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Kumar A, Choudhary A, Munshi A. Epigenetic reprogramming of mtDNA and its etiology in mitochondrial diseases. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01032-z. [PMID: 38865050 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial functionality and its regulation are tightly controlled through a balanced crosstalk between the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA interactions. Epigenetic signatures like methylation, hydroxymethylation and miRNAs have been reported in mitochondria. In addition, epigenetic signatures encoded by nuclear DNA are also imported to mitochondria and regulate the gene expression dynamics of the mitochondrial genome. Alteration in the interplay of these epigenetic modifications results in the pathogenesis of various disorders like neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic disorders, cancer, aging and senescence. These modifications result in higher ROS production, increased mitochondrial copy number and disruption in the replication process. In addition, various miRNAs are associated with regulating and expressing important mitochondrial gene families like COX, OXPHOS, ND and DNMT. Epigenetic changes are reversible and therefore therapeutic interventions like changing the target modifications can be utilized to repair or prevent mitochondrial insufficiency by reversing the changed gene expression. Identifying these mitochondrial-specific epigenetic signatures has the potential for early diagnosis and treatment responses for many diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present review, different mitoepigenetic modifications have been discussed in association with the development of various diseases by focusing on alteration in gene expression and dysregulation of specific signaling pathways. However, this area is still in its infancy and future research is warranted to draw better conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anita Choudhary
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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2
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Arora T, Sharma G, Prashar V, Singh R, Sharma A, Changotra H, Parkash J. Mechanistic Evaluation of miRNAs and Their Targeted Genes in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04261-x. [PMID: 38823001 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are usually 18-25 nucleotides long non-coding RNA targeting post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in various biological processes. The function of miRNA is essential for maintaining a homeostatic cellular condition, regulating autophagy, cellular motility, and inflammation. Dysregulation of miRNA is responsible for multiple disorders, including neurodegeneration, which has emerged as a severe problem in recent times and has verified itself as a life-threatening condition that can be understood by the continuous destruction of neurons affecting various cognitive and motor functions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common, permanently debilitating neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's, mainly characterized by uncontrolled tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia or akinesia (slowness in movement), and post-traumatic stress disorder. PD is mainly caused by the demolition of the primary dopamine neurotransmitter secretory cells and dopaminergic or dopamine secretory neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain, which are majorly responsible for motor functions. In this study, a systematic evaluation of research articles from year 2017 to 2022 was performed on multiple search engines, and lists of miRNA being dysregulated in PD in different body components were generated. This study highlighted miR-7, miR-124, miR-29 family, and miR-425, showing altered expression levels during PD's progression, further regulating the expression of multiple genes responsible for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Arora
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikash Prashar
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Randeep Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143101, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Mahmoudian Esfahani M, Mostashfi M, Vaheb Hosseinabadi S, Hashemi MS, Peymani M, Zohrabi D, Angaji SA, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ghaedi K. Unveiling the regulatory of miR-101-3p on ZNF746 in a Parkinson's disease cell model: Implications for therapeutic targeting. Neurosci Res 2024; 203:18-27. [PMID: 38103579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the regulatory role of microRNA miR-101-3p on the zinc finger protein 746 (ZNF746), also known as PARIS, which is implicated in both sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease. In a Parkinson's disease cell model, utilizing SH-SY5Y cells treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+), we observed that miR-101-3p was downregulated, while ZNF746 was upregulated. To investigate the direct impact of miR-101-3p on ZNF746, our team conducted overexpression experiments, successfully reversing ZNF746's expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, as confirmed through quantitative PCR and western blotting. We also performed luciferase assays, providing compelling evidence that ZNF746 is a direct target of miR-101-3p. Additionally, we noted that miR-101-3p overexpression resulted in increased expression of PGC1α, a gene targeted by ZNF746. Functionally, we assessed the implications of miR-101-3p overexpression through MTS assays and flow cytometry, revealing significant promotion of cell viability, inhibition of ROS production, and reduced apoptosis in the Parkinson's disease cell model. In conclusion, this study highlights the role of miR-101-3p in regulating ZNF746 expression and suggests its potential as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. These findings provide valuable molecular insights that could pave the way for innovative treatment strategies in combating this debilitating neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Mostashfi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Motahare-Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Dina Zohrabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, NourDanesh Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolhamid Angaji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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Aaluri GR, Choudhary Y, Kumar S. Mitochondria-Associated MicroRNAs and Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Insights 2024; 19:26331055241254846. [PMID: 38800624 PMCID: PMC11127579 DOI: 10.1177/26331055241254846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs as a result of the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra