstalk between activated HSCs and tumor cells/immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may also support a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Lysyl Oxidase Family Proteins: Prospective Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012270. [PMID: 36293126 PMCID: PMC9602794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, consisting of LOX and LOX-like proteins 1–4 (LOXL1–4), is responsible for the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin, thus maintaining the stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and functioning in maintaining connective tissue function, embryonic development, and wound healing. Recent studies have found the aberrant expression or activity of the LOX family occurs in various types of cancer. It has been proved that the LOX family mainly performs tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling function and is extensively involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, immunomodulation, proliferation, apoptosis, etc. With relevant translational research in progress, the LOX family is expected to be an effective target for tumor therapy. Here, we review the research progress of the LOX family in tumor progression and therapy to provide novel insights for future exploration of relevant tumor mechanism and new therapeutic targets.
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21
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Topical application of an irreversible small molecule inhibitor of lysyl oxidases ameliorates skin scarring and fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5555. [PMID: 36138009 PMCID: PMC9500072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scarring is a lifelong consequence of skin injury, with scar stiffness and poor appearance presenting physical and psychological barriers to a return to normal life. Lysyl oxidases are a family of enzymes that play a critical role in scar formation and maintenance. Lysyl oxidases stabilize the main component of scar tissue, collagen, and drive scar stiffness and appearance. Here we describe the development and characterisation of an irreversible lysyl oxidase inhibitor, PXS-6302. PXS-6302 is ideally suited for skin treatment, readily penetrating the skin when applied as a cream and abolishing lysyl oxidase activity. In murine models of injury and fibrosis, topical application reduces collagen deposition and cross-linking. Topical application of PXS-6302 after injury also significantly improves scar appearance without reducing tissue strength in porcine injury models. PXS-6302 therefore represents a promising therapeutic to ameliorate scar formation, with potentially broader applications in other fibrotic diseases.
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22
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Zuela-Sopilniak N, Lammerding J. Can't handle the stress? Mechanobiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:710-725. [PMID: 35717527 PMCID: PMC9420767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology is a rapidly growing research area focused on how mechanical forces and properties influence biological systems at the cell, molecular, and tissue level, and how those biological systems, in turn, control mechanical parameters. Recently, it has become apparent that disrupted mechanobiology has a significant role in many diseases, from cardiovascular disease to muscular dystrophy and cancer. An improved understanding of this intricate process could be harnessed toward developing alternative and more targeted treatment strategies, and to advance the fields of regenerative and personalized medicine. Modulating the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment has already been used successfully to boost antitumor immune responses and to induce cardiac and spinal regeneration, providing inspiration for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Zuela-Sopilniak
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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23
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Dooling LJ, Saini K, Anlaş AA, Discher DE. Tissue mechanics coevolves with fibrillar matrisomes in healthy and fibrotic tissues. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:153-188. [PMID: 35764212 PMCID: PMC9990088 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar proteins are principal components of extracellular matrix (ECM) that confer mechanical properties to tissues. Fibrosis can result from wound repair in nearly every tissue in adults, and it associates with increased ECM density and crosslinking as well as increased tissue stiffness. Such fibrotic tissues are a major biomedical challenge, and an emerging view posits that the altered mechanical environment supports both synthetic and contractile myofibroblasts in a state of persistent activation. Here, we review the matrisome in several fibrotic diseases, as well as normal tissues, with a focus on physicochemical properties. Stiffness generally increases with the abundance of fibrillar collagens, the major constituent of ECM, with similar mathematical trends for fibrosis as well as adult tissues from soft brain to stiff bone and heart development. Changes in expression of other core matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins or proteoglycans contribute to tissue stiffening in fibrosis by organizing collagen, crosslinking ECM, and facilitating adhesion of myofibroblasts. Understanding how ECM composition and mechanics coevolve during fibrosis can lead to better models and help with antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Dooling
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karanvir Saini
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alişya A Anlaş
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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A Novel Morphological Parameter Predicting Fibrotic Evolution in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: New Evidence and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147872. [PMID: 35887218 PMCID: PMC9322985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) represent a group of hematological disorders that are traditionally considered as indistinct slow progressing conditions; still, a subset of cases shows a rapid evolution towards myelofibrotic bone marrow failure. Specific abnormalities in the megakaryocyte lineage seem to play a central role in this evolution, especially in the bone marrow fibrosis but also in the induction of myeloproliferation. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge of prognostic factors of MPNs related to their evolution to myelofibrotic bone marrow failure. Moreover, we focused the role of the megakaryocytic lineage in the various stages of MPNs, with updated examples of MPNs in vitro and in vivo models and new therapeutic implications.
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25
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Teng T, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Zhao S, Sun D, Hou L, Li Y, Zhou K, Yu X, Yang C, Li Y. Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies Related to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147841. [PMID: 35887189 PMCID: PMC9322253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common types of chronic liver disease, is strongly correlated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and genetic components. The pathological progression of NAFLD, consisting of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and liver cirrhosis, is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Although patients with mild NAFL are considered to show no obvious clinical symptoms, patients with long-term NAFL may culminate in NASH and further liver fibrosis. Even though various drugs are able to improve NAFLD, there are no FDA-approved medications that directly treat NAFLD. In this paper, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the potential therapeutic targets, and their underlying mechanisms of action were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieshan Teng
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Dequan Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Lingzhu Hou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yihang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ke Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xixi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Changyong Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: or (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (T.T.); (S.Q.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.S.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (C.Y.); (Y.L.)
