Chlorogenic acid: A potent molecule that protects cardiomyocytes from TNF-α-induced injury via inhibiting NF-κB and JNK signals

Identification of senescence related hub genes and potential therapeutic compounds for dilated cardiomyopathy via comprehensive transcriptome analysis

BACKGROUND

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure. However, the role of cellular senescence in DCM has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate senescence in DCM, identify senescence related characteristic genes, and explore the potential small molecule compounds for DCM treatment.

METHODS

DCM-associated datasets and senescence-related genes were respectively obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and CellAge database. The characteristic genes were identified through methods including weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and random forest. The expression of characteristic genes was verified in the mouse DCM model. Moreover, the CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to analyze immune characteristics of DCM. Finally, several therapeutic compounds were predicted by CMap analysis, and the potential mechanism of chlorogenic acid (CGA) was investigated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.

RESULTS

Three DCM- and senescence-related characteristic genes (MME, GNMT and PLA2G2A) were ultimately identified through comprehensive transcriptome analysis, and were experimentally verified in the doxorubicin induced mouse DCM. Meanwhile, the established diagnostic model, derived from dataset analysis, showed ideal diagnostic performance for DCM. Immune cell infiltration analysis suggested dysregulation of inflammation in DCM, and the characteristic genes were significantly associated with invasive immune cells. Finally, based on the specific gene expression profile of DCM, several potential therapeutic compounds were predicted through CMap analysis. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that CGA could bind to the active pocket of MME protein.

CONCLUSION

Our study presents three characteristic genes (MME, PLA2G2A, and GNMT) and a novel senescence-based diagnostic nomogram, and discusses potential therapeutic compounds, providing new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of DCM.

Macrophage-mediated heart repair and remodeling: A promising therapeutic target for post-myocardial infarction heart failure

Heart failure (HF) remains prevalent in patients who survived myocardial infarction (MI). Despite the accessibility of the primary percutaneous coronary intervention and medications that alleviate ventricular remodeling with functional improvement, there is an urgent need for clinicians and basic scientists to further reveal the mechanisms behind post-MI HF as well as investigate earlier and more efficient treatment after MI. Growing numbers of studies have highlighted the crucial role of macrophages in cardiac repair and remodeling following MI, and timely intervention targeting the immune response via macrophages may represent a promising therapeutic avenue. Recently, technology such as single-cell sequencing has provided us with an updated and in-depth understanding of the role of macrophages in MI. Meanwhile, the development of biomaterials has made it possible for macrophage-targeted therapy. Thus, an overall and thorough understanding of the role of macrophages in post-MI HF and the current development status of macrophage-based therapy will assist in the further study and development of macrophage-targeted treatment for post-infarction cardiac remodeling. This review synthesizes the spatiotemporal dynamics, function, mechanism and signaling of macrophages in the process of HF after MI, as well as discusses the emerging bio-materials and possible therapeutic agents targeting macrophages for post-MI HF.

Integrating network pharmacology, experimental validation and molecular docking to reveal the alleviation of Yinhuang granule on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of fibroblast and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), accompanied by inflammation and ultimately respiratory failure. Yinhuang granule (YHG), with clinical properties of clearing heat, detoxifying and anti-inflammation, is commonly used to heal upper respiratory diseases in China for decades.

PURPOSE

To explore the improvement of YHG on bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF in mice and its possible engaged mechanism.

METHODS

The mortality rate was recorded, lung function was determined and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was carried out to explore the alleviation of YHG on BLM-caused IPF in mice. Hydroxyproline, collagen I and collagen III contents were detected, and Sirius red and Masson staining were conducted to evaluate YHG's alleviation on lung fibrosis. The underlying mechanism was predicted by network pharmacology, and confirmed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western-blot (WB) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The binding affinity between related key proteins and active compounds in YHG was calculated by using molecular docking, and further validated by cellular thermal shift assay (CESTA).

RESULTS

YHG (400, 800 mg/kg) weakened lung damage and pulmonary fibrosis in mice induced by BLM. Network pharmacology and experimental validation displayed that inflammation and angiogenesis participated in the YHG-provided improvement on IPF, and key involved molecules included tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), interleukine-6 (IL-6), etc. The data of molecular docking presented that some main active compounds from YHG had a high binding affinity with TNFR1 or VEGFR2, and some of them were further validated by CESTA.

CONCLUSION

YHG effectively improved the BLM-induced IPF in mice via reducing inflammation and angiogenesis.

Chlorogenic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via up-regulating Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor1 to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress

AIMS

Cardiac hypertrophy, an adaptive response of the heart to stress overload, is closely associated with heart failure and sudden cardiac death. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on cardiac hypertrophy and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

To simulate cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial cells were exposed to isoproterenol (ISO, 10 μM). A rat model of ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy was also established. The expression levels of cardiac hypertrophy markers, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers, and apoptosis markers were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. The apoptosis level, size of myocardial cells, and heart tissue pathological changes were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling staining, immunofluorescence staining, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson's staining. We found that CGA treatment decreased the size of ISO-treated H9c2 cells. Moreover, CGA inhibited ISO-induced up-regulation of cardiac hypertrophy markers (atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and β-myosin heavy chain), ERS markers (C/EBP homologous protein, glucose regulatory protein 78, and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), and apoptosis markers (bax and cleaved caspase-12/9/3) but increased the expression of anti-apoptosis marker bcl-2 in a dose-dependent way (0, 10, 50, and 100 μM). Knockdown of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1pr1) reversed the protective effect of CGA on cardiac hypertrophy, ERS, and apoptosis in vitro (P < 0.05). CGA also restored ISO-induced inhibition on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signalling in H9c2 cells, while S1pr1 knockdown abolished these CGA-induced effects (P < 0.05). CGA (90 mg/kg/day, for six consecutive days) protected rats against cardiac hypertrophy in vivo (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

CGA treatment attenuated ISO-induced ERS and cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway via modulation of S1pr1.

