S100A11 functions as novel oncogene in glioblastoma via S100A11/ANXA2/NF-κB positive feedback loop

Comprehensive analysis reveals cholesterol metabolism-related signature for predicting prognosis and guiding individualized treatment of glioma

Objective

Gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors with the highest degree of malignancy. Disturbed cholesterol metabolism is one of the key features of many malignant tumors, including gliomas. This study aimed to investigate the significance of cholesterol metabolism-related genes in prognostic prediction and in guiding individualized treatment of patients with gliomas.

Methods

Transcriptional data and clinicopathological data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. Intraoperative glioma samples retained in our unit and the corresponding clinicopathological information were also collected with the patients' knowledge. Firstly, cholesterol metabolism-related gene signatures (CMRGS) were identified and constructed based on difference analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, and univariate/multivariate COX analysis. Then, the role of CMRGS in predicting the prognosis of gliomas and distinguishing immune landscapes was evaluated by using nomograms, survival analysis, enrichment analysis, and immune-infiltration analysis. Finally, the drug sensitivity of gliomas in different risk groups was evaluated using the oncoPredict algorithm, and potentially sensitive chemotherapeutic and molecular-targeted drugs were identified.

Results

The prognostic CMRGS contained seven genes: APOE, SCD, CXCL16, FABP5, S100A11, TNFRSF12A, and ELOVL2. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the median cholesterol metabolic index (CMI). There were significant differences in clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival between groups. COX analysis suggested that CMRGS was an independent risk factor for glioma prognosis and had a better predictive performance than several classical indicators. In addition, GSEA, immune infiltration analysis showed that CMRGS could differentiate the immune landscapes of patients in groups. The reliability of CMRGS was validated in the CGGA cohort and our Gusu cohort. Finally, 14 drugs sensitive to high-risk patients and 16 drugs sensitive to low-risk patients were identified.

Conclusion

The CMRGS reliably predicts glioma prognosis in multiple cohorts and may be useful in guiding individualized treatment.

S100A11 is a potential prognostic biomarker and correlated with tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioma

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the role of S100A11 as a potential biomarker for glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) and its correlation with GAMs infiltration in glioblastoma multiforme, aiming to better understand the immune microenvironment of glioma.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive study using various techniques and approaches. First, we examined the expression of S100A11 on GAMs through Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses. Additionally, we utilized single-cell sequencing data and immune infiltration analysis to establish the relationship between S100A11 and GAMs infiltration in glioma.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that S100A11 was highly expressed on GAMs, as validated by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, S100A11 exhibited a strong correlation with GAMs infiltration, as evidenced by single-cell data and immune infiltration analysis. These results highlight the significant association of S100A11 with the immune microenvironment surrounding glioma.

CONCLUSION

S100A11 emerges as a promising candidate for regulating glioma immunosuppression and may serve as a potential marker for GAMs. This study sheds light on the crucial role of S100A11 in the crosstalk between GAMs and glioma cells, contributing to our understanding of glioma progression within the tumor microenvironment.

Integrin β6/Annexin A2 axis triggers autophagy to orchestrate hepatocellular carcinoma radioresistance

Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the main therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its effectiveness has been constrained due to the resistance effect of radiation. Thus, the factors involved in radioresistance are evaluated and the underlying molecular mechanisms are also done. In this present study, we identified Integrin β6 (ITGB6) as a potential radioresistant gene through an integrative analysis of transcriptomic profiles, proteome datasets and survival using HCC cases treated with IR. We show that ITGB6 functionally contributed to radioresistance by activating autophagy through a series of in vitro and in vivo methods, such as clonogenic assays, autophagy flux (LC3B-GFP-mCherry reporter) analysis and a subcutaneous transplantation model. Mechanically, ITGB6 binds to Annexin A2 (ANXA2) and enhanced its stability by competitively antagonizing proteasome mediated ANXA2 degradation, thereby promoting autophagy and radioresistance. Notably, HCC radioresistance was significantly improved by either blocking ITGB6 or autophagy, but the combination was more effective. Importantly, ITGB6/ANXA2 axis triggered autophagic program endowed HCC cells with radioresistant activity in a radiated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model and hydrodynamic injection in liver-specific Itgb6-knockout mice, further supported by clinical evidence. Together, our data revealed that ITGB6 is a radioresistant gene stabilizing the autophagy regulatory protein ANXA2, providing insights into the biological and potentially clinical significance of ITGB6/ANXA2 axis in radiotherapy planning of HCC.

The S100 family is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune cell infiltration in pan-cancer

BACKGROUND

The S100 protein family is a group of small molecular EF-hand calcium-binding proteins that play critical roles in various biological processes, including promotion of growth, metastasis and immune evasion of tumor. However, the potential roles of S100 protein family expression in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration in pan-cancer remain elusive.

METHODS

Herein, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the expression patterns of the S100 protein family in pan-cancer, meticulously examining their correlation with characteristics of TME cell infiltration. The S100 score was constructed to quantify S100 family expression patterns of individual tumors.

RESULTS

The S100 family was a potent risk factor in many cancers. Clustering analysis based on the transcriptome patterns of S100 protein family identified two cancer clusters with distinct immunophenotypes and clinical characteristics. Cluster A, with lower S100 expression, exhibited lower immune infiltration, whereas, Cluster B, with higher S100 expression, featured higher immune infiltration. Interestingly, Cluster B had a poorer prognosis, likely due to an immune-excluded phenotype resulting from stromal activation. The analysis revealed robust enrichment of the TGFb and EMT pathways in the cohort exhibiting high S100 score, alongside a positive correlation between the S100 score and Treg levels, suggesting the manifestation of an immune-excluded phenotype in this group. Moreover, S100 families were associated with the prognosis of 22 different cancers and a noteworthy association was observed between high S100 score and an unfavorable response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy. Consistent findings across two independent immunotherapy cohorts substantiated the advantageous therapeutic outcomes and clinical benefits in patients displaying lower S100score.