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26
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Ledoult E, Jendoubi M, Collet A, Guerrier T, Largy A, Speca S, Vivier S, Bray F, Figeac M, Hachulla E, Labalette M, Leprêtre F, Sebda S, Sanges S, Rolando C, Sobanski V, Dubucquoi S, Launay D. Simple gene signature to assess murine fibroblast polarization. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11748. [PMID: 35817787 PMCID: PMC9273630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an original multi-stage approach identifying a gene signature to assess murine fibroblast polarization. Prototypic polarizations (inflammatory/fibrotic) were induced by seeded mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with TNFα or TGFß1, respectively. The transcriptomic and proteomic profiles were obtained by RNA microarray and LC-MS/MS. Gene Ontology and pathways analysis were performed among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs). Balb/c mice underwent daily intradermal injections of HOCl (or PBS) as an experimental murine model of inflammation-mediated fibrosis in a time-dependent manner. As results, 1456 and 2215 DEGs, and 289 and 233 DEPs were respectively found in MEFs in response to TNFα or TGFß1, respectively. Among the most significant pathways, we combined 26 representative genes to encompass the proinflammatory and profibrotic polarizations of fibroblasts. Based on principal component analysis, this signature deciphered baseline state, proinflammatory polarization, and profibrotic polarization as accurately as RNA microarray and LC-MS/MS did. Then, we assessed the gene signature on dermal fibroblasts isolated from the experimental murine model. We observed a proinflammatory polarization at day 7, and a mixture of a proinflammatory and profibrotic polarizations at day 42 in line with histological findings. Our approach provides a small-size and convenient gene signature to assess murine fibroblast polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ledoult
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France. .,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France. .,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Manel Jendoubi
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Aurore Collet
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Guerrier
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pole Biologie et d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexis Largy
- INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Solange Vivier
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bray
- CNRS, UAR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation Pour La Synthèse, Univ. Lille, l'Analyse et la Protéomique, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Martin Figeac
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Eric Hachulla
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Labalette
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pole Biologie et d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Leprêtre
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Shéhérazade Sebda
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Sanges
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- CNRS, UAR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation Pour La Synthèse, Univ. Lille, l'Analyse et la Protéomique, 59000, Lille, France.,Shrieking Sixties, 1-3 Allée Lavoisier, 59650, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Vincent Sobanski
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dubucquoi
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pole Biologie et d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - David Launay
- Inserm, U1286, 4Ème Étage Centre, Place Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.,INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
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27
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Pehrsson M, Manon‐Jensen T, Sun S, Villesen IF, Castañé H, Joven J, Patel K, Goodman Z, Nielsen MJ, Bay‐Jensen A, Leeming DJ, Mortensen JH, Karsdal MA. An MMP-degraded and cross-linked fragment of type III collagen as a non-invasive biomarker of hepatic fibrosis resolution. Liver Int 2022; 42:1605-1617. [PMID: 35384259 PMCID: PMC9324161 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis results from a prolonged wound healing response to continued injury with excessive production of extracellular proteins. In patients with chronic liver disease, the monitoring of liver fibrosis dynamics is of high interest. Whilst markers of fibrogenesis exist, markers of hepatic fibrosis resolution remain an unmet clinical need. Thus, we sought to develop an assay quantifying a circulating proteolytic fragment of cross-linked type III collagen as a biomarker of fibrolysis, testing its utility in two clinical cohorts of liver fibrosis of distinct aetiology and regressing endotype METHODS: We used a monoclonal antibody targeting the C-telopeptide of type III collagen following C-proteinase cleavage to develop and validate a neo-epitope-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CTX-III). A potential fibrosis resolution marker, CTX-III, was measured in two clinical cohorts of patients with obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease undergoing bariatric surgery or hepatitis C virus infection from a clinical trial study evaluating the anti-fibrotic effect of farglitazar. RESULTS CTX-III was robust and specific for the targeted neo-epitope with good reproducibility in EDTA plasma. We assessed type III collagen remodelling using a panel of biomarkers, including a type III collagen formation marker (PRO-C3), degradation (C3M), and CTX-III (fibrolysis). Net fibrolysis was increased in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease following bariatric surgery (p < .001). Moreover, net fibrolysis identified spontaneous fibrotic regressors from stable and progressors (p < .05 and p < .001) among hepatitis C virus infection patients. CONCLUSION Circulating CTX-III as a marker of fibrolysis indicates the biomarker's beneficial use in assessing hepatic fibrosis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pehrsson
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark,Biomarkers and ResearchNordic Bioscience A/SHerlevDenmark
| | | | - Shu Sun
- Biomarkers and ResearchNordic Bioscience A/SHerlevDenmark
| | | | - Helena Castañé
- Institut Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unitat de Recerca BiomèdicaHospital Universitari Sant JoanReusSpain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Institut Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unitat de Recerca BiomèdicaHospital Universitari Sant JoanReusSpain
| | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Health Network TorontoToronto General HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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28
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Leiva O, Hobbs G, Ravid K, Libby P. Cardiovascular Disease in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:166-182. [PMID: 35818539 PMCID: PMC9270630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are associated with increased risk for thrombotic complications. These conditions most commonly involve somatic mutations in genes that lead to constitutive activation of the Janus-associated kinase signaling pathway (eg, Janus kinase 2, calreticulin, myeloproliferative leukemia protein). Acquired gain-of-function mutations in these genes, particularly Janus kinase 2, can cause a spectrum of disorders, ranging from clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, a recently recognized age-related promoter of cardiovascular disease, to frank hematologic malignancy. Beyond thrombosis, patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms can develop other cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. The authors review the pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiovascular complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms, which involve inflammation, prothrombotic and profibrotic factors (including transforming growth factor-beta and lysyl oxidase), and abnormal function of circulating clones of mutated leukocytes and platelets from affected individuals. Anti-inflammatory therapies may provide cardiovascular benefit in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, a hypothesis that requires rigorous evaluation in clinical trials.