Efficacy of Glycyrrhetinic Acid in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a saponin compound, isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which has been wildly explored for its intriguing pharmacological and medicinal effects. GA is a triterpenoid glycoside displaying an array of pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antiviral and antioxidative properties. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of GA on acne vulgaris through network pharmacology and proteomics. After the intersection of the 154 drug targets and 581 disease targets, 37 therapeutic targets for GA against acne were obtained. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted TNF, IL1B, IL6, ESR1, PPARG, NFKB1, STAT3 and TLR4 as key targets of GA against acne, which is further verified by molecular docking. The experimental results showed that GA inhibited lipid synthesis in vitro and in vivo, improved the histopathological damage of skin, prevented mast cell infiltration and decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. This study indicates that GA may regulate multiple pathways to improve acne symptoms, and the beneficial effects of GA against acne vulgaris might be through the regulation of sebogenesis and inflammatory responses.

Chlorogenic Acid: A Systematic Review on the Biological Functions, Mechanistic Actions, and Therapeutic Potentials

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a type of polyphenol compound found in rich concentrations in many plants such as green coffee beans. As an active natural substance, CGA exerts diverse therapeutic effects in response to a variety of pathological challenges, particularly conditions associated with chronic metabolic diseases and age-related disorders. It shows multidimensional functions, including neuroprotection for neurodegenerative disorders and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-pathogens, mitigation of cardiovascular disorders, skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, liver and kidney injuries, and anti-tumor activities. Mechanistically, its integrative functions act through the modulation of anti-inflammation/oxidation and metabolic homeostasis. It can thwart inflammatory constituents at multiple levels such as curtailing NF-kB pathways to neutralize primitive inflammatory factors, hindering inflammatory propagation, and alleviating inflammation-related tissue injury. It concurrently raises pivotal antioxidants by activating the Nrf2 pathway, thus scavenging excessive cellular free radicals. It elevates AMPK pathways for the maintenance and restoration of metabolic homeostasis of glucose and lipids. Additionally, CGA shows functions of neuromodulation by targeting neuroreceptors and ion channels. In this review, we systematically recapitulate CGA's pharmacological activities, medicinal properties, and mechanistic actions as a potential therapeutic agent. Further studies for defining its specific targeting molecules, improving its bioavailability, and validating its clinical efficacy are required to corroborate the therapeutic effects of CGA.

Recent Updates on the Therapeutics Benefits, Clinical Trials, and Novel Delivery Systems of Chlorogenic Acid for the Management of Diseases with a Special Emphasis on Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disorder of the large intestine, especially the colon, and has become a challenge globally. Allopathic medicines are primarily available for the treatment and prevention of UC. However, their uses are limited due to several side effects. Hence, an alternative therapy is of utmost importance in this regard. Herbal medicines are considered safe and effective for managing human health problems. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), the herbal-derived bioactive, has been reported for pharmacological effects like antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, etc. This review aims to understand the antiinflammatory and chemopreventive potential of CGA against UC. Apart from its excellent therapeutic potential, it has been associated with low absorption and poor oral bioavailability. In this context, colon-specific novel drug delivery systems (NDDS)are pioneering to overcome these problems. The pertinent literature was compiled from a thorough search on various databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., utilizing numerous keywords, including ulcerative colitis, herbal drugs, CGA, pharmacological activities, mechanism of actions, nanoformulations, clinical updates, and many others. Relevant publications accessed till now were chosen, whereas non-relevant papers, unpublished data, and non-original articles were excluded. The present review comprises recent studies on pharmacological activities and novel drug delivery systems of CGA for managing UC. In addition, the clinical trials of CGA against UC have been discussed.

Potential Utilization of Phenolic Acid Compounds as Anti-Inflammatory Agents through TNF-α Convertase Inhibition Mechanisms: A Network Pharmacology, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Approach

Inflammation is a dysregulated immune response characterized by an excessive release of proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostanoids, leading to tissue damage and various pathological conditions. Natural compounds, notably phenolic acid phytocompounds from plants, have recently garnered substantial interest as potential therapeutic agents to bolster well-being and combat inflammation recently. Based on previous research, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic acids remains elusive. Therefore, this study aimed to predict the molecular mechanisms underpinning the anti-inflammatory properties of selected phenolic acid phytocompounds through comprehensive network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations. Network pharmacology analysis successfully identified TNF-α convertase as a potential target for anti-inflammatory purposes. Among tested compounds, chlorogenic acid (-6.90 kcal/mol), rosmarinic acid (-6.82 kcal/mol), and ellagic acid (-5.46 kcal/mol) exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward TNF-α convertase. Furthermore, phenolic acid compounds demonstrated molecular binding poses similar to those of the native ligand, indicating their potential as inhibitors of TNF-α convertase. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive the anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds, particularly through the suppression of TNF-α production via TNF-α convertase inhibition, thus reinforcing their anti-inflammatory attributes.

