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Wu X, Yang J, Bao X, Wang Y. Toll-like receptor 4 damages the intestinal epithelial cells by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in septic rats. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18185. [PMID: 39346059 PMCID: PMC11439388 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The severity of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) is a critical determinant of survival in sepsis. However, there is no specifically interventional management for gastrointestinal dysfunction. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important contributor to sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. So, we investigated the effect of TLR4 on leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) + cells and goblet cells and its potential mechanism. Methods A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model reflecting the development of clinical sepsis was developed. Tak-242, a TLR4 inhibitor, was administered to septic rats at a dose of 3 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect TLR4 and Lgr5+ cells. AB-PAS staining was performed to detect goblet cells. MUC1 and MUC2 secreted by goblet cells, biomarkers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammatory cytokines in the intestine were detected by western blotting and real-time PCR. Results We found that the upregulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activated intestinal inflammatory response in sepsis. Meanwhile, the structure of intestinal mucosa was destroyed, Lgr5+ cells and goblet cells count were significantly reduced, and the secretory function of goblet cells also decreased. Further studies have found that TLR4 increased the levels of activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), XBP1, ER chaperone (Bip) and CHOP, but did not activate the protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (P-PERK). Conclusion We concluded that the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway can reduce intestinal inflammatory response, protect intestinal mucosa, protect Lgr5+ cells, goblet cells and relieve ER stress. Our findings suggest that Tak-242 protects Lgr5+ cells and goblet cells after sepsis, partly may be through the suppression of ER stress. Thus, inhibition of TLR4-mediated ER stress may be a promising therapy of septic AGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jilin Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Oncology, The Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhao W, Yang T, Zhang Q, Yang H, Li X, Tong Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals overactive inflammation and dysregulated metabolism in severe community-acquired pneumonia patients. Respir Res 2024; 25:45. [PMID: 38243232 PMCID: PMC10797892 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe community-acquired pneumonia (S-CAP) is a public health threat, making it essential to identify novel biomarkers and investigate the underlying mechanisms of disease severity. METHODS Here, we profiled host responses to S-CAP through proteomics analysis of plasma samples from a cohort of S-CAP patients, non-severe (NS)-CAP patients, diseases controls (DCs), and healthy controls (HCs). Then, typical differentially expressed proteins were then validated by ELISA in an independent cohort. Metabolomics analysis was further performed on both the cohort 1 and cohort 2. Then, the proteomic and metabolomic signatures were compared between the adult and child cohorts to explore the characteristics of severe pneumonia patients. RESULTS There were clear differences between CAP patients and controls, as well as substantial differences between the S-CAP and NS-CAP. Pathway analysis of changes revealed excessive inflammation, suppressed immunity, and lipid metabolic disorders in S-CAP cases. Interestingly, comparing these signatures between the adult and child cohorts confirmed that overactive inflammation and dysregulated lipid metabolism were common features of S-CAP patients, independent of age. The change proportion of glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids were obviously different in the adult and child S-CAP cases. CONCLUSION The plasma multi-omics profiling revealed that excessive inflammation, suppressed humoral immunity, and disordered metabolism are involved in S-CAP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Li
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Huqin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Workers Stadium South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
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Li X, Liu Z, Gao T, Liu W, Yang K, Guo R, Li C, Tian Y, Wang N, Zhou D, Bei W, Yuan F. Tea Polyphenols Protects Tracheal Epithelial Tight Junctions in Lung during Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection via Suppressing TLR-4/MAPK/PKC-MLCK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11842. [PMID: 37511601 PMCID: PMC10380469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative pathogen of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease in the pig industry. The increasingly severe antimicrobial resistance in APP urgently requires novel antibacterial alternatives for the treatment of APP infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of tea polyphenols (TP) against APP. MIC and MBC of TP showed significant inhibitory effects on bacteria growth and caused cellular damage to APP. Furthermore, TP decreased adherent activity of APP to the newborn pig tracheal epithelial cells (NPTr) and the destruction of the tight adherence junction proteins β-catenin and occludin. Moreover, TP improved the survival rate of APP infected mice but also attenuated the release of the inflammation-related cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. TP inhibited activation of the TLR/MAPK/PKC-MLCK signaling for down-regulated TLR-2, TLR4, p-JNK, p-p38, p-PKC-α, and MLCK in cells triggered by APP. Collectively, our data suggest that TP represents a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of APP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