CONCLUSION

Our analysis demonstrated the role of S100 family in formation of TME diversity and complexity, enabling deeper cognition of TME infiltration characterization and the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies targeting S100 family for unique tumor types.

Annexin A2 combined with TTK accelerates esophageal cancer progression via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a widely reported oncogene. However, the mechanism of ANXA2 in esophageal cancer is not fully understood. In this study, we provided evidence that ANXA2 promotes the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) through the downstream target threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK). These results are consistent with the up-regulation of ANXA2 and TTK in ESCC. In vitro experiments by knockdown and overexpression of ANXA2 revealed that ANXA2 promotes the progression of ESCC by enhancing cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Subsequently, animal models also confirmed the role of ANXA2 in promoting the proliferation and metastasis of ESCC. Mechanistically, the ANXA2/TTK complex activates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and accelerates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby promoting the invasion and metastasis of ESCC. Furthermore, we identified that TTK overexpression can reverse the inhibition of ESCC invasion after ANXA2 knockdown. Overall, these data indicate that the combination of ANXA2 and TTK regulates the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway and accelerates the progression of ESCC. Therefore, the ANXA2/TTK/Akt/mTOR axis is a potential therapeutic target for ESCC.

Prognostic Value of S100 Family mRNA Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS

 The S100 family contains more than 20 Ca2+-binding proteins that participate in numerous cellular biological processes. However, the prognostic value of individual S100s in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Therefore, we comprehensively assessed the prognostic value of S100s in HCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 The mRNA level of S100s in distinct types of cancer was analyzed through Oncomine. The clinical prognostic significance of each S100 was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plotter and OncoLnc. The expression and mutation of S100s were determined through cBioPortal. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used to predict the functions and pathways of S100s.

RESULTS

 The analyses revealed that, relative to normal tissues, liver cancer tissues showed aberrant mRNA expression of most S100s. In the survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier plotter, elevated expression levels of S100PBP, S100A2, S100A7, S100A10, and S100A13 were related to shorter overall survival (OS), whereas increased S100A5 expression was associated with longer OS. Moreover, results obtained using OncoLnc showed that increased expression levels of S100P, S100PBP, S100A13, S100A11, S100A10, and S100A2 were related to shorter OS. Thus, S100PBP, S100A13, S100A10, and S100A2 exhibited the same prognostic trend in the 2 databases. However, all S100 member gene mutational changes had no considerable prognostic value in OS and disease-free survival of HCC patients.

CONCLUSION

 Although the findings need to be further confirmed by experiments, they provide new evidence for the prognostic significance of the S100s in HCC.

Nrf2 activation rescues stress-induced depression-like behaviour and inflammatory responses in male but not female rats

BACKGROUND

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurring affective disorder that is two times more prevalent in females than males. Evidence supports immune system dysfunction as a major contributing factor to MDD, notably in a sexually dimorphic manner. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a regulator of antioxidant signalling during inflammation, is dysregulated in many chronic inflammatory disorders; however, its role in depression and the associated sex differences have yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the sex-specific antidepressant and immunomodulatory effects of the potent Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF), as well as the associated gene expression profiles.

METHODS

Male and female rats were treated with vehicle or DMF (25 mg/kg) whilst subjected to 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress. The effect of DMF treatment on stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as deficits in recognition and spatial learning and memory were then assessed. Sex differences in hippocampal (HIP) microglial activation and gene expression response were also evaluated.

RESULTS

DMF treatment during stress exposure had antidepressant effects in male but not female rats, with no anxiolytic effects in either sex. Recognition learning and memory and spatial learning and memory were impaired in chronically stressed males and females, respectively, and DMF treatment rescued these deficits. DMF treatment also prevented stress-induced HIP microglial activation in males. Conversely, females displayed no HIP microglial activation associated with stress exposure. Last, chronic stress elicited sex-specific alterations in HIP gene expression, many of which were normalized in animals treated with DMF. Of note, most of the differentially expressed genes in males normalized by DMF were related to antioxidant, inflammatory or immune responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these findings support a greater role of immune processes in males than females in a rodent model of depression. This suggests that pharmacotherapies that target Nrf2 have the potential to be an effective sex-specific treatment for depression.

Expression profiles and function prediction of tRNA-derived fragments in glioma

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. The transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are a new group of small noncoding RNAs, which are dysregulated in many cancers. Until now, the expression and function of tRFs in glioma remain unknown.

METHODS

The expression profiles of tRF subtypes were analyzed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-low-grade gliomas (LGG)/GBM dataset. The target genes of tRFs were subjected to Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia and Gene set enrichment analysis of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction enrichment analysis was performed by STRING. QRT-PCR was performed to detect the expressions of tRFs in human glioma cell lines U87, U373, U251, and human astrocyte cell line SVG p12. Western blot assay was used to detect to the expression of S100A11. The interaction between tRF-19-R118LOJX and S100A11 mRNA 3'UTR was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effects of tRF-19-R118LOJX, tRF-19-6SM83OJX and S100A11 on the glioma cell proliferation, migration and in vitro vasculogenic mimicry formation ability were examined by CCK-8 proliferation assay, EdU assay, HoloMonitor cell migration assay and tube formation assay, respectively.

RESULTS

tRF-19-R118LOJX and tRF-19-6SM83OJX are the most differentially expressed tRFs between LGG and GBM groups. The functional enrichment analysis showed that the target genes of tRF-19-R118LOJX and tRF-19-6SM83OJX are enriched in regulating blood vessel development. The upregulated target genes are linked to adverse survival outcomes in glioma patients. tRF-19-R118LOJX and tRF-19-6SM83OJX were identified to suppress glioma cell proliferation, migration, and in vitro vasculogenic mimicry formation. The mechanism of tRF-19-R118LOJX might be related to its function as an RNA silencer by targeting the S100A11 mRNA 3'UTR.

CONCLUSION

tRFs would become novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of glioma, and the mechanism might be related to its post-transcriptionally regulation of gene expression by targeting mRNA 3'UTR.