Chlorogenic acid releasing microspheres enhanced electrospun conduits to promote peripheral nerve regeneration

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been confirmed as a polyphenol, and existing research has suggested the high bioactivity of CGA for therapeutic effects on a wide variety of diseases. Despite the existing reports of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of CGA, the role and mechanism of CGA in facilitating the regeneration of peripheral nerve defects have been rarely investigated. Herein, a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) conduit with embedded CGA-releasing GelMA microspheres (CGM/PCL) was successfully prepared and used for repairing a rate model with sciatic nerve defects. CGM and CGM/PCL conduits displayed high in vitro biocompatibility and can support the growth of cells for nerve regeneration. Furthermore, CGM/PCL conduits displayed high performance which is close to that of autologous nerve grafts in promoting in vivo PNI regeneration, compared with PCL conduits. The sciatic nerve functional index analysis, electrophysiological examination, and immunological analysis performed to evaluate the functional recovery of the injurious sciatic nerve of rats have indeed proved the favorable effects of CGM/PCL conduits. The result of this study not only aimed to explore CGA's contribution to nerve regeneration but also provided a new strategy for designing and preparing functional NGCs for PNI treatment.

Chlorogenic acid: a review on its mechanisms of anti-inflammation, disease treatment, and related delivery systems

Chlorogenic acid is a bioactive compound ubiquitously present in the natural realm, lauded for its salient anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. It executes its anti-inflammatory function by moderating the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators, namely, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NO, and PGE2. Concurrently, it modulates key signaling pathways and associated factors, including NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2, and others, bestowing protection upon cells and tissues against afflictions such as cardio-cerebrovascular and diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, the inherent low bioavailability of chlorogenic acid poses challenges in practical deployments. To surmount this limitation, sophisticated delivery systems, encompassing liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles, have been devised, accentuating their stability, release mechanisms, and bioactivity. Given its innate anti-inflammatory prowess and safety profile, chlorogenic acid stands as a promising contender for advanced biomedical investigations and translational clinical endeavors.

Multidrug-loaded liposomes prevent ischemic stroke through intranasal administration

Baicalin (BA), a multi-target neuroprotective agent, has poor solubility resulting in low bioavailability. In this study, multidrug-loaded liposomes were prepared by encapsulating BA, borneol (BO) and cholic acid (CA) to prevent ischemic stroke. BBC-LP were administered intranasally (i.n.) to deliver into the brain for neuroprotection. Finally, potential mechanism of BBC treating ischemic stroke (IS) was explored by network pharmacology. In this study, BBC-LP was prepared by reverse evaporation method, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the optimized liposomes was 42.69% and the drug loading (DL) was 6.17%. The liposomes had low mean particle size (156.62 ± 2.96 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) (0.195) and zeta potential (-0.99 mv). Compared to BBC, pharmacodynamic studies revealed that BBC-LP significantly improved neurological deficits, brain infarct volume, and cerebral pathology in MCAO rats. Toxicity studies showed that BBC-LP was not irritating to the nasal mucosa. These results suggest that BBC-LP can safely and effectively ameliorate IS injury by i.n. administration. Moreover, it's neuroprotective function may be related to the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects exerted by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.

Roles and mechanisms of natural drugs on sinus node dysfunction

Sinus node dysfunction is a common arrhythmia disorder with a high incidence and significant social and economic burden. Currently, there are no effective drugs for treating chronic sinus node dysfunction. The disease is associated with ion channel disturbances caused by aging, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autonomic dysfunction. Natural active substances and Chinese herbal medicines have been widely used and extensively studied in the medical community for the treatment of arrhythmias. Multiple studies have demonstrated that various active ingredients and Chinese herbal medicines, such as astragaloside IV, quercetin, and ginsenosides, exhibit antioxidant effects, reduce fibrosis, and maintain ion channel stability, providing promising drugs for treating sinus node dysfunction. This article summarizes the research progress on natural active ingredients and Chinese herbal formulas that regulate sick sinoatrial node function, providing valuable references for the treatment of sinus node dysfunction.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte modelling of cardiovascular diseases for natural compound discovery

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants characterized by diverse biological activities and low toxicity or side effects, are increasingly taking center stage in the search for new drugs. Currently, preclinical evaluation of natural products relies mainly on the use of immortalized cell lines of human origin or animal models. Increasing evidence indicates that cardiomyopathy models based on immortalized cell lines do not recapitulate pathogenic phenotypes accurately and a substantial physiological discrepancy between animals and humans casts doubt on the clinical relevance of animal models for these studies. The newly developed human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in combination with highly-efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation methods provides an ideal tool for modeling human cardiomyopathies in vitro. Screening of drugs, especially screening of natural products, based on these models has been widely used and has shown that evaluation in such models can recapitulate important aspects of the physiological properties of drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide information on the latest developments in this area of research and to help researchers perform screening of natural products using the hiPSC-CM platform.

Coffee and cardiac arrhythmias: Up-date review of the literature and clinical studies

Coffee, next to water, is the most consumed drink in the world. Coffee contains over 1000 chemical compounds, the most popular of which are caffeine, chlorogenic acid, kahweol, cafestol and trigonelline. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of coffee on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system and kidneys. Due to the high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation, the influence of coffee consumption on arrhythmogenesis remains a controversial and clinically important issue. Many mechanisms by which coffee can increase and decrease the risk of arrhythmias have been described. Habitual consumption of moderate amounts of coffee seems to lead to less arrhythmias, which is reflected in the results of many clinical trials and meta-analyzes. This review summarizes the mechanisms of coffee action on the heart muscle and the results of the most recent important clinical trials assessing the impact of coffee consumption on the risk of various cardiac arrhythmias.