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Key Words
- ASXL1, additional sex Combs-like 1
- CHIP, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential
- DNMT3a, DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha
- IL, interleukin
- JAK, Janus-associated kinase
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- MPL, myeloproliferative leukemia protein
- MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TET2, tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- atherosclerosis
- cardiovascular complications
- clonal hematopoiesis
- myeloproliferative neoplasms
- thrombosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Leiva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriela Hobbs
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Meier AA, Go EP, Moon HJ, Desaire H, Mure M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Disulfide Mapping of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5879. [PMID: 35682561 PMCID: PMC9180022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysines and hydroxylysines to promote extracellular matrix remodeling. Aberrant activity of LOXL2 has been associated with organ fibrosis and tumor metastasis. The lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor is derived from Lys653 and Tyr689 in the amine oxidase domain via post-translational modification. Based on the similarity in hydrodynamic radius and radius of gyration, we recently proposed that the overall structures of the mature LOXL2 (containing LTQ) and the precursor LOXL2 (no LTQ) are very similar. In this study, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based disulfide mapping analysis of recombinant LOXL2 in three forms: a full-length LOXL2 (fl-LOXL2) containing a nearly stoichiometric amount of LTQ, Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 (SRCR1 and SRCR2 are truncated) in the precursor form, and Δ1-3SRCR-LOXL2 (SRCR1, SRCR2, SRCR3 are truncated) in a mixture of the precursor and the mature forms. We detected a set of five disulfide bonds that is conserved in both the precursor and the mature recombinant LOXL2s. In addition, we detected a set of four alternative disulfide bonds in low abundance that is not associated with the mature LOXL2. These results suggest that the major set of five disulfide bonds is retained post-LTQ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (E.P.G.); (H.-J.M.)
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (E.P.G.); (H.-J.M.)
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30
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Pan-Lysyl Oxidase Inhibitor PXS-5505 Ameliorates Multiple-Organ Fibrosis by Inhibiting Collagen Crosslinks in Rodent Models of Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105533. [PMID: 35628342 PMCID: PMC9146019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterised by progressive multiple organ fibrosis leading to morbidity and mortality. Lysyl oxidases play a vital role in the cross-linking of collagens and subsequent build-up of fibrosis in the extracellular matrix. As such, their inhibition provides a novel treatment paradigm for SSc. A novel small molecule pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor, PXS-5505, currently in clinical development for myelofibrosis treatment was evaluated using in vivo rodent models resembling the fibrotic conditions in SSc. Both lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) expression were elevated in the skin and lung of SSc patients. The oral application of PXS-5505 inhibited lysyl oxidase activity in the skin and LOXL2 activity in the lung. PXS-5505 exhibited anti-fibrotic effects in the SSc skin mouse model, reducing dermal thickness and α-smooth muscle actin. Similarly, in the bleomycin-induced mouse lung model, PXS-5505 reduced pulmonary fibrosis toward normal levels, mediated by its ability to normalise collagen/elastin crosslink formation. PXS-5505 also reduced fibrotic extent in models of the ischaemia-reperfusion heart, the unilateral ureteral obstruction kidney, and the CCl4-induced fibrotic liver. PXS-5505 consistently demonstrates potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in multiple models of organ fibrosis relevant to the pathogenesis of SSc, suggesting that it may be efficacious as a novel approach for treating SSc.