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Coixol ameliorates Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced lung injury by interfering with T. gondii HSP70/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110031. [PMID: 36933491 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes pulmonary toxoplasmosis, although its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. There is no cure for toxoplasmosis. Coixol, a plant polyphenol extracted from coix seeds, has a variety of biological activities. However, the effects of coixol on T. gondii infection have not been clarified. In this study, we infected a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and BALB/c mice with the T. gondii RH strain to establish infection models in vitro and in vivo, respectively, to explore protective effects and potential mechanisms of coixol on lung injury caused by T. gondii infection. Anti-T. gondii effects and underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of coixol were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR, molecular docking, localized surface plasmon resonance, co-immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results show that coixol inhibits T. gondii loads and T. gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 (T.g.HSP70) expression. Moreover, coixol reduced inflammatory cell recruitment and infiltration, and ameliorated pathological lung injury induced by T. gondii infection. Coixol can directly bind T.g.HSP70 or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to disrupt their interaction. Coixol prevented overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high mobility group box 1 by inhibiting activation of the TLR4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, consistent with effects of the TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095. These results indicate that coixol improves T. gondii infection-induced lung injury by interfering with T.g.HSP70-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Altogether, these findings suggest that coixol is a promising effective lead compound for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Mild Hypothermia Alleviates CLP-induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction by Mitigating Pyroptosis Through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:7-16. [PMID: 36588003 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple organ failure secondary to severe sepsis leads to increased morbidity and mortality and is often accompanied by inflammation and immune system dysfunction. Mild hypothermia has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, but whether it can exert a protective effect in cases of multiple organ failure remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we investigated the protective effect of mild hypothermia on septic multiple organ failure and the underlying mechanism for this effect. METHOD Sepsis was induced through the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. Rats were then housed at normal (36-38°C) or mild hypothermic (32-34°C) temperature for 10 h. RESULTS CLP-induced effects on inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers in serum were reversed by mild hypothermia. The pathological injury score and the expressions of pyroptosis markers, including TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB signaling molecules, showed a similar trend. Moreover, 3 d survival of CLP rats was improved by mild hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS Mild hypothermia alleviated CLP-induced organ failure and the downstream effects on pyroptosis, probably through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Wei S, Xu T, Chen Y, Zhou K. Autophagy, cell death, and cytokines in K. pneumoniae infection: Therapeutic Perspectives. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 12:2140607. [DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2140607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wei
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Jinan University; the First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Guo JN, Bai X, Zhang HX, Zhang N, Liang JM, Guo ZY, Cui X. Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for pneumonia convalescence in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956736. [PMID: 36120373 PMCID: PMC9479002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has advantages in treating sequela symptoms of pediatric pneumonia convalescence. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the search strategy were selected from seven databases from the inception date to December 17, 2021. Based on the Cochrane handbook, the quality of the selected studies was assessed using the risk of bias. Data were expressed as relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD) and with 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. The Grading Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method was used to assess the evidence certainty. Result: Twenty RCTs with 2,241 participants were identified using the search criteria. CHMs included Danshen injection, Liujunzi decoction, Qingfei Tongluo decoction, Yiqi Huoxue decoction, Yupingfeng granule, XiaoErFeiKe granule, Sha-Sheng-Mai-Dong decoction, and so on. Results indicated that CHM combined with Western medicine (WM) or CHM alone improved the total clinical effective rate (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.15–1.29), reduced cough relief time (MD = −2.16; 95% CI: −2.46 to −1.85), lung rales disappearance time (MD = −1.82; 95% CI: −2.17 to −1.47), and length of hospital stay (MD = −2.01, 95% CI: −3.81 to −0.22) in the treatment of pneumonia convalescence in children. However, there was no significant statistical difference regarding the incidence of adverse reactions (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.23–1.43). Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; Identifier CRD42022298936
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ning Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xian Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ming Liang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yi Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Cui