Mulberry Leaf and Neochlorogenic Acid Alleviates Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Proliferation/Migration via Downregulating Ras and FAK Signaling Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) has been used as a health food and in traditional medicine to treat several metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. However, the mechanism by which mulberry leaf and its functional components mediate atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its major component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), on the proliferation and migration of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs, A7r5 cell line) under diabetic cultured conditions (oleic acid and high glucose, OH). Our findings showed that MLE and nCGA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration in A7r5 cells as determined by a scratch wound assay and a Transwell assay. Furthermore, we observed MLE and nCGA inhibited cell proliferation and migration, such as reducing the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and small GTPase proteins using Western blot analysis. In conclusion, we confirmed the anti-atherosclerotic effects of MLE and nCGA in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation under diabetic cultured conditions via inhibition of FAK/small GTPase proteins, PI3K/Akt, and Ras-related signaling.

Artichoke Leaf Extract-Mediated Neuroprotection against Effects of Aflatoxin in Male Rats

Attenuation of adverse effects of aflatoxin (AFB₁) in brains of B₁ rats by extracts of leaves of artichoke was studied. The active ingredients in extracts of leaves of artichoke, Cynara scolymus L., were determined by HPLC analysis. In the 42-day experiment, rats were exposed to either sterile water, 4% DMSO, 100 mg artichoke leaf extract/kg body mass, 72 μg aflatoxin B₁/kg body mass, or AFB₁ plus artichoke leaf extract. Neurotoxicity of AFB₁ was determined by an increase in profile of lipids, augmentation of plasmatic glucose and concentrations of insulin, oxidative stress, increased activities of cholinergic enzymes, and a decrease in activities of several antioxidant enzymes and pathological changes in brain tissue. Extracts of artichoke leaf significantly reduced adverse effects caused by AFB₁, rescuing most of the parameters to values similar to unexposed controls, which demonstrated that adverse, neurotoxic effects caused by aflatoxin B₁ could be significantly reduced by simultaneous dietary supplementation with artichoke leaf extract, which itself is not toxic.

A review of the protective effects of chlorogenic acid against different chemicals

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenol found in green coffee beans, teas, certain fruits, and vegetables, that exerts antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that CGA can protect against toxicities induced by chemicals of different classes such as fungal/bacterial toxins, pharmaceuticals, metals, pesticides, etc., by preservation of cell survival via reducing overproduction of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and suppressed pro-apoptotic signaling. CGA antioxidant effects mediated through the Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway were shown to enhance the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferases, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase as well as glutathione content. Also, CGA could suppress inflammation via inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88, and the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B and p65 subunit of NF-κB, resulting in diminished levels of downstream inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2. Moreover, CGA inhibited apoptosis by reducing Bax, cytochrome C, and caspase 3 and 9 expression while increasing Bcl-2 levels. The present review discusses several mechanisms through which CGA may exert its protective role against such agents. Chemical and natural toxic agents affect human health. Phenolic antioxidant compounds can suppress free radical production and combat these toxins. Chlorogenic acid is a plant polyphenol present in the human diet and exerts strong antioxidant properties that can effectively help in the treatment of various toxicities.

The Improvement of Cardiac and Endothelial Functions of Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu Decoction for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu decoction (XFZYD) is a traditional Chinese prescription that has been used to treat patients with blood stasis in China for many years. The present study aimed to evaluate the improvement of cardiac and endothelial functions of XFZYD for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Six databases were searched to collect RCTs related to the treatment of XFZYD for ACS. The primary outcomes were cardiac and endothelial functions, including the levels of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) in echocardiography, as well as the changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the serum. The secondary outcomes were the blood levels of oxidative damage markers (including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)), C-reactive protein (CRP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) as well as the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Weighted mean difference (WMD) was estimated for all the outcomes with the random effects model. This type of analysis was conducted in the subgroups of the ACS subtypes, and the methodological quality was assessed using the handbook of Cochrane Collaboration.

Results

A total of 1,658 records were identified, and 16 randomized controlled trials (1,171 patients) were included. The primary outcomes suggested that XFZYD combined with routine treatment improved LVEF, reduced LVEDD and LVESD, and also improved the serum levels of NO, and reduced the levels of ET-1 and ICAM-1. XFZYD combination therapy significantly ameliorated the blood levels of SOD, MDA, BNP, CK-MB, and cTnI. However, the results indicated no significant difference between XFZYD plus routine treatment and routine treatment for the levels of VCAM-1 and CRP. Moreover, all the ADRs reported in the included studies were slight and the patients recovered soon.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that XFZYD may improve the cardiac and endothelial functions of ACS patients without serious ADRs. However, based on the mediocre methodological quality, the aforementioned conclusion should be confirmed in a multicenter, large-scale, and accurately designed clinical trial.