causing motor and non-motor symptoms and has become more prevalent within the last several decades. With mitochondria being essential to cellular survival, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the disease progression by increasing neuron loss through (1) insufficient ATP production and (2) reactive oxygen species generation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules located throughout cells that regulate gene expression, particularly mitochondrial function. Through their own dysregulation, miRNAs offset the delicate balance of mitochondrial function by altering or dysregulating the expression of proteins, increasing neuroinflammation, increasing retention of toxic substances, limiting the removal of reactive oxygen species, and preventing mitophagy. Improper mitochondrial function places cells at increased risk of apoptosis, a major concern in individuals with PD due to their reduced number of dopaminergic neurons. This article has identified the 17 most promising mitochondrial associated miRNAs within PD: hsa-miR-4639-5p, miR-376a, miR-205, miR-421, miR-34b/c, miR-150, miR-7, miR-132, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-93, miR-106, miR-181, miR-193b, miR-128, miR-181a, and miR-124-3p. These miRNAs alter mitochondrial function and synaptic energy by impeding normal gene expression when up or downregulated. However, there is limited research regarding mitochondria-localized miRNAs that are typically seen in other diseases. Mitochondria-localized miRNA may have a greater impact on mitochondrial dysfunction due to their proximity. Further research is needed to determine the location of these miRNAs and to better understand their regulatory capabilities on mitochondrial and synaptic function within PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Reddy Aaluri
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L.
Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yashmit Choudhary
- Maxine L. Silva Health Magnet High School, 121 Val Verde St., El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L.
Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Geng X, Li S, Li J, Qi R, Zhong L, Yu H. MDMA targets miR-124/MEKK3 via MALAT1 to promote Parkinson's disease progression. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8889-8899. [PMID: 37688681 PMCID: PMC10635915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease that is usually caused by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons and the formation of Lewy vesicles. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported to cause damage to human substantia nigra neurons and an increased risk of PD, but the exact molecular mechanisms need further investigation. METHODS MPTP- and MPP+-induced PD cells and animal models were treated with Nissl staining to assess neuronal damage in the substantia nigra (SN) area; immunohistochemistry to detect TH expression in the SN; TUNEL staining to detect apoptosis in the SN area; Western blotting to detect the inflammatory factors NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3); Griess assay for NO; RT‒qPCR for metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and miR-124 expression; Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8. Dual luciferase reporter genes were used to verify targeting relationships. RESULTS MDMA promoted MALAT1 expression, and knockdown of MALAT1 alleviated the MDMA-induced inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell proliferation, inflammation, NO release, SN neuronal injury, and TH expression inhibition. Both inhibition of miR-124 and overexpression of MEKK3 reversed the neuroprotective effects exhibited by knockdown of MALAT1. CONCLUSION MDMA promotes MALAT1 expression and inhibits the targeted downregulation of MEKK3 by miR-124, resulting in upregulation of the expression of MEKK3 and finally jointly promoting PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Renli Qi
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hualin Yu
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Guévremont D, Roy J, Cutfield NJ, Williams JM. MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16272. [PMID: 37770507 PMCID: PMC10539377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Current clinical tests for Parkinson's disease (PD) provide insufficient diagnostic accuracy leading to an urgent need for improved diagnostic biomarkers. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising biomarkers of various diseases, including PD, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of biofluid miRNAs in PD. All studies reporting data on miRNAs expression in PD patients compared to controls were included. Gene targets and significant pathways associated with miRNAs expressed in more than 3 biofluid studies with the same direction of change were analyzed using target prediction and enrichment analysis. A bivariate model was used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio. While miR-24-3p and miR-214-3p were the most reported miRNA (7 each), miR-331-5p was found to be consistently up regulated in 4 different biofluids. Importantly, miR-19b-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-221-3p were reported in multiple studies without conflicting directions of change in serum and bioinformatic analysis found the targets of these miRNAs to be associated with pathways important in PD pathology. Of the 102 studies from the systematic review, 15 studies reported sensitivity and specificity data on combinations of miRNAs and were pooled for meta-analysis. Studies (17) reporting sensitivity and specificity data on single microRNA were pooled in a separate meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the combinations of miRNAs (15 studies) showed that biofluid miRNAs can discriminate between PD patients and controls with good diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity = 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.87; specificity = 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.84; AUC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.89). However, we found multiple studies included more males with PD than any other group therefore possibly introducing a sex-related selection bias. Overall, our study captures key miRNAs which may represent a point of focus for future studies and the development of diagnostic panels whilst also highlighting the importance of appropriate study design to develop representative biomarker panels for the diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Guévremont
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joyeeta Roy
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Cutfield
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M Williams