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31
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Burgess JK, Harmsen MC. Chronic lung diseases: entangled in extracellular matrix. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210202. [PMID: 35264410 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0202-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the scaffold that provides structure and support to all organs, including the lung; however, it is also much more than this. The ECM provides biochemical and biomechanical cues to cells that reside or transit through this micro-environment, instructing their responses. The ECM structure and composition changes in chronic lung diseases; how such changes impact disease pathogenesis is not as well understood. Cells bind to the ECM through surface receptors, of which the integrin family is one of the most widely recognised. The signals that cells receive from the ECM regulate their attachment, proliferation, differentiation, inflammatory secretory profile and survival. There is extensive evidence documenting changes in the composition and amount of ECM in diseased lung tissues. However, changes in the topographical arrangement, organisation of the structural fibres and stiffness (or viscoelasticity) of the matrix in which cells are embedded have an undervalued but strong impact on cell phenotype. The ECM in diseased lungs also changes in physical and biomechanical ways that drive cellular responses. The characteristics of these environments alter cell behaviour and potentially orchestrate perpetuation of lung diseases. Future therapies should target ECM remodelling as much as the underlying culprit cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands .,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Targeting extracellular matrix stiffness and mechanotransducers to improve cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:34. [PMID: 35331296 PMCID: PMC8943941 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The extracellular matrix (ECM) interacts with tumor and stromal cells to promote cancer cells proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Both ECM itself and ECM stiffening-induced mechanical stimuli may activate cell membrane receptors and mechanosensors such as integrin, Piezo1 and TRPV4, thereby modulating the malignant phenotype of tumor and stromal cells. A better understanding of how ECM stiffness regulates tumor progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics. The rapidly expanding evidence in this research area suggests that the regulators and effectors of ECM stiffness represent potential therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes recent work on the regulation of ECM stiffness in cancer, the effects of ECM stiffness on tumor progression, cancer immunity and drug resistance. We also discuss the potential targets that may be druggable to intervene ECM stiffness and tumor progression. Based on these advances, future efforts can be made to develop more effective and safe drugs to interrupt ECM stiffness-induced oncogenic signaling, cancer progression and drug resistance.
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Perryman L, Gray SG. Fibrosis in Mesothelioma: Potential Role of Lysyl Oxidases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:981. [PMID: 35205728 PMCID: PMC8870010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies (such as checkpoint inhibitors) and standard chemotherapies (such as cisplatin) have limitations in the successful treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Fibrosis is the accumulation of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues, making them denser than that of healthy tissues and thereby affecting drug delivery and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, fibrosis severely affects the patient's breathing and quality of life. The production of collagen and its assembly is highly regulated by various enzymes such as lysyl oxidases. Many solid tumors aberrantly express the family of lysyl oxidases (LOX/LOXL). This review examines how LOX/LOXLs were found to be dysregulated in noncancerous and cancerous settings, discusses their roles in solid tumor fibrosis and pathogenesis and explores the role of fibrosis in the development and poor clinical outcomes of patients with MPM. We examine the current preclinical status of drugs targeting LOX/LOXLs and how the incorporation of such drugs may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment and management of patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Perryman
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia;
| | - Steven G. Gray
- Thoracic Oncology, Labmed Directorate, St James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
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Patzelt S, Pigors M, Steenbock H, Diel L, Boch K, Chakievska L, Künzel S, Busch H, Fähnrich A, Brinckmann J, Schmidt E. Increased Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Anti-Laminin 332 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Remains Unaltered by Inhibition of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase. Front Immunol 2022; 12:812627. [PMID: 35197965 PMCID: PMC8858800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.812627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by autoantibodies against the basal membrane zone of skin and surface-close epithelia and predominant mucosal lesions. The oral cavity and conjunctivae are most frequently affected, albeit clinical manifestations can also occur on the skin. MMP-associated lesions outside the oral cavity typically lead to scarring. Mechanisms underlying scarring are largely unknown in MMP and effective treatment options are limited. Herein, we assessed the collagen architecture in tissue samples of an antibody-transfer mouse model of anti-laminin-332 MMP. In MMP mice, increased collagen fibril density was observed in skin and conjunctival lesions compared to mice injected with normal rabbit IgG. The extracellular matrix of MMP skin samples also showed altered post-translational collagen cross-linking with increased levels of both lysine- and hydroxylysine-derived collagen crosslinks supporting the fibrotic phenotype in experimental MMP compared to control animals. In addition, we evaluated a potential anti-fibrotic therapy in experimental anti-laminin-332 MMP using disulfiram, an inhibitor of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which has been implicated in immune-mediated mucosal scarring. In addition, disulfiram also acts as a copper chelator that was shown to block lysyl oxidase activity, an enzyme involved in formation of collagen crosslinks. Topical use of disulfiram (300 μM in 2% [w/v] methocel) did not improve ocular lesions in experimental MMP over the 12-day treatment period in disulfiram-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice (n=8/group). Furthermore, C57BL6/J mice (n=8/group) were treated prophylactically with 200 mg/kg p.o. disulfiram or the solvent once daily over a period of 12 days. Systemic treatment did not show any reduction in the severity of oral and ocular lesions in MMP mice, albeit some improvement in skin lesions was observed in disulfiram- vs. vehicle-treated mice (p=0.052). No reduction in fibrosis was seen, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Whilst blocking of ALDH failed to significantly ameliorate disease activity, our data provide new insight into fibrotic processes highlighting changes in the collagenous matrix and cross-linking patterns in IgG-mediated MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Patzelt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manuela Pigors
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heiko Steenbock
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Leonard Diel
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katharina Boch
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lenche Chakievska
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brinckmann
- Institute of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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35