The natural (poly)phenols as modulators of microglia polarization via TLR4/NF-κB pathway exert anti-inflammatory activity in ischemic stroke

Increasing evidences suggest that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of stroke, a devastating disease second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. Microglia are the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the innate immune response to acute ischemic stroke. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by activating and developing classic M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. M1 microglia produce pro-inflammatory cytokines to exacerbate neural death, astrocyte apoptosis, and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, while M2 microglia play the opposite role. NF-κB, a central regulator of the inflammatory response, was responsible for microglia M1 and M2 polarization. NF-κB p65 and p50 form a heterodimer to initiate a pro-inflammatory cytokine response, which enhances M1 activation and impair M2 response of microglia. TLR4, expressed on the surface of microglia, plays an important role in activating NF-κB, ultimately causing the M1 response of microglia. Therefore, modulation of microglial phenotypes via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway may be a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke. Dietary (poly)phenols are present in various foods, which have shown promising protective effects on ischemic stroke. In vivo studies strongly suggest that many (poly)phenols have a pronounced impact on ischemic stroke, as demonstrated by lower neuroinflammation. Thus, this review focuses on the anti-inflammatory properties of dietary (poly)phenols and discusses their effects on the polarization of microglia through modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the ischemic stroke.

Chlorogenic acid: Potential source of natural drugs for the therapeutics of fibrosis and cancer

Fibrosis and cancer is described by some epidemiological studies as chronic stages of different disease conditions typically characterized by uncontrolled accumulation of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), thereby leading to inflammation of tissues and organ (lungs, heart, liver and kidney) dysfunction. It is highly prevalent, and contributes to increased mortality rate worldwide. Currently, the therapeutical approaches involving selected medications (bemcentinib, pirfenidone and nintedanib) obtained synthetically, and used in clinical practices for fibrosis and cancer management and treatment has shown to be unsatisfactorily, especially during progressive stages of the disease. With regards to finding a more potent, effective, and promising curative for fibrosis and cancer, there is need for continuous experimental studies universally. However, phytochemical constituents’ particularly phenolic compounds [Chlorogenic acid (CGA)] obtained from coffee, and coffee beans have been predominantly utilized in experimental studies, due to its multiple pharmacological properties against various disease forms. Considering its natural source alongside minimal toxicity level, CGA, a major precursor of coffee have gained considerable attention nowadays from researchers worldwide, owing to its wide, efficacious and beneficial action against fibrosis and cancer. Interestingly, the safety of CGA has been proven. Furthermore, numerous experimental studies have also deduced massive remarkable outcomes in the use of CGA clinically, as a potential drug candidate against treatment of fibrosis and cancer. In the course of this review article, we systematically discussed the beneficial contributions of CGA with regards to its source, absorption, metabolism, mechanistic effects, and molecular mechanisms against different fibrosis and cancer categorization, which might be a prospective remedy in the future. Moreover, we also highlighted CGA (in vitro and in vivo analytical studies) defensive effects against various disorders.

Cardioprotective effects of Amentoflavone by suppression of apoptosis and inflammation on an in vitro and vivo model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Inflammation modulation is currently considered a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract the burden of cardiovascular disease. Amentoflavone (AME) is a natural biflavone with two apigenin molecules that, possess promising anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-cancer properties. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of AME on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that AME significantly reduced the levels of LDH, CK-MB, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α after hypoxia (H) 12 h/reoxygenation (R) 4 h treatment, and significantly increased the cell survival rate of H9c2 cardiomyocytes induced by H/R and inhibited their apoptosis rate. AME (25, 50, 100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, i.g.) or a positive control drug diltiazem (DIZ) (16 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, i.g.) was used as pretreatment for 7 days; the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) model was established. TTC staining results showed that the infarct volume was significantly reduced after AME and DIZ treatment. Oral administration of AME dose-dependently ameliorated I/R injury-induced increase in pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and levels of LDH and CK-MB. Results of TUNEL and HE staining showed that the I/R model had more induced apoptosis, but could be effectively reduced by pretreatment with AME. After surgery, the heart of the rat was examined via western blotting to detect inflammation-related proteins. Compared with the sham group, the p-AKT in the I/R group was significantly reduced and the content of p-NF-κBp65 was significantly increased. However, these changes could be reversed by AME treatment. DIZ treatment exerted similar beneficial effects in I/R rats as the high dose of AME did. This study highlights the excellent therapeutic potential of AME for managing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Impact of chlorogenic acid on modulation of significant genes in dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes

Chlorogenic acid is one of the most abundant polyphenols found in human diet. It is well-documented that chlorogenic acid has a significant impact on human cells, especially in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic processes. However, its role in regulating skin functions, especially with respect to the dermal collagen network or epidermal skin barrier, has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that chlorogenic acid treatment can induce production of procollagen type I in human dermal fibroblast, Hs68 cell lines. Moreover, this treatment can stimulate upregulation of skin barrier genes, including the ones encoding filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), and envoplakin (EVPL), in epidermal keratinocytes. Chlorogenic acid also triggered a multifaceted response in the cytokine profile of keratinocytes. Therefore, we suggest that chlorogenic acid can be used to restore the impaired dermal matrix network as well as the epidermal skin barrier.

Updated pharmacological effects of Lonicerae japonicae flos, with a focus on its potential efficacy on coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)

Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), known as Jin Yin Hua in Chinese, is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese herbs and nutraceuticals. Nowadays, LJF is broadly applied in an array of afflictions, such as fever, sore throat, flu infection, cough, and arthritis, with the action mechanism to be elucidated. Here, we strove to summarize the main phytochemical components of LJF and review its updated pharmacological effects, including inhibition of inflammation, pyrexia, viruses, and bacteria, immunoregulation, and protection of the liver, nervous system, and heart, with a focus on the potential efficacy of LJF on coronavirus disease–2019 based on network pharmacology so as to fully underpin the utilization of LJF as a medicinal herb and a favorable nutraceutical in daily life.