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Kunze R, Fischer S, Marti HH, Preissner KT. Brain alarm by self-extracellular nucleic acids: from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:64. [PMID: 37550658 PMCID: PMC10405513 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, as well as the neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease are accompanied or even powered by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), defined as endogenous molecules released from stressed or damaged tissue. Besides protein-related DAMPs or "alarmins", numerous nucleic acid DAMPs exist in body fluids, such as cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as different species of extracellular RNA, collectively termed as self-extracellular nucleic acids (SENAs). Among these, microRNA, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and extracellular ribosomal RNA constitute the majority of RNA-based DAMPs. Upon tissue injury, necrosis or apoptosis, such SENAs are released from neuronal, immune and other cells predominantly in association with extracellular vesicles and may be translocated to target cells where they can induce intracellular regulatory pathways in gene transcription and translation. The majority of SENA-induced signaling reactions in the brain appear to be related to neuroinflammatory processes, often causally associated with the onset or progression of the respective disease. In this review, the impact of the diverse types of SENAs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Based on the accumulating knowledge in this field, several specific antagonistic approaches are presented that could serve as therapeutic interventions to lower the pathological outcome of the indicated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hugo H. Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Kerckhoff-Heart-Research-Institute, Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Uppala SN, Tryphena KP, Naren P, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Involvement of miRNA on Epigenetics landscape of Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to therapeutics. Mech Ageing Dev 2023:111826. [PMID: 37268278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutics for the effective management of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undertaken seriously by the scientific community as the burden of PD continues to increase. Several molecular pathways are being explored to identify novel therapeutic targets. Epigenetics is strongly implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including PD. Several epigenetic mechanisms were found to dysregulated in various studies. These mechanisms are regulated by several miRNAs which are associated with a variety of pathogenic mechanisms in PD. This concept is extensively investigated in several cancers but not well documented in PD. Identifying the miRNAs with dual role i.e., regulation of epigenetic mechanisms as well as modulation of proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of PD could pave way for the development of novel therapeutics to target them. These miRNAs could also serve as potential biomarkers and can be useful in the early diagnosis or assessment of disease severity. In this article we would like to discuss about various epigenetic changes operating in PD and how miRNAs are involved in the regulation of these mechanisms and their potential to be novel therapeutic targets in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Nikhil Uppala
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad, Telangana-500037.
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Tryphena KP, Singh G, Jain N, Famta P, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Integration of miRNA's Theranostic Potential with Nanotechnology: Promises and Challenges for Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111800. [PMID: 36958539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide research going on in Parkinson's disease (PD), the burden of PD still remains high and continues to increase. The current drugs available for the treatment of PD are only aimed at symptomatic control. Hence, research is mainly focused on identifying the novel therapeutic targets that can be effectively targeted in order to slow down or culminate the disease progression. Recently the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of various pathological mechanisms of PD has been thoroughly explored and many of them were found to be dysregulated in the biological samples of PD patients. These miRNAs can be used as diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic options to manage PD. The delivery of miRNAs to the target site in brain is a challenging job owing to their nature of degradability by endonucleases as well as poor blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Nanoparticles appear to be the best solution to effectively encase the miRNA in their core as well as cross the BBB to deliver them into brain. Functionalisation of these nanoparticles further enhances the site-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Naitik Jain
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Paras Famta
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad.
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Li Y, Pang J, Wang J, Dai G, Bo Q, Wang X, Wang W. Knockdown of PDCD4 ameliorates neural cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal in Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102239. [PMID: 36736747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder and hampers normal living. It has been reported that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is associated with tumor suppression, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PDCD4 in PD. METHODS The in vivo and in vitro PD models were established by MPTP-induced mice and MMP+ stimulated MN9D cells, respectively. The expression of PDCD4 was detected by western blot. The MN9D cell viability and apoptosis were determined by MTT and flow cytometry assay. Moreover, the MN9D cell mitochondrial injury was evaluated by JC-1 staining. RESULTS In this study, PDCD4 was highly expressed in brain tissue of MPTP-induced PD mouse model. In a loss-function experiments, knockdown of PDCD4 promoted MN9D cell viability and allayed MPP+-triggered MN9D cell apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of PDCD4 ameliorated MPP+-evoked MN9D cell mitochondrial injury. Mechanically, knockdown of PDCD4 abolished the effect of MMP+ stimulation via activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal. Notably, the protective effects of shPDCD4 on cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury were suppressed by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSION In summary,knockdown of PDCD4 ameliorates neural cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal, providing a novel target for PD treatment. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China.