Preclinical Efficacy of LP-184, a Tumor Site Activated Synthetic Lethal Therapeutic, in Glioblastoma

PURPOSE

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain malignancy with median survival <2 years. Standard-of-care temozolomide has marginal efficacy in approximately 70% of patients due to MGMT expression. LP-184 is an acylfulvene-derived prodrug activated by the oxidoreductase PTGR1 that alkylates at N3-adenine, not reported to be repaired by MGMT. This article examines LP-184 efficacy against preclinical GBM models and identifies molecular predictors of LP-184 efficacy in clinical GBM.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

LP-184 effects on GBM cell viability and DNA damage were determined using cell lines, primary PDX-derived cells and patient-derived neurospheres. GBM cell sensitivities to LP-184 relative to temozolomide and MGMT expression were examined. Pharmacokinetics and CNS bioavailability were evaluated in mice with GBM xenografts. LP-184 effects on GBM xenograft growth and animal survival were determined. Machine learning, bioinformatic tools, and clinical databases identified molecular predictors of GBM cells and tumors to LP-184 responsiveness.

RESULTS

LP-184 inhibited viability of multiple GBM cell isolates including temozolomide-resistant and MGMT-expressing cells at IC50 = approximately 22-310 nmol/L. Pharmacokinetics showed favorable AUCbrain/plasma and AUCtumor/plasma ratios of 0.11 (brain Cmax = 839 nmol/L) and 0.2 (tumor Cmax = 2,530 nmol/L), respectively. LP-184 induced regression of GBM xenografts and prolonged survival of mice bearing orthotopic xenografts. Bioinformatic analyses identified PTGR1 elevation in clinical GBM subtypes and associated LP-184 sensitivity with EGFR signaling, low nucleotide excision repair (NER), and low ERCC3 expression. Spironolactone, which induces ERCC3 degradation, decreased LP-184 IC50 3 to 6 fold and enhanced GBM xenograft antitumor responses.

CONCLUSIONS

These results establish LP-184 as a promising chemotherapeutic for GBM with enhanced efficacy in intrinsic or spironolactone-induced TC-NER-deficient tumors.

Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli

Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.

Hypoxia-induced circADAMTS6 in a TDP43-dependent manner accelerates glioblastoma progression via ANXA2/ NF-κB pathway

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in the malignant progression of tumours. Herein, we identified an unreported circRNA (hsa-circ-0072688, also named circADAMTS6) that is specifically upregulated in the hypoxic microenvironment of glioblastoma and closely correlated with poor prognosis of gliblastoma patients. We found that circADAMTS6 promotes the malignant progression of glioblastoma by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Mechanistically, the hypoxic tumour microenvironment upregulates circADAMTS6 expression through transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and RNA-binding protein TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43). Moreover, circADAMTS6 accelerates glioblastoma progression by recruiting and stabilising annexin A2 (ANXA2) in a proteasomes-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found T-5224 (AP-1 inhibitor) treatment induces downregulation of circADAMTS6 and then inhibits tumour growth. In conclusion, our findings highlight the important role of the circADAMTS6/ANXA2 axis based on hypoxic microenvironment in glioblastoma progression, as well as its regulation in NF-κB pathway. Targeting circADAMTS6 is thus expected to become a novel therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma.

S100A11 Promotes Metastasis via AKT and ERK Signaling Pathways and Has a Diagnostic Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and malignant liver tumor worldwide, although the treatment approaches for HCC continue to evolve, metastasis is the main reason for high mortality rates. S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11), an important member of the S100 family of small calcium-binding proteins, is overexpressed in various cells and regulates tumor development and metastasis. However, few studies report the role and underlying regulatory mechanisms of S100A11 in HCC development and metastasis. Herein, we discovered that S100A11 is overexpressed and associated with poor clinical outcomes in HCC cohorts, and we provided the first demonstration that S100A11 could serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker used in conjunction with AFP for HCC. Further analysis implied that S100A11 outperforms AFP in determining whether HCC patients have hematogenous metastasis or not. Using in vitro cell culture model, we demonstrated that S100A11 is overexpressed in metastatic hepatoma cells, knockdown of S100A11 decreases hepatoma cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by inhibiting AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Altogether, our study provides new sights into the biological function and mechanisms underlying S100A11 in promoting metastasis of HCC and explores a novel target for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

The Role of the S100 Protein Family in Glioma

The S100 protein family consists of 25 members and share a common structure defined in part by the Ca²⁺ binding EF-hand motif. Multiple members' dysregulated expression is associated with progression, diagnosis and prognosis in a broad range of diseases, especially in tumors. They could exert wide range of functions both in intracellular and extracellular, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell motility, enzyme activities, immune responses, cytoskeleton dynamics, Ca²⁺ homeostasis and angiogenesis. Gliomas are the most prevalent primary tumors of the brain and spinal cord with multiple subtypes that are diagnosed and classified based on histopathology. Up to now the role of several S100 proteins in gliomas have been explored. S100A8, S100A9 and S100B were highly expression in serum and may present as a marker correlated with survival and prognosis of glioma patients. Individual member was confirmed as a new regulator of glioma stem cells (GSCs) and a mediator of mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma (GBM). Additionally, several members up- or downregulation have been reported to involve in the development of glioma by interacting with signaling pathways and target proteins. Here we detail S100 proteins that are associated with glioma, and discuss their potential effects on progression, diagnosis and prognosis.

PTBP3 promotes tumorigenesis of glioblastoma by stabilizing Twist1

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PTBP3 is upregulated in GBM and predicts poor prognosis.

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PTBP3 promotes proliferation, EMT, migration, and invasion of GBM.

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PTBP3 stabilizes Twist1 by decreasing its ubiquitination and degradation.

Objective

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignancy tumor of central nervous system. PTBP3 was closely associated with the development of tumor. However, the function and molecular mechanism of PTBP3 in GBM is little known.