Modulations of Cardiac Functions and Pathogenesis by Reactive Oxygen Species and Natural Antioxidants

Homeostasis in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac myocytes plays a critical role in regulating their physiological functions. Disturbance of balance between generation and removal of ROS is a major cause of cardiac myocyte remodeling, dysfunction, and failure. Cardiac myocytes possess several ROS-producing pathways, such as mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADPH oxidases, and nitric oxide synthases, and have endogenous antioxidation mechanisms. Cardiac Ca²⁺-signaling toolkit proteins, as well as mitochondrial functions, are largely modulated by ROS under physiological and pathological conditions, thereby producing alterations in contraction, membrane conductivity, cell metabolism and cell growth and death. Mechanical stresses under hypertension, post-myocardial infarction, heart failure, and valve diseases are the main causes for stress-induced cardiac remodeling and functional failure, which are associated with ROS-induced pathogenesis. Experimental evidence demonstrates that many cardioprotective natural antioxidants, enriched in foods or herbs, exert beneficial effects on cardiac functions (Ca²⁺ signal, contractility and rhythm), myocytes remodeling, inflammation and death in pathological hearts. The review may provide knowledge and insight into the modulation of cardiac pathogenesis by ROS and natural antioxidants.

Chlorogenic Acid Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Through Wnt Signaling

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the main causes of periodontal bone resorption and tooth loss in adults. How to repair the alveolar bone effectively has always been a challenge. This study was designed to clarify the effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). In this study, we used CGA to treat hDPSCs. The osteogenic experiment showed that CGA can promote hDPSCs osteogenic differentiation. RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that CGA treatment enhanced the expression of the osteogenesis genes for frizzled-related protein (FRZB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and inhibit the expression of the osteoclastogenesis genes such as those for asporin (ASPN) and cytokine-like 1 (CYTL1). Western blot analysis showed that besides FRZB, CGA treatment also caused reduction of both active and total β-catenin, while increased the total calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII), the phosphorylated CamKII (pCamKII) and the phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (pCREB). Likely, the increased osteogenesis was associated with reduced canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling but increased noncanonical Wnt/Ca²⁺ signaling. The results suggested that CGA can promote the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by regulating Wnt signaling. These findings will serve as a foundation for further studies on how to repair defective alveolar bone for the patients with PD.

Chlorogenic acid inhibits proliferation in human hepatoma cells by suppressing noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway and triggering mitochondrial apoptosis

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenylpropanoid derived from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, has been shown to exhibit potent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities against several human cancers. However, the effects of CGA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms have not been intensively studied. In this study, the CGA treatment effects on the viability of human hepatoma cells were investigated by MTT assay. Our data showed that CGA could dose-dependently inhibit the activity of human hepatoma cells Hep-G2 and Huh-7, but did not affect the activity and growth of normal human hepatocyte QSG-7701. The genes and pathways influenced by CGA treatment were explored by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, which identified 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in multiple pharmacological signaling pathways such as MAPK, NF-κB, apoptosis and TGF-β signaling pathways. Further analyses by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and flow cytometry revealed that CGA effectually suppressed the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, meanwhile it activated the mitochondrial apoptosis of HCC by upregulation of the BH3-only protein Bcl-2 binding component 3 (BBC3). Our findings demonstrated the potential of CGA in suppressing human hepatoma cells and provided a new insight into the anti-cancer mechanism of CGA.

Protective Role of Polyphenols in Heart Failure: Molecular Targets and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Their Therapeutic Potential

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of death in the United States, with a 5-year mortality rate of 50% despite modern pharmacological therapies. Plant-based diets are comprised of a diverse polyphenol profile, which lends to their association with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Whether a polyphenol-rich diet can slow the progression of or reverse HF in humans is not known. To date, in vitro and in vivo studies have reported on the protective role of polyphenols in HF. In this review, we will discuss the major mechanisms by which polyphenols mitigate HF in vitro and in vivo, including (1) reduced cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress, (2) reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, (3) improved Ca²⁺ homeostasis, (4) increased survival signaling, and (5) increased sirtuin 1 activity.

Anti-acne vulgaris effects of chlorogenic acid by anti-inflammatory activity and lipogenesis inhibition

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exhibits substantial biological function in antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-lipogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities. Increased sebum production and inflammation are considered important for the development of acne. However, the therapeutic effects of CGA on acne vulgaris remain unexplored. In this study, to assess the effects and underlying mechanisms of CGA on acne, a model of skin inflammation in ears of ICR mouse induced by living Propionibacterium acnes was used. 24 hours after 1.0 × 107 CFU, P. acnes were intradermally injected into the ears of the ICR mouse. 1, 5 and 10 mg of CGA mixed with vaseline were applied to the surface of the skin every 12 hours for 3 days. Then, skin inflammation in the ears was assessed and the change of SREBP1 and TNF-α expression was analysed after CGA treatment. The mechanisms of CGA in anti-inflammatory activity and lipogenesis were also studied in primary sebocytes and HaCaT cells. We found that CGA treatment effectively rescued ear swelling, redness and erythema skin in ears of ICR mouse induced by P. acnes and significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines by reducing the activity of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Furthermore, CGA could inhibit lipogenesis at the protein secretion and transcription level by decreasing the AKT/mTOR/SREBP signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that CGA could become a potential alternative drug for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