| | - Jianmin Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 053000, China
| | - Guining Dai
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
| | - Qianlan Bo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
| | - Xiayue Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050031, China
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11
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Tryphena KP, Anuradha U, Kumar R, Rajan S, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Understanding the Involvement of microRNAs in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Their Role as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Parkinson's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S187-S202. [PMID: 35848027 PMCID: PMC10473154 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting the elderly worldwide and causing significant movement impairments. The goal of PD treatment is to restore dopamine levels in the striatum and regulate movement symptoms. The lack of specific biomarkers for early diagnosis, as well as medication aimed at addressing the pathogenic mechanisms to decelerate the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration, are key roadblocks in the management of PD. Various pathogenic processes have been identified to be involved in the progression of PD, with mitochondrial dysfunction being a major contributor to the disease's pathogenesis. The regulation of mitochondrial functions is influenced by a variety of factors, including epigenetics. microRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic modulators involved in the regulation of gene expression and regulate a variety of proteins that essential for proper mitochondrial functioning. They are found to be dysregulated in PD, as evidenced by biological samples from PD patients and in vitro and in vivo research. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of several miRNAs linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Urati Anuradha
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohith Kumar
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shruti Rajan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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12
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Chaudhry T, Coxon CR, Ross K. Trading places: Peptide and small molecule alternatives to oligonucleotide-based modulation of microRNA expression. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103337. [PMID: 35995360 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is involved in the development and progression of various diseases, especially cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that small molecule and peptide agents can interfere with miRNA disease pathways. Despite this, very little is known about structural features that drive drug-miRNA interactions and subsequent inhibition. In this review, we highlight the advances made in the development of small molecule and peptide inhibitors of miRNA processing. Specifically, we attempt to draw attention to peptide features that may be critical for interaction with the miRNA secondary structure to regulate miRNA expression. We hope that this review will help to establish peptides as exciting miRNA expression modulators and will contribute towards the development of the first miRNA-targeting peptide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talhat Chaudhry
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Kehinde Ross
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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13
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Epigenetic Changes in Prion and Prion-like Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Advances, Potential as Biomarkers, and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012609. [PMID: 36293477 PMCID: PMC9604074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) caused by a conformational conversion of the native cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal, infectious isoform called PrPSc. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases are also known as prion-like diseases because they share common features with prion diseases, including protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as the spread of these misfolded proteins into different brain regions. Increasing evidence proposes the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histones, and microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation in the pathogenesis of prion-like diseases. Little is known about the role of epigenetic modifications in prion diseases, but recent findings also point to a potential regulatory role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathology of these diseases. This review highlights recent findings on epigenetic modifications in TSEs and prion-like diseases and discusses the potential role of such mechanisms in disease pathology and their use as potential biomarkers.