Methods

qPCR and immunoblotting were used to detect PTBP3 expression levels in glioma tissues and cells. CCK8, Edu, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to examined the function of PTBP3 in GBM. qPCR, Immunoblotting, and ubiquitination assays were performed to identify the mechanism of PTBP3.

Results

We found that PTBP3 was upregulated in GBM, and high expression of PTBP3 correlated with the poor survival of GBM patients. PTBP3 knockdown reduced proliferation, invasion, and migration of GBM. Conversely, overexpressing PTBP3 has an opposite effect. Moreover, PTBP3 had an effect on the EMT of GBM. More importantly, we found that PTBP3 stabilized Twist1 by decreasing its ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, orthotopic xenograft models were used to demonstrate the PTBP3 on the development of GBM in vivo.

Conclusion

This study proved that PTBP3 promoted tumorigenesis of GBM by stabilizing Twist1, which provided a new therapeutic target for GBM.

Bioinformatics Strategies to Identify Shared Molecular Biomarkers That Link Ischemic Stroke and Moyamoya Disease with Glioblastoma

Expanding data suggest that glioblastoma is accountable for the growing prevalence of various forms of stroke formation, such as ischemic stroke and moyamoya disease. However, the underlying deterministic details are still unspecified. Bioinformatics approaches are designed to investigate the relationships between two pathogens as well as fill this study void. Glioblastoma is a form of cancer that typically occurs in the brain or spinal cord and is highly destructive. A stroke occurs when a brain region starts to lose blood circulation and prevents functioning. Moyamoya disorder is a recurrent and recurring arterial disorder of the brain. To begin, adequate gene expression datasets on glioblastoma, ischemic stroke, and moyamoya disease were gathered from various repositories. Then, the association between glioblastoma, ischemic stroke, and moyamoya was established using the existing pipelines. The framework was developed as a generalized workflow to allow for the aggregation of transcriptomic gene expression across specific tissue; Gene Ontology (GO) and biological pathway, as well as the validation of such data, are carried out using enrichment studies such as protein-protein interaction and gold benchmark databases. The results contribute to a more profound knowledge of the disease mechanisms and unveil the projected correlations among the diseases.

Curcuminoids as Modulators of EMT in Invasive Cancers: A Review of Molecular Targets With the Contribution of Malignant Mesothelioma Studies

Curcuminoids, which include natural acyclic diarylheptanoids and the synthetic analogs of curcumin, have considerable potential for fighting against all the characteristics of invasive cancers. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process for embryonic morphogenesis, however, the last decade has confirmed it orchestrates many features of cancer invasiveness, such as tumor cell stemness, metabolic rewiring, and drug resistance. A wealth of studies has revealed EMT in cancer is in fact driven by an increasing number of parameters, and thus understanding its complexity has now become a cornerstone for defining future therapeutic strategies dealing with cancer progression and metastasis. A specificity of curcuminoids is their ability to target multiple molecular targets, modulate several signaling pathways, modify tumor microenvironments and enhance the host’s immune response. Although the effects of curcumin on these various parameters have been the subject of many reviews, the role of curcuminoids against EMT in the context of cancer have never been reviewed so far. This review first provides an updated overview of all EMT drivers, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and tumor microenvironment components, with a special focus on the most recent findings. Secondly, for each of these drivers the effects of curcumin/curcuminoids on specific molecular targets are analyzed. Finally, we address some common findings observed between data reported in the literature and the results of investigations we conducted on experimental malignant mesothelioma, a model of invasive cancer representing a useful tool for studies on EMT and cancer.

TRG16, targeted by miR-765, inhibits breast cancer stem cell-like properties via regulating the NF-κB pathway

Previous studies reported that cancer stem cells (CSCs) might be responsible for drug resistance and cancer progression. Transformation-Related Gene 16 Protein (TRG16), a pseudokinase, was reported to be a suppressor in some types of cancer and its overexpression impaired hepatocellular carcinoma cell stemness. However, the function of TRG16 in BC remains unclear. We found that TRG16 expression was significantly downregulated in BC tissues compared with adjacent tissues (n = 40; P < 0.001) and BC patients with lower expression of TRG16 had a worse prognosis. Forced expression of TRG16 inhibited BC stem cell-like properties as evidenced by decreased CD44-positive cells (CSC marker), reduced mammosphere quantity, and downregulated Nanog, aldehyde dehydrogenase, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and SRY-box transcription factor 2 expression (CSC markers). Moreover, TRG16 overexpression inhibited self-renewal and invasion capabilities of BC cells in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo but increased cisplatin sensitivity. However, TRG16 silencing had the opposite effects. Further mechanistic studies revealed that TRG16 was targeted and negatively regulated by miR-765, a facilitator of BC progression. TRG16 could suppress the activation of the NF-κB pathway in BC cells, which is a positive pathway in BC progression and contributes to the maintenance of cancer cell stemness. In conclusion, the results above demonstrate that TRG16, negatively regulated by miR-765, may inhibit the BC progression by regulating BC stem cell-like properties and this inhibition may be mediated by the NF-κB pathway. Our findings indicate that TRG16 may be a potential therapeutic targetable node for BC. TRG16, negatively regulated by miR-765, may inhibit the BC progression through regulating BC stem cell-like properties and this inhibition may be mediated by the NF-κB pathway.

NF-κB as a regulator of cancer metastasis and therapy response: A focus on epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Metastasis of tumor cells is a complex challenge and significantly diminishes the overall survival and prognosis of cancer patients. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known mechanism responsible for the invasiveness of tumor cells. A number of molecular pathways can regulate the EMT mechanism in cancer cells and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is one of them. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 can induce the transcription of several genes involved in EMT induction. The present review describes NF-κB and EMT interaction in cancer cells and their association in cancer progression. Due to the oncogenic role NF-κB signaling, its activation enhances metastasis of tumor cells via EMT induction. This has been confirmed in various cancers including brain, breast, lung and gastric cancers, among others. The ZEB1/2, transforming growth factor-β, and Slug as inducers of EMT undergo upregulation by NF-κB to promote metastasis of tumor cells. After EMT induction driven by NF-κB, a significant decrease occurs in E-cadherin levels, while N-cadherin and vimentin levels undergo an increase. The noncoding RNAs can potentially also function as upstream mediators and modulate NF-κB/EMT axis in cancers. Moreover, NF-κB/EMT axis is involved in mediating drug resistance in tumor cells. Thus, suppressing NF-κB/EMT axis can also promote the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.