The Beneficial Effects of Principal Polyphenols from Green Tea, Coffee, Wine, and Curry on Obesity

Several epidemiological studies and clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of green tea, coffee, wine, and curry on human health, with its anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties. These effects, which have been supported using cell-based and animal studies, are mainly attributed to epigallocatechin gallate found in green tea, chlorogenic acid in coffee, resveratrol in wine, and curcumin in curry. Polyphenols are proposed to function via various mechanisms, the most important of which is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). These polyphenols exert conflicting dual actions as anti- and pro-oxidants. Their anti-oxidative actions help scavenge ROS and downregulate nuclear factor-κB to produce favorable anti-inflammatory effects. Meanwhile, pro-oxidant actions appear to promote ROS generation leading to the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, which modulates different enzymes and factors with health beneficial roles. Currently, it remains unclear how these polyphenols exert either pro- or anti-oxidant effects. Similarly, several human studies showed no beneficial effects of these foods, and, by extension polyphenols, on obesity. These inconsistencies may be attributed to different confounding study factors. Thus, this review provides a state-of-the-art update on these foods and their principal polyphenol components, with an assumption that it prevents obesity.

Study on Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine against Antineoplastic Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity Based on Network Pharmacology and Data Mining

Methods

The targets of antineoplastic drugs with cardiotoxicity were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) database, and Swiss Target Prediction platform. Then, the cardiotoxicity-related targets were derived from the Gene Cards, Disgenet, OMIM, and DrugBank databases, as well as the drug of current clinical guidelines. The targets both in these two sets were regarded as potential targets to alleviate ADIC. Then, candidate compounds and herbs were matched via Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform. Cytoscape3.7.1 was used to set up the target-compound-herb network. Molecular docking between core targets and compounds was performed with AutodockVina1.1.2. The rules of herbs were summarized by analyzing their property, flavor, and channel tropism.

Results

Twenty-one potential targets, 332 candidate compounds, and 400 kinds of herbs were obtained. Five core targets including potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), mitogen-activated protein kinase1 (MAPK1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) and 29 core compounds (beta-sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, etc.) were collected. Five core herbs (Yanhusuo, Gouteng, Huangbai, Lianqiao, and Gancao) were identified. Also, the TCM against ADIC were mainly bitter and acrid in taste, warm in property, and distributed to the liver and lung meridians.

Conclusion

TCM against ADIC has great potential. Our study provides a new method and ideas for clinical applications of integrated Chinese and western medicine in treating ADIC.

Ethanol Extract of Chinese Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) Fruit Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Doxorubicin-Induced Chronic Heart Failure

Background

Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) fruit is a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of digestive system and cardiovascular diseases. The fruit contains polyphenol compounds, such as epicatechin, that have anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an alcohol extract of hawthorn fruit (HAE) on inflammation and oxidative stress in rats with doxorubicin-induced chronic heart failure (CHF).

Material/Methods

Rats were intraperitoneally injected with doxorubicin to induce CHF and subsequently treated with HAE intragastrically once daily for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters were assessed, and enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to detect the levels of cardiac injury markers (brain natriuretic peptide, creatine kinase-MB, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, copeptin, and adrenomedullin), oxidative stress markers (glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α). The IL-1β, IL-6, glutathione peroxidase-1, and catalase mRNA levels were also measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Our findings indicated that HAE exerts a cardioprotective effect, as shown by improved echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters, decreased activity of serum myocardial enzymes, reduced serum levels of CHF markers, and inhibited inflammatory response in cardiac tissue. In addition, HAE treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α and upregulated the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 and catalase compared with untreated doxorubicin-induced CHF rats.

Conclusions

HAE shows promise for the prevention and treatment of CHF. The cardioprotective effect of HAE appears to be related to inhibition of both the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vivo.

Chlorogenic acid abates male reproductive dysfunction in arsenic-exposed mice via attenuation of testicular oxido-inflammatory stress and apoptotic responses

Arsenic, a major environmental pollutant of global concern, is well-known for its reproductive toxicity. In this study, the protective potential of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a caffeoylquinic acid isomer abundantly found in many plants, was investigated against sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂)-induced testicular dysfunctions. Adult male Swiss mice were either administered NaAsO₂ alone at 5 mg kg^-1 or co-treated with CGA at 100 mg kg^-1 or 200 mg kg^-1 body weight for 4 weeks. Results showed that NaAsO₂-treated mice exhibited marked declines in testes weight, sperm count, and viability accompanied by decreases in sexual hormonal levels. Moreover, NaAsO₂ toxicity evoked exhaustion of antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GSH), down-regulation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) gene expression level, and elevations in malondialdehyde. Further, elevations in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) together with the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic biomarkers (Bax and caspase- 3) and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were observed in NaAsO₂ intoxication. Immunohistochemical analysis of testis sections of NaAsO₂-treated mice showed high caspase-3 expression. These findings were well supported with testicular histopathological examination. However, pretreatment of mice with CGA resulted in noteworthy improvements in testicular damage induced by arsenic in a dose-dependent manner possibly mediated by the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Conclusively, CGA counteracted arsenic-induced testicular injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Therefore, CGA could serve as a favorable intervention in the alleviation of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.