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14
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Clarkson BDS, Grund E, David K, Johnson RK, Howe CL. ISGylation is induced in neurons by demyelination driving ISG15-dependent microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:258. [PMID: 36261842 PMCID: PMC9583544 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of grey matter pathology and diffuse neuron injury in MS remain incompletely understood. Axonal stress signals arising from white matter lesions has been suggested to play a role in initiating this diffuse grey matter pathology. Therefore, to identify the most upstream transcriptional responses in neurons arising from demyelinated axons, we analyzed the transcriptome of actively translating neuronal transcripts in mouse models of demyelinating disease. Among the most upregulated genes, we identified transcripts associated with the ISGylation pathway. ISGylation refers to the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like molecule interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 to lysine residues on substrates targeted by E1 ISG15-activating enzyme, E2 ISG15-conjugating enzymes and E3 ISG15-protein ligases. We further confirmed that ISG15 expression is increased in MS cortical and deep gray matter. Upon investigating the functional impact of neuronal ISG15 upregulation, we noted that ISG15 expression was associated changes in neuronal extracellular vesicle protein and miRNA cargo. Specifically, extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs were skewed toward increased frequency of proinflammatory and neurotoxic miRNAs and decreased frequency of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective miRNAs. Furthermore, we found that ISG15 directly activated microglia in a CD11b-dependent manner and that microglial activation was potentiated by treatment with EVs from neurons expressing ISG15. Further study of the role of ISG15 and ISGylation in neurons in MS and neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. S. Clarkson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1521C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ethan Grund
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, MN 55905 Rochester, USA
| | - Kenneth David
- grid.418935.20000 0004 0436 053XConcordia College, Moorhead, MN USA
| | - Renee K. Johnson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Charles L. Howe
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XCenter for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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15
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Sarrami Z, Sedghi M, Mohammadi I, Kim WK, Mahdavi AH. Effects of bacteriophage supplement on the growth performance, microbial population, and PGC-1α and TLR4 gene expressions of broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14391. [PMID: 35999253 PMCID: PMC9399175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (BP) are viruses that invade bacteria and propagate inside them, leading to the lysis of the bacterial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding BP to the broiler's diet and its effect on the performance, morphology and bacterial population of the gut, some immune responses and expression of some intestinal genes. Accordingly, dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control), and control + 0.3 g/kg colistin or 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g BP/kg of diet. BP increased the body weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR), as compared to the colistin treatment, in the finisher and overall period (P < 0.05). European efficiency factor was significantly higher in 1.5 g BP-fed birds, as compared to the control and colistin treatments. meanwhile, bacteriophage and colistin-fed birds had higher Lactobacillus and lowered coliform bacteria counts, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Cecal concentrations of propionate in the 1.5 g BP-fed birds were higher than those in the control treatment (P < 0.05). BP-fed birds had a significantly increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, as compared to the control treatment. BP increased the serum concentrations of the total antibody, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, and IgG, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). In the ileum, the expression of the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) gene was decreased by dietary BP supplementation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression was down-regulated in the BP-fed birds, whereas Interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene expression was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Overall, the use of BP may be a promising alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics in broilers by altering the gastrointestinal tract microbiota, enhancing immunological responses and improving the gut's morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sarrami
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sedghi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Ishmael Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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16
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Yue J, Shi Y, Xiao B, Xiao W, Luo Z. Non-coding RNAs: The Neuroinflammatory Regulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:929290. [PMID: 36034298 PMCID: PMC9414873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.929290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common indication of nervous system diseases, neuroinflammation has attracted more and more attention, especially in the process of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Two types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are widely involved in the process of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, namely long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, no research has systematically summarized that lncRNAs and miRNAs regulate neurodegenerative diseases through neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we summarize four main mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs involved in neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, including the imbalance between proinflammatory and neuroprotective cells in microglia and astrocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory mediators. We hope to clarify the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs and miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and provide new insights into the etiological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Yue
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbiao Xiao
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Zhaohui Luo
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17