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Prikhodko VA, Bezborodkina NN, Okovityi SV. Pharmacotherapy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Emerging Targets and Drug Candidates. Biomedicines 2022; 10:274. [PMID: 35203484 PMCID: PMC8869100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is characterized by high global incidence and prevalence, a tight association with common metabolic comorbidities, and a substantial risk of progression and associated mortality. Despite the increasingly high medical and socioeconomic burden of NAFLD, the lack of approved pharmacotherapy regimens remains an unsolved issue. In this paper, we aimed to provide an update on the rapidly changing therapeutic landscape and highlight the major novel approaches to the treatment of this disease. In addition to describing the biomolecules and pathways identified as upcoming pharmacological targets for NAFLD, we reviewed the current status of drug discovery and development pipeline with a special focus on recent evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A. Prikhodko
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia N. Bezborodkina
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Scientific, Clinical and Educational Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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36
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Meier AA, Moon HJ, Toth R, Folta-Stogniew E, Kuczera K, Middaugh CR, Mure M. Oligomeric States and Hydrodynamic Properties of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121846. [PMID: 34944490 PMCID: PMC8699698 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against metastatic/invasive tumors and organ and tissue fibrosis. LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to promote crosslinking of these proteins, and thereby plays a major role in ECM remodeling. LOXL2 secretes as 100-kDa full-length protein (fl-LOXL2) and then undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the first two scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains to yield 60-kDa protein (Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2). This processing does not affect the amine oxidase activity of LOXL2 in vitro. However, the physiological importance of this cleavage still remains elusive. In this study, we focused on characterization of biophysical properties of fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s (e.g., oligomeric states, molecular weights, and hydrodynamic radii in solution) to gain insight into the structural role of the first two SRCR domains. Our study reveals that fl-LOXL2 exists predominantly as monomer but also dimer to the lesser extent when its concentration is <~1 mM. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) determined by multi-angle light scattering coupled with size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS) indicates that fl-LOXL2 is a moderately asymmetric protein. In contrast, Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 exists solely as monomer and its Rh is in good agreement with the predicted value. The Rh values calculated from a 3D modeled structure of fl-LOXL2 and the crystal structure of the precursor Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 are within a reasonable margin of error of the values determined by SEC-MALS for fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s in mature forms in this study. Based on superimposition of the 3D model and the crystal structure of Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 (PDB:5ZE3), we propose a configuration of fl-LOXL2 that explains the difference observed in Rh between fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Ronald Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.IV); (C.R.M.)
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - C. Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.IV); (C.R.M.)
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Findlay A, Turner C, Schilter H, Deodhar M, Zhou W, Perryman L, Foot J, Zahoor A, Yao Y, Hamilton R, Brock M, Raso C, Stolp J, Galati M, Hamprecht D, Charlton B, Jarolimek W. An activity-based bioprobe differentiates a novel small molecule inhibitor from a LOXL2 antibody and provides renewed promise for anti-fibrotic therapeutic strategies. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e572. [PMID: 34841699 PMCID: PMC8571951 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Turner
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Wenbin Zhou
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara Perryman
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Foot
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amna Zahoor
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yimin Yao
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross Hamilton
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary Brock
- Quanterix, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jessica Stolp
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Galati
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
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Pehrsson M, Mortensen JH, Manon-Jensen T, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Davies MJ. Enzymatic cross-linking of collagens in organ fibrosis - resolution and assessment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1049-1064. [PMID: 34330194 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enzymatic cross-linking of the collagens within the extracellular matrix (ECM) catalyzed by enzymes such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-enzymes 1-4 (LOXL), transglutaminase 2 (TG2), and peroxidasin (PXDN) contribute to fibrosis progression through extensive collagen cross-linking. Studies in recent years have begun elucidating the important role of collagen cross-linking in perpetuating progression of organ fibrosis independently of inflammation through an increasingly stiff and noncompliant ECM. Therefore, collagen cross-linking and the cross-linking enzymes have become new targets in anti-fibrotic therapy as well as targets of novel biomarkers to properly assess resolution of the fibrotic ECM.Areas covered: The enzymatic actions of enzymes catalyzing collagen cross-linking and their relevance in organ fibrosis. Potential biomarkers specifically quantifying proteolytic fragments of collagen cross-linking is discussed based on Pubmed search done in November 2020 as well as the authors knowledge.Expert opinion: Current methods for the assessment of fibrosis involve the use of invasive and/or cumbersome and expensive methods such as tissue biopsies. Thus, an unmet need exists for the development and validation of minimally invasive biomarkers of proteolytic fragments of cross-linked collagens. These biomarkers may aid in the development and proper assessment of fibrosis resolution in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pehrsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
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Fibrosis, the Bad Actor in Cardiorenal Syndromes: Mechanisms Involved. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071824. [PMID: 34359993 PMCID: PMC8307805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome is a term that defines the complex bidirectional nature of the interaction between cardiac and renal disease. It is well established that patients with kidney disease have higher incidence of cardiovascular comorbidities and that renal dysfunction is a significant threat to the prognosis of patients with cardiac disease. Fibrosis is a common characteristic of organ injury progression that has been proposed not only as a marker but also as an important driver of the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndromes. Due to the relevance of fibrosis, its study might give insight into the mechanisms and targets that could potentially be modulated to prevent fibrosis development. The aim of this review was to summarize some of the pathophysiological pathways involved in the fibrotic damage seen in cardiorenal syndromes, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are known to be triggers and mediators of fibrosis.