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xia Cui,
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Dolmatova EV, Wang K, Mandavilli R, Griendling KK. The effects of sepsis on endothelium and clinical implications. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:60-73. [PMID: 32215570 PMCID: PMC7810126 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis accounts for nearly 700 000 deaths in Europe annually and is caused by an overwhelming host response to infection resulting in organ failure. The endothelium is an active contributor to sepsis and as such represents a major target for therapy. During sepsis, endothelial cells amplify the immune response and activate the coagulation system. They are both a target and source of inflammation and serve as a link between local and systemic immune responses. In response to cytokines produced by immune cells, the endothelium expresses adhesion molecules and produces vasoactive compounds, inflammatory cytokines, and chemoattractants, thus switching from an anticoagulant to procoagulant state. These responses contribute to local control of infection, but systemic activation can lead to microvascular thrombosis, capillary permeability, hypotension, tissue hypoxia, and ultimately tissue damage. This review focuses on the role of the endothelium in leucocyte adhesion and transmigration as well as production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, microRNAs and cytokines, formation of signalling microparticles, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We also discuss alterations in endothelial permeability and apoptosis. Finally, we review the diagnostic potential of endothelial markers and endothelial pathways as therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Dolmatova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Keke Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rohan Mandavilli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Zhao YJ, Chen YE, Zhang HJ, Gu X. LncRNA UCA1 remits LPS-engendered inflammatory damage through deactivation of miR-499b-5p/TLR4 axis. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:463-473. [PMID: 33368965 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal pneumonia is a high neonatal mortality disease. The current research was designed to elucidate the modulatory function and feasible molecular mechanism of UCA1 in LPS-induced injury in pneumonia. Herein, LPS was applied to induce WI-38 cell inflammatory damage. We displayed that UCA1 was elevated in LPS-injured WI-38 cells. In the functional aspect, intervention of UCA1 evidently aggrandized cell viability in LPS-triggered WI-38 cells. In the meanwhile, elimination of UCA1 distinctly assuaged cell apoptosis concomitant with declined levels of proapoptotic proteins Bax and C-caspase-3, and ascended the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Subsequently, disruption of UCA1 manifestly restrained inflammatory damage as characterized by declination of multiple pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in WI-38 cells under LPS circumstance. More importantly, we predicted and verified that UCA1 functioned as a ceRNA by efficaciously binding to miR-499b-5p thereby inversely adjusting miR-499b-5p expression. Interesting, TLR4 was identified as direct target of miR-499b-5p, and positively regulated by UCA1 through sponging miR-499b-5p. Mechanistically, absence of miR-499b-5p or restoration of TLR4 impeded the beneficial effects of UCA1 ablation on LPS-stimulated apoptosis and inflammatory response. Collectively, these observations illuminated that UCA1 inhibition protected WI-38 cells against LPS-managed inflammatory injury and apoptosis process via miR-499b-5p/TLR4 crosstalk, which ultimately influencing the development of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Xi'an TB and Thoracic Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yue-E Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Xi'an TB and Thoracic Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Xi'an TB and Thoracic Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xing Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Xi'an TB and Thoracic Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, PR China
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Fc-specific and covalent conjugation of a fluorescent protein to a native antibody through a photoconjugation strategy for fabrication of a novel photostable fluorescent antibody. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:945-953. [PMID: 33210177 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophore-antibody conjugates with high photobleaching resistance, high chemical stability, and Fc-specific attachment is a great advantage for immunofluorescence imaging. Here, an Fc-binding protein (Z-domain) carrying a photo-cross-linker (p-benzoylphenylalanine, Bpa) fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), namely photoactivatable ZBpa-EGFP recombinant, was directly generated using the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/suppressor tRNA technique without any further modification. By employing the photoactivatable ZBpa-EGFP, an optimal approach was successfully developed which enabled EGFP to site-selectively and covalently attach to native antibody (IgG) with approximately 90% conjugation efficiency. After characterizing the Fc-specific and covalent manner of the EGFP-photoconjugated antibody, its excellent photobleaching resistance for immunofluorescence imaging was demonstrated in a model study by monitoring the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in HepG2 cells. The proposed approach here for the preparation of a novel fluorescent antibody is available and reliable, which would play an important role in fluorescence immunoassay, and is expected to be extended to the generation of other biomolecule-photoconjugated antibodies, such as other fluorescent proteins for multiplex immunofluorescence imaging or reporter enzymes for highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays.Graphical abstract.