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Sedghi M, Mohammadi I, Sarrami Z, Ghasemi R, Azarfar A. Effects of a yeast cell wall product on the performance of broiler chickens and PGC-1α, TLR4, IL-10 and PPARγ genes expression. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.2025161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sedghi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ishmael Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Sarrami
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razie Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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18
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Caldi Gomes L, Galhoz A, Jain G, Roser A, Maass F, Carboni E, Barski E, Lenz C, Lohmann K, Klein C, Bähr M, Fischer A, Menden MP, Lingor P. Multi-omic landscaping of human midbrains identifies disease-relevant molecular targets and pathways in advanced-stage Parkinson's disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e692. [PMID: 35090094 PMCID: PMC8797064 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder whose prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of sporadic PD remain incompletely understood. Therefore, causative therapies are still elusive. To obtain a more integrative view of disease-mediated alterations, we investigated the molecular landscape of PD in human post-mortem midbrains, a region that is highly affected during the disease process. METHODS Tissue from 19 PD patients and 12 controls were obtained from the Parkinson's UK Brain Bank and subjected to multi-omic analyses: small and total RNA sequencing was performed on an Illumina's HiSeq4000, while proteomics experiments were performed in a hybrid triple quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (TripleTOF5600+) following quantitative sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra. Differential expression analyses were performed with customized frameworks based on DESeq2 (for RNA sequencing) and with Perseus v.1.5.6.0 (for proteomics). Custom pipelines in R were used for integrative studies. RESULTS Our analyses revealed multiple deregulated molecular targets linked to known disease mechanisms in PD as well as to novel processes. We have identified and experimentally validated (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction/western blotting) several PD-deregulated molecular candidates, including miR-539-3p, miR-376a-5p, miR-218-5p and miR-369-3p, the valid miRNA-mRNA interacting pairs miR-218-5p/RAB6C and miR-369-3p/GTF2H3, as well as multiple proteins, such as CHI3L1, HSPA1B, FNIP2 and TH. Vertical integration of multi-omic analyses allowed validating disease-mediated alterations across different molecular layers. Next to the identification of individual molecular targets in all explored omics layers, functional annotation of differentially expressed molecules showed an enrichment of pathways related to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in synaptic function. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive assessment of PD-affected and control human midbrains revealed multiple molecular targets and networks that are relevant to the disease mechanism of advanced PD. The integrative analyses of multiple omics layers underscore the importance of neuroinflammation, immune response activation, mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction as putative therapeutic targets for advanced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Department of NeurologyRechts der Isar HospitalTechnical University of MunichMünchenGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Ana Galhoz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH ‐ German Research Center for Environmental HealthInstitute of Computational BiologyNeuherbergGermany
- Department of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative DiseasesGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
| | - Anna‐Elisa Roser
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Fabian Maass
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Eleonora Carboni
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Barski
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry GroupMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of NeurogeneticsUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | | | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative DiseasesGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
| | - André Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative DiseasesGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Michael P. Menden
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH ‐ German Research Center for Environmental HealthInstitute of Computational BiologyNeuherbergGermany
- Department of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians University MunichMartinsriedGermany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of NeurologyRechts der Isar HospitalTechnical University of MunichMünchenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MünchenGermany
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19
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Neuroprotective effect of paeoniflorin in the mouse model of Parkinson's disease through α-synuclein/protein kinase C δ subtype signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1379-1387. [PMID: 34718250 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paeoniflorin, an active component of Radix Paeoniae Alba, has a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's animal models. However, its mechanism of action remains to be determined. METHODS In this study, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective effect of paeoniflorin occurs through the α-synuclein/protein kinase C δ subtype (PKC-δ) signaling pathway. We tested our hypothesis in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We evaluated the effects of paeoniflorin on the expression levels of signal components of the α-synuclein/PKC-δ pathway, cellular apoptosis and motor performance. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that paeoniflorin restored the motor performance impairment caused by MPTP, inhibited apoptosis, and protected the ultrastructure of neurons. Paeoniflorin treatment also resulted in the dose-dependent upregulation of an antiapoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma-2, at the mRNA and protein levels, similar to the effects of the positive control, selegiline. In contrast, paeoniflorin treatment downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2-Associated X2, α-synuclein, and PKC-δ at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as the level of the activated form of nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB p65). CONCLUSIONS Thus, our results showed that paeoniflorin exerts its neuroprotective effect by regulating the α-synuclein/PKC-δ signaling pathway to reduce neuronal apoptosis.
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20
