1
|
Ortin-Peralta A, Kerkelä M, Veijola J, Gissler M, Sourander A, Duarte CS. Parental suicide attempts and offspring mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 64:886-894. [PMID: 36567634 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between parental suicide attempts and offspring suicide risk has been established. However, the impact of parental suicide attempts on mental health problems in offspring as youth remains unexplored. This study examined the prospective association between parental suicide attempts and offspring internalizing, externalizing, and attention/hyperactivity problems in childhood and adolescence. We also examined how offspring mental health problems in childhood mediated the association between parental suicide attempts and offspring mental health problems in adolescence. METHODS A subsample of 6,381 (48.4% female) cohort members with complete data on mental health problems in childhood and adolescence was extracted from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study. Offspring mental health problems were assessed via teacher's Rutter B2 scale during the childhood assessment (child's age of 8) and the Youth Self-Report scale (child's age of 15/16). Information about first parental suicide attempts was collected using ICD codes from hospital discharge records. RESULTS Lifetime parental suicide attempts during the study period (N = 95) were associated with offspring internalizing, externalizing, and attention/hyperactivity problems in adolescence. Parental suicide attempts before the childhood assessment (N = 55) were associated with offspring behavioral problems in childhood [B (95% CI) = .64 (0.08-1.28)]. In the mediation models, parental suicide attempts before the childhood assessment had a significant indirect effect on offspring externalizing [B (95% CI) = .03 (0.01-0.05)] and attention/hyperactivity problems [B (95% CI) = .02 (0.01-0.04)] in adolescence via offspring behavioral problems in childhood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of assessing and monitoring mental health problems in offspring whose parents have been hospitalized for attempting suicide. Among children with behavioral problems, clinicians should inquire about parental history of suicide attempts, as children with familial vulnerability to suicide may develop externalizing and attention/hyperactivity problems in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortin-Peralta
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, The Bronx, NY, USA.,Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Sourander
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Cristiane S Duarte
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Empirically based dimensions of externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a multitrait-multisource approach. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study sought to refine knowledge about the structure underlying externalizing dimensions. From a “top-down” ICD/DSM-based perspective, externalizing symptoms can be categorized into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). From a “bottom-up” developmental theory-based perspective, disruptive behaviors can be meaningfully described as aggressive (AGG) and rule-breaking (RB) behaviors. We analyzed five large data sets comprising externalizing symptom ratings obtained with a screening instrument using different sources (parents, teachers, self-ratings) from different samples. Using confirmatory factor analyses, we evaluated several factor models (unidimensional; correlated factors; bifactor (S-1) models) derived from an ICD/DSM- and theory-based perspective. Our optimally fitting models were assessed for measurement invariance across all sources, sample settings, and sex. Following several model-based criteria (model fit indices; factor loadings; omega statistics; model parsimony), we discarded our models stepwise and concluded that both the ICD/DSM-based model with three correlated factors (ADHD, ODD, CD) and the developmental theory-based model with three correlated factors (ADHD, AGG, RB) displayed a statistically sound factor structure and allowed for straightforward interpretability. Furthermore, these two models demonstrated metric invariance across all five samples and across sample settings (community, clinical), as well as scalar invariance across sources and sex. While the dimensions AGG and RB may depict a more empirically coherent view than the categorical perspective of ODD and CD, at this point we cannot clearly determine whether one perspective really outperforms the other. Implications for model selection according to our model-based criteria and clinical research are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rogers EA, Graves SJ, Freeman AJ, Paul MG, Etcoff LM, Allen DN. Improving accuracy of ADHD subtype diagnoses with the ADHD symptom rating scale. Child Neuropsychol 2022; 28:962-978. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2044768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick A. Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Stacy J. Graves
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Andrew J. Freeman
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Michelle G. Paul
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Lewis M. Etcoff
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Daniel N. Allen
- Department of Psychology, Box 455030, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hand ED, Lonigan CJ. Examining the Relations between Preschooler's Externalizing Behaviors and Academic Performance Using an S-1 Bifactor Model. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:577-589. [PMID: 34460050 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing behaviors are associated with poor academic outcomes in community-based samples of children as young as preschool-age. However, there remains debate as to which specific externalizing dimensions link externalizing behaviors to early academic skills. Recently, research has supported the use of S-1 bifactor models to examine the hierarchical structure of externalizing behaviors and the unique relations between externalizing factors and academic impairment in samples of school-age children. The primary goals of this study were to extend the age range at which S-1 bifactor models are applied to externalizing behaviors and to determine if factors derived from an S-1 bifactor model had differing relations to early academic skills. In this study, the early academic skills of 1,356 preschool-age children (mean age = 49.98 months; SD = 8.08) were assessed, and preschool and childcare teachers rated children's externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that an S-1 bifactor model with a Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor yielded the best-fitting model for preschool-age children's externalizing behaviors. Structural models revealed that both the Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor and the Inattention factor uniquely predicted preschool children's early academic skills. The degree to which the results applied across the primary groups in the sample (i.e., White versus Black/African American children, girls versus boys) was examined for measurement and structural models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hand
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, US.