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Lysyl oxidase inhibitors attenuate cyclosporin A-induced nephropathy in mouse. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12437. [PMID: 34127702 PMCID: PMC8203624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors, such as Cyclosporin (CsA), are the mainstay of anti-rejection therapy in solid organ transplants but can paradoxically induce progressive nephropathy characterised by renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a group of enzymes that catalyse extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking, were shown to implicate in tissue scarring. It is hypothesized that inhibition of these enzymes may render therapeutic effects against CsA-induced nephropathy. In this study, 6-to-8 weeks old C57BL/6 J mice were administered saline or CsA (30 mg/kg/day s.c) for 16 weeks. At 8 weeks, CsA-treated animals were divided into 5 groups respectively treated with: (1) vehicle, (2) PXS-5505 (Pan-LOX inhibitor), (3) PXS-5382 (LOX-like 2 inhibitor), (4) PXS-5505 for 4 weeks then PXS-5382 for 4 weeks (sequential therapy), and (5) Telmisartan (standard therapy). Our results indicate that CsA administration significantly increased the levels of blood urea nitrogen, glomerular and tubular injury, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse kidney. These changes were associated with upregulated mRNA expression of LOX and LOXL2. Administration of Pan-LOX or LOXL2 inhibitors or the sequential therapy suppressed the expression of ECM proteins (α-SMA, FN and COL1A), matrix metalloproteases (MMP)2 and 9, inflammatory markers (TNFα and MCP-1) and TGF-β1-Smad3 signalling. Among all regimens including telmisartan, only Pan-LOX inhibitor PXS-5505 was able to attenuate uraemia. Collectively, our study suggests that Pan-LOX and LOXL2 inhibition can attenuate progressive nephropathy due to CsA administration.
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Thapa K, Grewal AS, Kanojia N, Rani L, Sharma N, Singh S. Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases: Promising Molecular Drug Targets and their Clinical Development. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 18:333-353. [PMID: 31965945 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200121143959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases have become a serious concern worldwide. Both these liver diseases have an identical pathology, starting from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and, ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment options for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are still the same as they were 50 years ago which include corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, antioxidants, nutritional support and abstinence; and for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), weight loss, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering agents and anti-oxidants are the only treatment options. Despite broad research in understanding the disease pathophysiology, limited treatments are available for clinical use. Some therapeutic strategies based on targeting a specific molecule have been developed to lessen the consequences of disease and are under clinical investigation. Therefore, focus on multiple molecular targets will help develop an efficient therapeutic strategy. This review comprises a brief overview of the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD; recent molecular drug targets explored for ALD and NAFLD that may prove to be effective for multiple therapeutic regimens and also the clinical status of these promising drug targets for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Acharya P, Chouhan K, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671640. [PMID: 34025430 PMCID: PMC8134740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ in the human body, coordinating several key metabolic roles. The structure of the liver which consists of the distinctive arrangement of hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, the hepatic artery, portal vein and the central vein, is critical for its function. Due to its unique position in the human body, the liver interacts with components of circulation targeted for the rest of the body and in the process, it is exposed to a vast array of external agents such as dietary metabolites and compounds absorbed through the intestine, including alcohol and drugs, as well as pathogens. Some of these agents may result in injury to the cellular components of liver leading to the activation of the natural wound healing response of the body or fibrogenesis. Long-term injury to liver cells and consistent activation of the fibrogenic response can lead to liver fibrosis such as that seen in chronic alcoholics or clinically obese individuals. Unidentified fibrosis can evolve into more severe consequences over a period of time such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is well recognized now that in addition to external agents, genetic predisposition also plays a role in the development of liver fibrosis. An improved understanding of the cellular pathways of fibrosis can illuminate our understanding of this process, and uncover potential therapeutic targets. Here we summarized recent aspects in the understanding of relevant pathways, cellular and molecular drivers of hepatic fibrosis and discuss how this knowledge impact the therapy of respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chouhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Khurana A, Sayed N, Allawadhi P, Weiskirchen R. It's all about the spaces between cells: role of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:728. [PMID: 33987426 PMCID: PMC8106070 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is one of the leading complications of a variety of chronic liver disorders, including the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver failure. The progression of liver fibrosis is driven by chronic inflammation, which activates the secretory fibroblasts to the myofibroblast phenotype. These specialized liver cells are called as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion creates a large number of complications. Fibrosis is the result of imbalance between the matrix synthesizing and matrix degrading factors. The major ECM proteins include the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), lysyl oxidases (LOX), lysyl oxidase-like (LOXLs) enzymes, tenascins and others. These ECM proteins present novel avenues for the therapeutics of liver fibrosis. The current review highlights the major role played by these critical matrix proteins in liver fibrosis. Further, some of the targeted formulations used against these proteins are discussed and suggestions are provided to select the course of research for successful clinical translation of basic research findings for the amelioration of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Center for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020312. [PMID: 33669630 PMCID: PMC7921998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source. However, novel synthetic compounds that act as LOX/LOXL2 selective inhibitors or as dual LOX/LOX-L inhibitors have been recently developed. In this review, we describe LOX enzymes and their role in promoting cancer development and metastases, with a special focus on LOXL2 and breast cancer progression. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of LOXL2 inhibitors are also addressed. Overall, this work contextualizes and explores the importance of LOXL2 inhibition as a promising novel complementary and effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment.