Hydroxytyrosol enhances cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: Possible relation to the alteration in the activity of JNK and AIF pathways

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenol widely contained as an ester in olive fruits and olive leaves, exhibits a broad spectrum of effectiveness. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of HT alone as well as in the combination with cisplatin on the House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 cells (HEI-OC1) and C57BL/6 cochlear hair cells in vitro. The cell viability was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay. The levels of reactive oxygen species were evaluated by Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. The expression of phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and cleaved-caspase 3 was assessed by Western blotting. The apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining. The distribution of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was determined by immunofluorescent staining. HT alleviated the levels of reactive oxygen species in both untreated state and after cisplatin stimulus. However, HT at concentration of 100 μM decreased the cell viability of HEI-OC1 from 100 ± 17.38% in control group to 50.17 ± 1.89% and increased the expression of p-JNK and c-caspase 3 from 0.62 ± 0.10, 0.20 ± 0.050 in the control group to 1.24 ± 0.18, 0.85 ± 0.18 in the group treated with 30 μM cisplatin, as well as to 1.64 ± 0.14, 1.44 ± 0.12 in the group with 30 μM cisplatin +100 μM HT, respectively. Meanwhile, HT triggered AIF transferring to nuclei and, also, led to cochlear HCs arranging disorderly and missing. Moreover, HT elevated the expression of p-JNK and c-caspase 3 from 1.00 ± 0.27, 1.00 ± 0.26 in the control group to 2.23 ± 0.24, 22.87 ± 3.80 in the group with 30 μM cisplatin, and to 2.75 ± 0.23, 31.56 ± 3.86 in the group with 30 μM cisplatin+100 μM HT correspondingly. Taken together, data from this work reveal that HT itself possesses toxic effect on HCs mainly thorough AIF-dependent apoptosis, while, it aggravates the ototoxicity-caused by cisplatin via both JNK and AIF pathways related apoptosis. Findings from this work offer clear evidence that that HT might not be recommended to utilize for preventing cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Chlorogenic Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Dietary Consumption, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) have gained considerable attention as pervasive human dietary constituents with potential cardiovascular-preserving effects. The main sources include coffee, yerba mate, Eucommia ulmodies leaves, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. CGA consumption can reduce the risks of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and other factors associated with cardiovascular risk, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review recapitulates recent advances of CGAs in the cardiovascular-preserving effects, pharmacokinetics, sources, and safety. Emerging evidence indicates that CGAs exhibit circulatory guarding properties through the suppression of oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte interactions, vascular remodeling, and apoptosis as well as the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and vasodilatory action in the cardiovascular system. CGAs exert these effects by acting on complex signaling networks, but the global mechanisms are still not clear. The oral bioavailability of CGA is poor, and there is a potential sensitization concern about CGA. The bioactive metabolites, systematic toxicity, and optimized structure are needed for further identification.

Aqueous Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers extract attenuates allergen-induced asthma in a mouse model via an antioxidant mechanism

Objective: Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) is a perennial invasive vine, distributed worldwide. In folk medicine, its parts are used for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory diseases. Extracts of P. venusta have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antinociceptive properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two extracts (aqueous and hydroethanolic) of P. venusta in the treatment of asthma in an animal model.Methods: Balb/c mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin (OVA) intraperitoneally (ip), one week apart, and after one week, challenged with OVA intranasally on four alternate days. Mice were treated ip with 300 mg/kg of aqueous or hydroethanolic extracts for seven consecutive days. Control groups received saline on the same days. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, lung and airway inflammation, and antioxidant activity in lung tissue were assessed.Results: Treatment with aqueous extract significantly decreased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, measured by total and tissue resistance and elastance. The administration of hydroethanolic extract did not reduce bronchial hyperresponsiveness. In addition, both extracts significantly reduced total cell and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage. Both extracts did not change significantly IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta levels. Of note, only the aqueous extract significantly increased the total antioxidant activity and reduced lung inflammation.Conclusion: Aqueous extract of P. venusta reduced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, lung and airway inflammation, probably via an antioxidant mechanism. These results demonstrate that P. venusta may have potential for asthma treatment.

Chlorogenic acid: A potent molecule that protects cardiomyocytes from TNF-α-induced injury via inhibiting NF-κB and JNK signals

The traditional Chinese herb Lonicerae Japonicae Flos has shown significant clinical benefits in the treatment of heart failure, but the mechanism remains unclear. As the main active ingredient found in the plasma after oral administration of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant and anti‐apoptosis function. We firstly confirmed the cardioprotective effects of CGA in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)‐induced heart failure mouse model, through mitigating the TNF‐α–induced toxicity. We further used TNF‐α‐induced cardiac injury in human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. CGA pre‐treatment could reverse TNF‐α–induced cellular injuries, including improved cell viability, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited cardiomyocytes apoptosis. We then examined the NF‐κB/p65 and major mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signalling pathways involved in TNF‐α–induced apoptosis of hiPSC‐CMs. Importantly, CGA can directly inhibit NF‐κB signal by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF‐κB/p65. As for the MAPKs, CGA suppressed the activity of only c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), but enhanced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and had no effect on p38. In summary, our study revealed that CGA has profound cardioprotective effects through inhibiting the activation of NF‐κB and JNK pathway, providing a novel therapeutic alternative for prevention and treatment of heart failure.