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Chen Z, Rasheed M, Deng Y. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dysfunction: Implication for Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13012. [PMID: 34414627 PMCID: PMC9048811 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the crucial factors involved in PD’s pathogenicity, which emerges from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These factors cause differential molecular expression in neurons, such as varied transcriptional regulation of genes, elevated oxidative stress, α‐synuclein aggregation and endogenous neurotoxins release, which induces epigenetic modifications and triggers energy crisis by damaging mitochondria of the dopaminergic neurons (DN). So far, these events establish a complicated relationship with underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial anomalies in PD, which has remained unclear for years and made PD diagnosis and treatment extremely difficult. Therefore, in this review, we endeavored to discuss the complex association of epigenetic modifications and other associated vital factors in mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose a hypothesis that describes a vicious cycle in which mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress act as a hub for regulating DA neuron's fate in PD. Oxidative stress triggers the release of endogenous neurotoxins (CTIQs) that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction along with abnormal α‐synuclein aggregation and epigenetic modifications. These disturbances further intensify oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, amplifying the synthesis of CTIQs and works vice versa. This vicious cycle may result in the degeneration of DN to hallmark Parkinsonism. Furthermore, we have also highlighted various endogenous compounds and epigenetic marks (neurotoxic and neuroprotective), which may help for devising future diagnostic biomarkers and target specific drugs using novel PD management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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21
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Baghi M, Yadegari E, Rostamian Delavar M, Peymani M, Ganjalikhani‐Hakemi M, Salari M, Nasr‐Esfahani MH, Megraw TL, Ghaedi K. MiR-193b deregulation is associated with Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6348-6360. [PMID: 34018309 PMCID: PMC8366452 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF has found to be a critical pathway in neurodegeneration. MicroRNAs (miR(NA)s) are non-coding regulatory RNAs whose dysregulation has been observed in multiple neurological disorders, and miRNA-mediated gene deregulation plays a decisive role in PD. Here, candidate miRNA was chosen based on the literature survey and in silico studies. Chronic and acute models of PD were created using MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Twenty PD patients and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. RT-qPCR was performed to assess the expression of miRNA and genes. Severe mitochondrial dysfunction induced by acute MPP+ treatment instigated compensatory mechanisms through enhancing expression of PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway genes, while chronic MPP+ toxicity led to down-regulated levels of the genes in SH-SY5Y cells. PD peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) also showed decreased expression of target genes. There were significant changes in the level of miR-193b in both models, as well as PD PBMCs. Moreover, miR-193b overexpression significantly affected PGC-1α, FNDC5 and TFAM levels. Interestingly, down-regulations of PGC-1α, FNDC5, BDNF and TFAM were inversely correlated with miR-193b up-regulation in PD PBMCs. This study showed the deregulation of PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway in PD models and PBMCs, verifying its importance in neurodegeneration. Our findings also revealed that miR-193b functions in PD development, possibly through regulating PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway, suggesting miR-193b as a potential biomarker for PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Baghi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
- Department of Animal BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
| | - Elaheh Yadegari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - Mahsa Rostamian Delavar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Basic SciencesShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | | | - Mehri Salari
- Functional Neurosurgery Research CenterShohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of ExcellenceShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Timothy L. Megraw
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State UniversityCollege of MedicineTallahasseeFLUSA
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
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22
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Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Deng Y, Chen Z. Epigenetic Regulation of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4956. [PMID: 34066949 PMCID: PMC8125491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most significant factors involved in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease. PD is a neurodegenerative disorder with a motor disability linked with various complex and diversified risk factors. These factors trigger myriads of cellular and molecular processes, such as misfolding defective proteins, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurotoxic substances that induce selective neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons. This neuronal damage activates the neuronal immune system, including glial cells and inflammatory cytokines, to trigger neuroinflammation. The transition of acute to chronic neuroinflammation enhances the susceptibility of inflammation-induced dopaminergic neuron damage, forming a vicious cycle and prompting an individual to PD development. Epigenetic mechanisms recently have been at the forefront of the regulation of neuroinflammatory factors in PD, proposing a new dawn for breaking this vicious cycle. This review examined the core epigenetic mechanisms involved in the activation and phenotypic transformation of glial cells mediated neuroinflammation in PD. We found that epigenetic mechanisms do not work independently, despite being coordinated with each other to activate neuroinflammatory pathways. In this regard, we attempted to find the synergic correlation and contribution of these epigenetic modifications with various neuroinflammatory pathways to broaden the canvas of underlying pathological mechanisms involved in PD development. Moreover, this study highlighted the dual characteristics (neuroprotective/neurotoxic) of these epigenetic marks, which may counteract PD pathogenesis and make them potential candidates for devising future PD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (Y.D.)