Alarm Signal S100-Related Signature Is Correlated with Tumor Microenvironment and Predicts Prognosis in Glioma

Glioma are the most common malignant central nervous system tumor and are characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and resistance to therapy. Dysregulation of S100 proteins may augment tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasis by modulating immune response. However, the comprehensive function and prognostic value of S100 proteins in glioma remain unclear. Here, we explored the expression profiles of 17 S100 family genes and constructed a high-efficient prediction model for glioma based on CGGA and TCGA datasets. Immune landscape analysis displayed that the distribution of immune scores, ESTIMATE scores, and stromal scores, as well as infiltrating immune cells (macrophages M0/M1/M2, T cell CD4+ naïve, Tregs, monocyte, neutrophil, and NK activated), were significant different between risk-score subgroups. Overall, we demonstrated the value of S100 protein-related signature in the prediction of glioma patients’ prognosis and determined its relationship with the tumor microenvironment (TME) in glioma.

Allopregnanolone suppresses glioblastoma survival through decreasing DPYSL3 and S100A11 expression

Allopregnanolone (allo) is a physiological regulator of neuronal activity that treats multiple neurological disorders. Allo penetrates the blood-brain barrier with very high efficiency, implying that allo can treat CNS-related diseases, including glioblastoma (GBM), which always recurs after standard therapy. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether allo has a therapeutic effect on GBM. We found that allo enhanced temozolomide (TMZ)-suppressed cell survival and proliferation of TMZ-resistant cells. In particular, allo enhanced TMZ-inhibited cell migration and TMZ-induced apoptosis. Additionally, allo strongly induced DNA damage characterized by γH2Ax. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic analysis, iTRAQ, showed that allo significantly decreased the levels of DPYSL3, S100A11, and S100A4, reflecting the poor prognosis of patients with GBM confirmed by differential gene expression and survival analysis. Moreover, single-cell RNA-Seq revealed that S100A11, expressed in malignant cells, oligodendrocytes, and macrophages, was significantly associated with immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, overexpression of DPYSL3 or S100A11 prevented allo-induced cell death. In conclusion, allo suppresses GBM cell survival by decreasing DPYSL3/S100A11 expression and inducing DNA damage.

Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression

Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. The development of central necrosis represents a tipping point in the evolution of these tumors that foreshadows aggressive expansion, swiftly leading to mortality. The onset of necrosis, severe hypoxia and associated radial glioma expansion correlates with dramatic tumor microenvironment (TME) alterations that accelerate tumor growth. In the past, most have concluded that hypoxia and necrosis must arise due to "cancer outgrowing its blood supply" when rapid tumor growth outpaces metabolic supply, leading to diffusion-limited hypoxia. However, growing evidence suggests that microscopic intravascular thrombosis driven by the neoplastic overexpression of pro-coagulants attenuates glioma blood supply (perfusion-limited hypoxia), leading to TME restructuring that includes breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, immunosuppressive immune cell accumulation, microvascular hyperproliferation, glioma stem cell enrichment and tumor cell migration outward. Cumulatively, these adaptations result in rapid tumor expansion, resistance to therapeutic interventions and clinical progression. To inform future translational investigations, the complex interplay among environmental cues and myriad cell types that contribute to this aggressive phenotype requires better understanding. This review focuses on contributions from intratumoral thrombosis, the effects of hypoxia and necrosis, the adaptive and innate immune responses, and the current state of targeted therapeutic interventions.

Novel Immune-Related Gene-Based Signature Characterizing an Inflamed Microenvironment Predicts Prognosis and Radiotherapy Efficacy in Glioblastoma

Effective treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains an open challenge. Given the critical role of the immune microenvironment in the progression of cancers, we aimed to develop an immune-related gene (IRG) signature for predicting prognosis and improving the current treatment paradigm of GBM. Multi-omics data were collected, and various bioinformatics methods, as well as machine learning algorithms, were employed to construct and validate the IRG-based signature and to explore the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of GBM. A five-gene signature (ARPC1B, FCGR2B, NCF2, PLAUR, and S100A11) was identified based on the expression of IRGs, and an effective prognostic risk model was developed. The IRG-based risk model had superior time-dependent prognostic performance compared to well-studied molecular pathology markers. Besides, we found prominent inflamed features in the microenvironment of the high-risk group, including neutrophil infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and activation of the adaptive immune response, which may be associated with increased hypoxia, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild type, and necrosis. Notably, the IRG-based risk model had the potential to predict the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Together, our study offers insights into the immune microenvironment of GBM and provides useful information for clinical management of this desperate disease.

High Expression of GSDMC Is Associated with Poor Survival in Kidney Clear Cell Cancer

This study is aimed at exploring the potential role of GSDMC in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). We analyzed the expression of GSDMC in 33 types of cancers in TCGA database. The results showed that the expression of GSDMC was upregulated in most cancers. We found a significant association between high expression of GSDMC and shortened patient overall survival, progression-free survival, and disease-specific survival. In vitro experiments have shown that the expression of GSDMC was significantly elevated in KIRC cell lines. Moreover, decreased expression of GSDMC was significantly associated with decreased cell proliferation. In summary, we believe that this study provides valuable data supporting future clinical treatment.

A Novel S100 Family-Based Signature Associated with Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment in Glioma

Background

Glioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) cancer with a short survival period and a poor prognosis. The S100 family gene, comprising 25 members, relates to diverse biological processes of human malignancies. Nonetheless, the significance of S100 genes in predicting the prognosis of glioma remains largely unclear. We aimed to build an S100 family-based signature for glioma prognosis.