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11
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Wang J, Zhu G, Sun C, Xiong K, Yao T, Su Y, Fang H. TAK-242 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 32762699 PMCID: PMC7412642 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of TAK-242 on the gut microbiota and the TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Results At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota and Proteobacteria were the primary microbiota in the five groups. TAK-242 treatment significantly enhanced Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria; significantly decreased Cyanobacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota and Proteobacteria; and particularly promoted the growth of Akkermansia. TAK-242 markedly alleviated DSS-induced colitis symptoms and colonic lesions by promoting IL-10 release, inhibiting IL-17 release, downregulating TLR4 and JAK2/STAT3 mRNA and protein expression and increasing JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusion TAK-242 modulates the structure of the gut microbiota in colitis and may be a novel therapeutic candidate for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Guannan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kangwei Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Wan R, Jiang J, Hu C, Chen X, Chen C, Zhao B, Hu X, Zheng Z, Li Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps amplify neutrophil recruitment and inflammation in neutrophilic asthma by stimulating the airway epithelial cells to activate the TLR4/ NF-κB pathway and secrete chemokines. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16820-16836. [PMID: 32756014 PMCID: PMC7521522 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophilic asthma (NA) is a distinct airway inflammation disease with prominent neutrophil infiltration. The role played by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in NA, however, is quite unclear. This study was based on the hypothesis that NETs are responsible for the second neutrophil wave and therefore contribute significantly to inflammation. The proinflammatory effects of NETs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Formation of NETs and neutrophil swarming was seen in a mouse model of NA. Additionally, NETs were found to stimulate airway cells to express CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which recruits neutrophils to the inflammation site. Furthermore, prevention of NET formation decreased the recruitment of lung neutrophils and hence reduce neutrophilic inflammation. Additionally, the structural integrity of NETs had no effect on the recruitment of lung neutrophils and neutrophilic inflammation. In NA mice, NETs could trigger airway and alveolar epithelial cells to express chemokines which recruit more neutrophils via activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bingrong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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13
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Baek HS, Min HJ, Hong VS, Kwon TK, Park JW, Lee J, Kim S. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Novel PIM Kinase Inhibitor KMU-470 in RAW 264.7 Cells through the TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145138. [PMID: 32698512 PMCID: PMC7403980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases, a small family of serine/threonine kinases, are important intermediates in the cytokine signaling pathway of inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated whether the novel PIM kinase inhibitor KMU-470, a derivative of indolin-2-one, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells. We demonstrated that KMU-470 suppressed the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthases that are induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and MyD88, as well as the phosphorylation of IκB kinase and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, KMU-470 suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation at the transcriptional level of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Notably, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of a major component of the inflammasome complex, NLRP3, in RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, PIM-1 siRNA transfection attenuated up-regulation of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PIM-1 plays a key role in inflammatory signaling and that KMU-470 is a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Baek
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Hyeon Ji Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | | | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Jong Wook Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5183 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7359 (S.K.); Fax: +82-050-4154-2213 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7355 (S.K.)
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (H.S.B.); (H.J.M.); (T.K.K.); (J.W.P.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.K.); Tel.: +82-53-580-5183 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7359 (S.K.); Fax: +82-050-4154-2213 (J.L.); +82-53-258-7355 (S.K.)