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23
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Shirani F, Baghi M, Rostamian Delavar M, Shoaraye Nejati A, Eshaghiyan A, Nasr‐Esfahani MH, Peymani M, Ghaedi K. Upregulation of miR-9 and miR-193b over human Th17 cell differentiation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1538. [PMID: 33128433 PMCID: PMC7767567 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells are a newly discovered subset of CD4+ T cells known as key participants in various immune responses and inflammatory conditions including autoimmune diseases. Mi(cro)RNAs are a family of non-coding RNAs that regulate numerous critical immune functions. Immuno-miRNAs modulate cell biological processes in T cells, such as differentiation and function of Th17 cells. The aim of the present study is to investigate the expression of miR-9-5p, miR-193b-3p, and autoimmunity-related genes during human Th17 cells differentiation. METHODS Human naïve CD4+ T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by magnetic cell sorting system (MACS) and their purity was checked by flow-cytometric analysis. Naïve CD4+ T cells were cultured under Th17-polarizing condition for 6 days. IL- 17 secretion was determined by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Next, the expression levels of miRNAs and putative targets genes were assessed by qRT-PCR at different time points of differentiation. RESULTS Our result showed dramatic downregulation of TCF7, MAP3K1, ENTPD1, and NT5E genes during human Th17 differentiation. Polarization also had a significant inducible effect on the expression of miR-9 and miR-193b over differentiation of human Th17 cells. According to our results, miR-9-5p and miR-193b-3p may contribute to Th17 differentiation probably by inhibiting the expression of negative regulators of Th17 differentiation. CONCLUSION This study confirmed deregulation of TCF7, MAP3K1, ENTPD1, and NT5E genes in Th17 differentiation process and introduced miR-9 and miR-193b as Th17 cell-associated miRNAs, making them good candidates for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Shirani
- Department of Animal BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
| | - Masoud Baghi
- Department of Animal BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - Mahsa Rostamian Delavar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - Alireza Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Animal BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
| | - Amir Eshaghiyan
- Department of GeneticsArsanjan BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArsanjan, ShirazIran
| | | | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Animal BiotechnologyCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for BiotechnologyACECRIsfahanIran
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Basic SciencesShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Biological Science and TechnologyUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
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24
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Acharya S, Salgado-Somoza A, Stefanizzi FM, Lumley AI, Zhang L, Glaab E, May P, Devaux Y. Non-Coding RNAs in the Brain-Heart Axis: The Case of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6513. [PMID: 32899928 PMCID: PMC7555192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder involving multiple genetic and environmental influences. Although a wide range of PD risk factors and clinical markers for the symptomatic motor stage of the disease have been identified, there are still no reliable biomarkers available for the early pre-motor phase of PD and for predicting disease progression. High-throughput RNA-based biomarker profiling and modeling may provide a means to exploit the joint information content from a multitude of markers to derive diagnostic and prognostic signatures. In the field of PD biomarker research, currently, no clinically validated RNA-based biomarker models are available, but previous studies reported several significantly disease-associated changes in RNA abundances and activities in multiple human tissues and body fluids. Here, we review the current knowledge of the regulation and function of non-coding RNAs in PD, focusing on microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Since there is growing evidence for functional interactions between the heart and the brain, we discuss the benefits of studying the role of non-coding RNAs in organ interactions when deciphering the complex regulatory networks involved in PD progression. We finally review important concepts of harmonization and curation of high throughput datasets, and we discuss the potential of systems biomedicine to derive and evaluate RNA biomarker signatures from high-throughput expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Acharya
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Salgado-Somoza
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Francesca Maria Stefanizzi
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Andrew I. Lumley
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
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25
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Baghi M, Rostamian Delavar M, Yadegari E, Peymani M, Pozo D, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani M, Ghaedi K. Modified level of miR-376a is associated with Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2622-2634. [PMID: 31930701 PMCID: PMC7028860 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Impaired mitochondrial function is a major feature of sporadic PD. Some susceptibility or causative genes detected in PD are strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction including PGC1α, TFAM and GSK3β. microRNAs (miRNAs) are non‐coding RNAs whose altered levels are proven in disparate PD models and human brains. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect modulations of miRs upstream of PGC1α, TFAM and GSK3β in association with PD onset and progress. In this study, a total of 33 PD subjects and 25 healthy volunteers were recruited. Candidate miRNA (miR‐376a) was selected through target prediction tools and literature survey. Chronic and acute in vitro PD models were created by MPP+‐intoxicated SHSY5Y cells. The levels of miR‐376a and aforementioned genes were assessed by RT‐qPCR. The expression of target genes was decreased in chronic model while there were dramatically up‐regulated levels of those genes in acute model of PD. miR‐376a was strongly altered in both acute and chronic PD models as well as PBMCs of PD patients. Our results also showed overexpression of PGC1α, and TFAM in PBMCs is inversely correlated with down‐regulation of miR‐376a, suggesting that miR‐376a possibly has an impact on PD pathogenesis through regulation of these genes which are involved in mitochondrial function. miR‐376a expression in PD‐derived PBMCs was also correlated with disease severity and may serve as a potential biomarker for PD diagnosis. This is the first study showing altered levels of miR‐376a in PD models and PBMCs, suggesting the probable role of this miRNA in PD pathogenesis. The present study also proposed TFAM and PGC1α as target genes of miR‐376a for the first time, through which it possibly can exert its impact on PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Baghi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rostamian Delavar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Yadegari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - David Pozo
- CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
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