Methods

We downloaded 665 and 313 glioma patients, respectively, from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database with RNAseq data and clinical information. This study established a prognostic signature based on the S100 family genes through multivariate COX and LASSO regression. The Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted to compare overall survival (OS) among groups, whereas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate model accuracy. A representative gene S100B was further verified by in vitro experiments.

Results

An S100 family-based signature comprising 5 genes was constructed to predict the glioma that stratified TCGA-derived cases as a low- or high-risk group, whereas the significance of prognosis was verified based on CGGA-derived cases. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the high-risk group was associated with the dismal prognosis. Furthermore, the S100 family-based signature was proved to be closely related to immune microenvironment. In vitro analysis showed S100B gene in the signature promoted glioblastoma (GBM) cell proliferation and migration.

Conclusions

We constructed and verified a novel S100 family-based signature associated with tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which may shed novel light on the glioma diagnosis and treatment.

Circular RNA FOXP1 relieves trophoblastic cell dysfunction in recurrent pregnancy loss via the miR-143-3p/S100A11 cascade

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is closely associated with insufficient functions of trophoblastic cells. Circular RNA forkhead box P1 (circFOXP1) can regulate cell activities in different types of diseases. However, its effects on trophoblastic cells and its role in RPL development remain unknown. In this study, gene expressions were detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Trophoblastic cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were respectively analyzed via CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays. The association between miR–143–3p and circFOXP1 or S100A11 (S100 calcium binding protein A11) was explored and confirmed by bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay. Herein, miR–143–3p was upregulated in RPL. Furthermore, miR–143–3p upregulation induced apoptosis and suppressed proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and metastatic capabilities of trophoblastic cells; whereas, miR–143–3p inhibition exert opposite effects. MiR–143–3p targeted S100A11 and was adversely regulated by circFOXP1 expression. S100A11 inhibition partially offset the effect of miR–143–3p knockdown on trophoblastic cell viability, apoptosis, EMT, invasion, and migration. In addition, circFOXP1 competitively combined with miR–143–3p, thus regulating S100A11 expression. Moreover, circFOXP1 regulated trophoblastic cell functions through the miR–143–3p/S100A11 cascade. To sum up, our study, for the first time, demonstrated that circFOXP1 could improve dysfunction of trophoblastic cells through the miR–143–3p/S100A11 axis, providing novel biomarkers and diagnostic targets for RPL.

Emodin Prevented Depression in Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress-Exposed Rats by Targeting miR-139-5p/5-Lipoxygenase

Background

The use of medicinal plant ingredients is one of the goals of developing potential drugs for treating depression. Compelling evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory medicines may block the occurrence of depression. We studied the effect of a natural compound, emodin, on the development of psychosocial stress-induced depression and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) for 7 weeks was performed to replicate psychosocial stress in rats. The sucrose preference test, force swimming test, and open field test were used to evaluate their behaviors. The differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus were analyzed using proteomics. Nissl staining and Golgi staining were used to detect the loss of neurons and synapses, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the activation of microglia, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were also performed.

Results

Hippocampal inflammation with up-regulated 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) was observed in the depressed rats after CUMS exposure. The upregulation of 5-LO was caused by decreased miR-139-5p. To observe the effect of emodin, we screened out depression-susceptible (DeS) rats during CUMS and treated them with emodin (80 mg/kg/day). Two weeks later, emodin prevented the depression behaviors in DeS rats along with a series of pathological changes in their hippocampi, such as loss of neurons and spines, microglial activation, increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the activation of 5-LO. Furthermore, we demonstrated that emodin inhibited its excess inflammatory response, possibly by targeting miR-139-5p/5-LO and modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3β and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.

Conclusion

These results provide important evidence that emodin may be a candidate agent for the treatment of depression and established a key role of miR-139-5p/5-LO in the inflammation of depression.

The Calcium Binding Protein S100A11 and Its Roles in Diseases

The calcium binding protein S100 family in humans contains 21 known members, with each possessing a molecular weight between 10 and 14 kDa. These proteins are characterized by a unique helix-loop-helix EF hand motif, and often form dimers and multimers. The S100 family mainly exists in vertebrates and exerts its biological functions both inside cells as a calcium sensor/binding protein, as well as outside cells. S100A11, a member of the S100 family, may mediate signal transduction in response to internal or external stimuli and it plays various roles in different diseases such as cancers, metabolic disease, neurological diseases, and vascular calcification. In addition, it can function as chemotactic agent in inflammatory disease. In this review, we first detail the discovery of S100 proteins and their structural features, and then specifically focus on the tissue and organ expression of S100A11. We also summarize its biological activities and roles in different disease and signaling pathways, providing an overview of S100A11 research thus far.

S100A gene family: immune-related prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for low-grade glioma

BACKGROUND

Despite the better prognosis given by surgical resection and chemotherapy in low-grade glioma (LGG), progressive transformation is still a huge concern. In this case, the S100A gene family, being capable of regulating inflammatory responses, can promote tumor development.

METHODS

The analysis was carried out via ONCOMINE, GEPIA, cBioPortal, String, GeneMANIA, WebGestalt, LinkedOmics, TIMER, CGGA, R 4.0.2 and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

S100A2, S100A6, S100A10, S100A11, and S100A16 were up-regulated and S100A1 and S100A13 were down-regulated in LGG compared to normal tissues. S100A3, S100A4, S100A8, and S100A9 expression was up-regulated during the progression of glioma grade. In addition, genetic variation of the S100A family was high in LGG, and the S100A family genes mostly function through IL-17 signaling pathway, S100 binding protein, and inflammatory responses. The TIMER database also revealed a relationship between gene expression and immune cell infiltration. High expression of S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, S100A10, S100A11, S100A13, and S100A16 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in LGG patients. S100A family genes S100A2, S100A3, S100A6, S100A10, and S100A11 may be prognosis-related genes in LGG, and were significantly associated with IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion. The immunohistochemical staining results also confirmed that S100A2, S100A3, S100A6, S100A10, and S100A11 expression was upregulated in LGG.