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14
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Koehler H, Puchalski K, Ruiz G, Jacobs B, Langland J. The Role of Endophytic/Epiphytic Bacterial Constituents in the Immunostimulatory Activity of the Botanical, Astragalus membranaceus. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:239-250. [PMID: 32607085 PMCID: PMC7309664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medicinal herbs listed in the material medica of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbalists have used Astragalus to help the human body fight a variety of diseases. Modern herbalists utilize Astragalus primarily as an immunostimulant to prevent common infection and aid in the recovery following infection. Historically, the biological activities associated with Astragalus have been accounted for, at least in part, to several constituents present in the botanical including saponins and polysaccharides. We propose that in addition to these constituents, compounds from endophytic (or epiphytic) bacteria present in (or on) the roots of Astragalus may have an important biological role. Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins are major components of Gram-negative bacteria and highly potent activators of the innate immune response. Our data supports a direct correlation between the level of immune gene induction and the level of lipopolysaccharides/lipoproteins present in the Astragalus extract. We demonstrate that extracts from Astragalus specifically activate Toll-like and NOD-like receptors involved in the recognition and response to bacterial constituents and that removal of the lipopolysaccharide/lipoprotein from the Astragalus extract reduced the level of this response. The results support that many immune enhancing botanicals have established a symbiotic relationship with Gram-negative bacteria and that the immune enhancing effect of these botanical extracts on the body may not only be due to endogenous plant compounds, but endophytic (or epiphytic) bacterial components as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Koehler
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Keely Puchalski
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ
| | - Guillermo Ruiz
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ
| | - Bertram Jacobs
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ
| | - Jeffrey Langland
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ,Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Jeffrey Langland, Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3653-8844;
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15
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Jafari R, Karamzadeh R, Pesaran Hajabbas F, Sayyadizadeh F, Chekini Z, Aghajanpour S, Shakeri L, Nazarimoghaddam K, Aflatoonian R. Human closed and open apex premolar teeth express different toll-like receptor. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1268. [PMID: 32400961 PMCID: PMC7336733 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune activation which promotes inflammation responses in the dental pulp tissue leads to the progression of dentin caries. Accordingly, toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules of the innate immune system that identify pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms and may have a critical role in a dental injury. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the expression of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 in the human dental pulp of opened and closed apex teeth. Methods Human dental pulps were derived from the healthy opened and closed apex premolar, in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. The extraction of RNA was performed and the gene expression determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The result from real‐time PCR was confirmed using western blot analysis. Results Real‐time PCR data analysis showed that the expression TLR2 and TLR4 were significantly increased in closed apex premolar teeth compared to open apex teeth, whereas TLR3 expression was not significantly different in these two groups (p < .05). Conclusion The results of the present study suggested increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 by the maturation of the apex, which may be due to the presence of microorganisms in the normal or destructed dental pulp tissue. Thus, identifying the expression of TLRs molecules in dental pulp tissue helps to develop a deeper knowledge of the immune responses in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jafari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Razieh Karamzadeh
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cell and Development Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Zahra Chekini
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aghajanpour
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Shakeri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Ding J, Liu Q. Toll-like receptor 4: A promising therapeutic target for pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5868-5875. [PMID: 31350813 PMCID: PMC6714139 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) emerge as important pathogens causing pulmonary infection, which can develop into sepsis due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. GNB pneumonia poses a huge social and economic burden all over the world. During GNB infection in the lung, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) can form a complex with MD2 and CD14 after recognizing lipopolysaccharide of GNB, initiate the MyD88‐ and TRIF‐dependent signalling pathways and stimulate host non‐specific immune response. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the role of TLR4 in GNB pneumonia. The latest experimental results, especially in TLR4 knockout animals, suggest a promising potential of targeting TLR4 signalling pathway for the treatment of GNB pneumonia. Furthermore, we highlight the benefits of Traditional Chinese Medicine as novel candidates for the therapy of GNB pneumonia due to the modulation of TLR4 signalling pathway. Finally, we discuss the promise and challenge in the development of TLR4‐based drugs for GNB pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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