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Nasillo V, Riva G, Paolini A, Forghieri F, Roncati L, Lusenti B, Maccaferri M, Messerotti A, Pioli V, Gilioli A, Bettelli F, Giusti D, Barozzi P, Lagreca I, Maffei R, Marasca R, Potenza L, Comoli P, Manfredini R, Maiorana A, Tagliafico E, Luppi M, Trenti T. Inflammatory Microenvironment and Specific T Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Immunopathogenesis and Novel Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041906. [PMID: 33672997 PMCID: PMC7918142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are malignancies of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) arising as a consequence of clonal proliferation driven by somatically acquired driver mutations in discrete genes (JAK2, CALR, MPL). In recent years, along with the advances in molecular characterization, the role of immune dysregulation has been achieving increasing relevance in the pathogenesis and evolution of MPNs. In particular, a growing number of studies have shown that MPNs are often associated with detrimental cytokine milieu, expansion of the monocyte/macrophage compartment and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, as well as altered functions of T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells. Moreover, akin to solid tumors and other hematological malignancies, MPNs are able to evade T cell immune surveillance by engaging the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, whose pharmacological blockade with checkpoint inhibitors can successfully restore effective antitumor responses. A further interesting cue is provided by the recent discovery of the high immunogenic potential of JAK2V617F and CALR exon 9 mutations, that could be harnessed as intriguing targets for innovative adoptive immunotherapies. This review focuses on the recent insights in the immunological dysfunctions contributing to the pathogenesis of MPNs and outlines the potential impact of related immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nasillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (G.R.); (B.L.); (E.T.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-422-2173
| | - Giovanni Riva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (G.R.); (B.L.); (E.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Ambra Paolini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Luca Roncati
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Beatrice Lusenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (G.R.); (B.L.); (E.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrea Messerotti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Valeria Pioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrea Gilioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Francesca Bettelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Davide Giusti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Ivana Lagreca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Rossella Manfredini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine “S. Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (G.R.); (B.L.); (E.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (A.P.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (A.G.); (F.B.); (D.G.); (P.B.); (I.L.); (R.M.); (R.M.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy; (G.R.); (B.L.); (E.T.); (T.T.)
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Nasillo V, Riva G, Paolini A, Forghieri F, Roncati L, Lusenti B, Maccaferri M, Messerotti A, Pioli V, Gilioli A, Bettelli F, Giusti D, Barozzi P, Lagreca I, Maffei R, Marasca R, Potenza L, Comoli P, Manfredini R, Maiorana A, Tagliafico E, Luppi M, Trenti T. Inflammatory Microenvironment and Specific T Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Immunopathogenesis and Novel Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 33672997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041906.pmid:33672997;pmcid:pmc7918142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are malignancies of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) arising as a consequence of clonal proliferation driven by somatically acquired driver mutations in discrete genes (JAK2, CALR, MPL). In recent years, along with the advances in molecular characterization, the role of immune dysregulation has been achieving increasing relevance in the pathogenesis and evolution of MPNs. In particular, a growing number of studies have shown that MPNs are often associated with detrimental cytokine milieu, expansion of the monocyte/macrophage compartment and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, as well as altered functions of T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells. Moreover, akin to solid tumors and other hematological malignancies, MPNs are able to evade T cell immune surveillance by engaging the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, whose pharmacological blockade with checkpoint inhibitors can successfully restore effective antitumor responses. A further interesting cue is provided by the recent discovery of the high immunogenic potential of JAK2V617F and CALR exon 9 mutations, that could be harnessed as intriguing targets for innovative adoptive immunotherapies. This review focuses on the recent insights in the immunological dysfunctions contributing to the pathogenesis of MPNs and outlines the potential impact of related immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nasillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Riva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Ambra Paolini
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Roncati
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Lusenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Maccaferri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Messerotti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Pioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Gilioli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Bettelli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Giusti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Ivana Lagreca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Manfredini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "S. Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, AUSL/AOU Policlinico, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Diffuse myocardial fibrosis resulting from the excessive deposition of collagen fibres through the entire myocardium is encountered in a number of chronic cardiac diseases. This lesion results from alterations in the regulation of fibrillary collagen turnover by fibroblasts, facilitating the excessive deposition of type I and type III collagen fibres within the myocardial interstitium and around intramyocardial vessels. The available evidence suggests that, beyond the extent of fibrous deposits, collagen composition and the physicochemical properties of the fibres are also relevant in the detrimental effects of diffuse myocardial fibrosis on cardiac function and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. In this regard, findings from the past 20 years suggest that various clinicopathological phenotypes of diffuse myocardial fibrosis exist in patients with heart failure. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms and detrimental consequences of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure. Furthermore, we discuss the validity and usefulness of available imaging techniques and circulating biomarkers to assess the clinicopathological variation in this lesion and to track its clinical evolution. Finally, we highlight the currently available and potential future therapeutic strategies aimed at personalizing the prevention and reversal of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in patients with heart failure.