CONCLUSION

The S100A family plays a vital role in LGG pathogenesis, presumably facilitating LGG progression via modulating inflammatory state and immune cell infiltration.

MEF2C silencing downregulates NF2 and E-cadherin and enhances Erastin-induced ferroptosis in meningioma

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is implicated in various diseases including cancer. Although cell density-dependent E-cadherin and Merlin/Neurofibromin (NF2) loss can modulate ferroptosis, the role of ferroptosis and its potential link to NF2 status and E-cadherin expression in meningioma remain unknown.

METHODS

Relationship between ferroptosis modulators expression and NF2 mutational status was examined in 35 meningiomas (10 NF2 loss and 25 NF2 wildtype). The impact of NF2 and E-cadherin on ferroptosis were examined by LDH release, lipid peroxidation and western blot assays in IOMM-Lee, CH157 and patient-derived meningioma cell models. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to assess the ability of MEF2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2C) to drive expression of NF2 and CDH1 (E-cadherin). Therapeutic efficacy of Erastin-induced ferroptosis was tested in xenograft mouse models.

RESULTS

Meningioma cells with NF2 inactivation were susceptible to Erastin-induced ferroptosis. Meningioma cells grown at higher density increased expression of E-Cadherin, which suppressed Erastin-induced ferroptosis. Maintaining NF2 and E-cadherin inhibited ferroptosis-related lipid peroxidation and meningioma cell death. MEF2C was found to drive the expression of both NF2 and E-cadherin. MEF2C silencing enhanced Erastin-induced ferroptotic meningioma cell death and lipid peroxidation levels in vitro, which was limited by forced expression of MEF2C targets, NF2 and E-Cadherin. In vivo, anti-meningioma effect of Erastin was augmented by MEF2C knockdown and was counteracted by NF2 or E-Cadherin.

CONCLUSIONS

NF2 loss and low E-cadherin create susceptibility to ferroptosis in meningioma. MEF2C could be a new molecular target in ferroptosis-inducing therapies for meningioma.

Dual effects of targeting S100A11 on suppressing cellular metastatic properties and sensitizing drug response in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

S100A11 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. The dysregulated expression of the S100A11 gene has been implicated in tumour metastasis. However, the role of S100A11 protein in tumour cell response to chemotherapeutic drugs has not been characterised.

METHODS

Transcript levels of S100A11 in gastric cancer were evaluated using an in-house patient cohort. Protein expression of S100A11 in gastric cancer was estimated by immunohistochemistry of a tissue microarray. The stable gastric cancer cell lines were established using lentiviral shRNA vectors. The knockdown of S100A11 was validated by qRT-PCR, PCR, and Western blot. The cellular function of S100A11 was estimated by assays of cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. The cell cytotoxic assay was performed to investigate the response to chemotherapeutic drugs. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (HCPC) was applied to unveil the dimensional role of S100A11 among all S100 family members in gastric cancer.

RESULTS

High expression of S100A11 is associated with poor survival of gastric cancer patients (p < 0.001, HR = 1.85) and is an independent prognostic factor of gastric cancer. We demonstrate that S100A11 plays its role as a tumour promoter through regulating the MMP activity and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. The stable knockdown of S100A11 suppresses the metastatic properties of gastric cancer cells, which include enhancing cell adhesion, but decelerating cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the knockdown of S100A11 gene expression dramatically induces the cellular response of gastric cancer cells to the first-line chemotherapeutic drugs fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin.

CONCLUSION

The present study identifies S100A11 as a tumour promoter in gastric cancer. More importantly, the S100A11-specific targeting potentially presents dual therapeutic benefits by not only controlling tumour progression but also sensitising chemotherapeutic cytotoxic response.

Annexin Animal Models-From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research

Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca²⁺)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.

Proteomic analysis reveals rotator cuff injury caused by oxidative stress

Background and aims:

Rotator cuff tendinopathy is common and is related to pain and dysfunction. However, the pathological mechanism of rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain is unclear. Objective: to investigate the pathological mechanism of rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain, and screen out the marker proteins related to rotator cuff injury by proteomics.

Methods:

Subacromial synovium specimens were collected from patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopic surgery. The experimental group were patients with rotator cuff repair surgery, and the control group were patients with habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Pathological examination was performed, and then followed by non-labeled quantitative proteomic detection. Finally, from analysis of the biological information of the samples, specific proteins related to rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain were deduced by functional analysis of differential proteins.

Results:

All the patients in experimental groups were representative. A large number of adipocytes and inflammatory cells were found in the pathological sections of the experimental group; the proteomics analysis screen identified 80 proteins with significant differences, and the analysis of protein function revealed that S100A11 (p = 0.011), PLIN4 (p = 0.017), HYOU1 (p = 0.002) and CLIC1 (p = 0.007) were closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.

Conclusion:

Rotator cuff injury is closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response, and the results suggest that the expression of S100A11, PLIN4, HYOU1 and CLIC1 in the synovium of rotator cuff injury provides a new marker for the study of its pathological mechanism.

Dissecting the Invasion-Associated Long Non-coding RNAs Using Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by rapid and lethal infiltration of brain tissue, which is the primary cause of treatment failure and deaths for GBM. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell invasion is crucial for the treatment of GBM. In this study, we dissected the single-cell RNA-seq data of 3345 cells from four patients and identified dysregulated genes including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which were involved in the development and progression of GBM. Based on co-expression network analysis, we identified a module (M1) that significantly overlapped with the largest number of dysregulated genes and was confirmed to be associated with GBM invasion by integrating EMT signature, experiment-validated invasive marker and pseudotime trajectory analysis. Further, we denoted invasion-associated lncRNAs which showed significant correlations with M1 and revealed their gradually increased expression levels along the tumor cell invasion trajectory, such as VIM-AS1, WWTR1-AS1, and NEAT1. We also observed the contribution of higher expression of these lncRNAs to poorer survival of GBM patients. These results were mostly recaptured in another validation data of 7930 single cells from 28 GBM patients. Our findings identified lncRNAs that played critical roles in regulating or controlling cell invasion and migration of GBM and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying GBM invasion as well as potential targets for the treatment of GBM.