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Modeling of Old Scars: Histopathological, Biochemical and Thermal Analysis of the Scar Tissue Maturation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020136. [PMID: 33572335 PMCID: PMC7916157 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Severe skin scars (i.e., hypertrophic and keloid) induce physical and emotional discomfort and functional disorders such as contractures and body part deformations. Scar’s response to treatment depends on “maturity”, which increases with time but is not merely proportional to it. When “fresh”, scars are relatively more treatable by conservative methods, while the treatment is only partially efficient. In contrast, surgery is a preferred approach for the older scars, but it is associated with a risk of the scar regrowth and worsening after excision if unrecognized immature scar tissue remains in the operated lesion. Therefore, to develop better treatment and diagnostics of scars, understanding of the scar maturation is essential. This requires biologically accurate experimental models of skin scarring. The current models only mimic the early stages of skin scar development. They are useful for testing new scar-preventing approaches while not addressing the problem of the older scars that exist for years. In our study, we demonstrate a new rabbit model of “old” scars and explore what happens to the scar tissue during maturation. We define measurable signs to delineate the scar development stages and discuss how this knowledge can improve scar diagnostics and treatment. Abstract Mature hypertrophic scars (HSs) remain a challenging clinical problem, particularly due to the absence of biologically relevant experimental models as a standard rabbit ear HS model only reflects an early stage of scarring. The current study aims to adapt this animal model for simulation of mature HS by validating the time of the scar stabilization using qualitative and quantitative criteria. The full-thickness skin and perichondrium excision wounds were created on the ventral side of the rabbit ears. The tissue samples were studied on post-operation days (PODs) 30, 60, 90 and 120. The histopathological examination and morphometry were applied in parallel with biochemical analysis of protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content and amino acid composition. The supramolecular organization of collagen was explored by differential scanning calorimetry. Four stages of the rabbit ear HS maturation were delineated and attributed with the histolomorphometrical and physicochemical parameters of the tissue. The experimental scars formed in 30 days but stabilized structurally and biochemically only on POD 90–120. This evidence-based model can be used for the studies and testing of new treatments of the mature HSs.
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Targeting Lysyl Oxidase Family Meditated Matrix Cross-Linking as an Anti-Stromal Therapy in Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030491. [PMID: 33513979 PMCID: PMC7865543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve efficacy of solid cancer treatment, efforts have shifted towards targeting both the cancer cells and the surrounding tumour tissue they grow in. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes underpin the fibrotic remodeling of the tumour microenvironment to promote both cancer growth, spread throughout the body and modulate response to therapies. This review examines how the lysyl oxidase family is involved in tumour development, how they can be targeted, and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in solid tumours. Abstract The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes are a major driver in the biogenesis of desmoplastic matrix at the primary tumour and secondary metastatic sites. With the increasing interest in and development of anti-stromal therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes of cancer patients, the Lox family has emerged as a potentially powerful clinical target. This review examines how lysyl oxidase family dysregulation in solid cancers contributes to disease progression and poor patient outcomes, as well as an evaluation of the preclinical landscape of LOX family targeting therapeutics. We also discuss the suitability of the LOX family as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in solid tumours.
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Strategies Targeting the Innate Immune Response for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Liver Fibrosis. Drugs 2021; 81:419-443. [PMID: 33400242 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than 95% of treated individuals and may abolish liver injury, arrest fibrogenesis, and reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, liver regeneration is usually a slow process that is less effective in the late stages of fibrosis. What is more, fibrogenesis may prevail in patients with advanced cirrhosis, where it can progress to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the development of antifibrotic drugs that halt and reverse fibrosis progression is urgently needed. Fibrosis occurs due to the repair process of damaged hepatic tissue, which eventually leads to scarring. The innate immune response against HCV is essential in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. HCV-infected hepatocytes and liver macrophages secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that promote the activation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Prolonged ECM production by myofibroblasts due to chronic inflammation is essential to the development of fibrosis. While no antifibrotic therapy is approved to date, several drugs are being tested in phase 2 and phase 3 trials with promising results. This review discusses current state-of-the-art knowledge on treatments targeting the innate immune system to revert chronic hepatitis C-associated liver fibrosis. Agents that cause liver damage may vary (alcohol, virus infection, etc.), but fibrosis progression shows common patterns among them, including chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, hepatocyte injury, HSC activation, and excessive ECM deposition. Therefore, mechanisms underlying these processes are promising targets for general antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepulveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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