S100A11 Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation and Predicts Grade-Correlated Unfavorable Prognosis

The prognosis of glioma is significantly correlated with the pathological grades; however, the correlations between the prognostic biomarkers with pathological grades have not been elucidated. S100A11 is involved in a variety of malignant biological processes of tumor, whereas its biological and clinicopathological features on glioma remain unclear. In this study, the S100A11 expression and clinical information were obtained from the public databases (TCGA, GEPIA2) to analyze its correlations with the pathological grade and the prognosis of glioma patients. We then verified the expression of S100A11 by immunohistochemistry staining. The effects of S100A11 on the proliferation of glioma cells were confirmed by cytological function assays (CCK-8, Flow cytometry, Clone formation assay) in vitro, the role of S100A11 in regulation of glioma growth was determined by xenograft model assay. We observed that S100A11 expression positively correlated with the pathological grades, while negatively correlated with the survival time of patients. In cytological analysis, we found the proliferations of glioma cell lines were significantly inhibited in vitro (P < 0.05) after interfering S100A11 expression via shRNAs. The cell cycle was blocked at G0/G1 stage. The ability of clone formation was significantly decreased, and the tumorigenicity in vivo was weakened (P < 0.05). In summary, S100A11 was over-expressed in gliomas and positively correlated with the pathological grades. Interfering the expression of S100A11 significantly inhibited the proliferation of glioma in vitro and the tumorigenicity in vivo (P < 0.05). In conclusion, S100A11 might be considered as a potential biomarker in glioma.

S100A11/ANXA2 belongs to a tumour suppressor/oncogene network deregulated early with steatosis and involved in inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma development

OBJECTIVE

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development occurs with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the absence of cirrhosis and with an increasing incidence due to the obesity pandemic. Mutations of tumour suppressor (TS) genes and oncogenes (ONC) have been widely characterised in HCC. However, mounting evidence indicates that non-genomic alterations of TS/ONC occur early with NAFLD, thereby potentially promoting hepatocarcinogenesis in an inflammatory/fibrotic context. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise these alterations.

DESIGN

The proteome of steatotic liver tissues from mice spontaneously developing HCC was analysed. Alterations of TSs/ONCs were further investigated in various mouse models of NAFLD/HCC and in human samples. The inflammatory, fibrogenic and oncogenic functions of S100A11 were assessed through in vivo, in vitro and ex-vivo analyses.

RESULTS

A whole set of TSs/ONCs, respectively, downregulated or upregulated was uncovered in mice and human with NAFLD. Alterations of these TSs/ONCs were preserved or even exacerbated in HCC. Among them, overexpression of S100A11 was associated with high-grade HCC and poor prognosis. S100A11 downregulation in vivo significantly restrains the development of inflammation and fibrosis in mice fed a choline/methionine-deficient diet. Finally, in vitro and ex-vivo analyses revealed that S100A11 is a marker of hepatocyte de-differentiation, secreted by cancer cells, and promoting cell proliferation and migration.

CONCLUSION

Cellular stress associated with NAFLD triggers non-genomic alterations of a whole network of TSs/ONCs fostering hepatocarcinogenesis. Among those, overexpression of the oncogenic factor S100A11 promotes inflammation/fibrosis in vivo and is significantly associated with high-grade HCC with poor prognosis.

Bioinformatics Analysis Discovers Microtubular Tubulin Beta 6 Class V (TUBB6) as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) has long been a major clinical research challenge to scientists. The pivotal role of the mitochondria related gene family in the promotion of GBM tumorigenesis is not clear. We detected that microtubular tubulin beta 6 class V (TUBB6) was one of 33 differentially expressed mitochondrial-focused genes (DEMFGs) in GBM, and considered that TUBB6 is a potential therapeutic target in GBM. TUBB6 was vital for GBM and marked as the key prognostic gene in primary GBM. Mutations of TUBB6 in GBM were rare. Only four TUBB6 co-expressed hub genes (ANXA2, S100A11, FLNA, and MSN) exhibited poorer overall survival rates in higher expression groups (p-value < 0.05). We have confirmed the up-regulation of TUBB6 and its partners, ANXA2 and S100A11 in GBM and validated their importance as prognostic factors in primary GBM. TUBB6 was significantly correlated with stromal score in GBM samples (p-value = 6.99E-04). This study aimed to assess the importance of novel hub genes by analyzing the expression, potential function and prognostic impact of TUBB6 in human primary GBM cancer.

S100A11 functions as novel oncogene in glioblastoma via S100A11/ANXA2/NF-κB positive feedback loop

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most universal type of primary brain malignant tumour, and the prognosis of patients with GBM is poor. S100A11 plays an essential role in tumour. However, the role and molecular mechanism of S100A11 in GBM are not clear. Here, we found that S100A11 was up‐regulated in GBM tissues and higher S100A11 expression indicated poor prognosis of GBM patients. Overexpression of S100A11 promoted GBM cell growth, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion and generation of glioma stem cells (GSCs), whereas its knockdown inhibited these activities. More importantly, S100A11 interacted with ANXA2 and regulated NF‐κB signalling pathway through decreasing ubiquitination and degradation of ANXA2. Additionally, NF‐κB regulated S100A11 at transcriptional level as a positive feedback. We also demonstrated the S100A11 on tumour growth in GBM using an orthotopic tumour xenografting. These data demonstrate that S100A11/ANXA2/NF‐κB positive feedback loop in GBM cells that promote the progression of GBM.