| | - Christopher J Lonigan
- Department of Psychology and the Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, US.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pauli-Pott U, Becker K. Impulsivity as Early Emerging Vulnerability Factor-Prediction of ADHD by a Preschool Neuropsychological Measure. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010060. [PMID: 33418940 PMCID: PMC7825033 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, comprising deviations of brain-based bottom-up and top-down control processes, has been regarded as a crucial, early emerging marker of a developmental pathway to attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and externalizing disorders. In two independent studies (a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study), we analyzed the concurrent and predictive validity of a task-based neuropsychological impulsivity measure for preschool children. The sample of Study 1 comprised 102 3-5-year-old children (46% boys). In Study 2, 138 children (59% boys) with elevated ADHD symptoms were recruited and assessed at the ages of 4-5 and 8 years. In both studies, preschool impulsivity was measured by a summary score of neuropsychological tasks on approach motivation and hot inhibitory control. For Study 1, the impulsivity measure was significantly associated with symptoms of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (χ2(1) = 9.8, p = 0.002; χ2(1) = 8.1, p = 0.004). In Study 2, the impulsivity measure predicted the 8-year-olds' ADHD diagnoses over and above concurrent ADHD symptoms (χ2(1) = 10.0, p = 0.002, OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.8-14.0). The impulsivity measure showed good concurrent and predictive validity. The measure can be useful for the early identification of children at risk for developing ADHD and externalizing disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, D-35039 Marburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)6421-58-64837; Fax: +49-(0)6421-58-68975
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, D-35039 Marburg, Germany;
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Randomized Study on the Effects of Minds in Motion and Yoga on Motor Proficiency and Academic Skills Among Elementary School Children. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:907-914. [PMID: 32805715 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is critical for the healthy development and well-being of children. Specifically, physical activity is associated with improvements in coordination, balance, attention, and behavior among elementary school-aged children. However, for many children, particularly those belonging to minority groups, opportunities to engage in quality physical activity programs outside school settings are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the whether a physical activity program called Minds in Motion (MiM) The Maze before school, as compared with yoga, meets the criteria of the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program framework as a before-school program to improve overall physical activity and academic performance among elementary school-age students. METHODS A total of 48 children attending an urban public school with large minority representation in the Midwest were randomly assigned to MiM-The Maze or yoga. Participants were assessed on motor proficiency, behavior, balance, and academic skills before and after training. Training consisted of either yoga or MiM-The Maze 30 minutes per day before school, 5 times per week for 12 weeks. RESULTS MiM-The Maze and yoga group students showed significant improvements in academic skills. CONCLUSIONS MiM-The Maze is feasible and affordable before-school program to promote students' classroom behavior in elementary school students.
Collapse
|
7
|
Burns GL, Geiser C, Servera M, Becker SP, Beauchaine TP. Application of the Bifactor S - 1 Model to Multisource Ratings of ADHD/ODD Symptoms: an Appropriate Bifactor Model for Symptom Ratings. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:881-894. [PMID: 31834589 PMCID: PMC8017439 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The symmetrical bifactor model is often applied to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), ADHD-inattentive (IN), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, but this model frequently yields anomalous or inadmissible results. An alternative model, the bifactor S - 1 model, is more appropriate for examining the hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms. Both models were applied to ADHD-HI, ADHD-IN, and ODD symptom ratings by mothers, fathers, and teachers for 2142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8-13 years). The symmetrical bifactor model yielded the typical anomalous loadings, with a weakly defined ADHD-HI specific factor and difficult to interpret associations of general and specific factors with correlates. In contrast, the bifactor S - 1 model with ADHD-HI symptoms as general reference factor produced clearly interpretable results. For mothers and fathers, slightly more than 50% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. For teachers, approximately 69% and 39% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms, respectively, represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. The general ADHD-HI reference factor and specific ADHD-IN and ODD residual factors showed convergent and discriminant validity across sources, along with unique associations with peer rejection, social impairment, and academic impairment factors. The bifactor S - 1 model also yielded results consistent with predictions from trait-impulsivity theory of ADHD/ODD development. Researchers should use the bifactor S - 1 model rather than the symmetrical bifactor model if hypotheses involve the latent hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Leonard Burns
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA.
| | | | | | - Stephen P Becker
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Junghänel M, Rodenacker K, Dose C, Döpfner M. Applying the Bifactor S-1 Model to Ratings of ADHD/ODD Symptoms: A Commentary on Burns et al. (2019) and a Re-Analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:905-910. [PMID: 32236849 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the construct validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), the bifactor S-1 approach has been applied as an alternative to the fully symmetrical bifactor models in order to eliminate anomalous results and to allow for an unambiguous interpretation of g- and s-factors. We compared and contrasted our results with those of Burns et al. (2019) and extended their analyses by taking into account a two- vs. a three-factor structure of ADHD. Data from our previous research were reanalyzed and reinterpreted in accordance with the bifactor S-1 approach, constructing different models with hyperactivity (HY), impulsivity (IM) or hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) as the general factor. No anomalous results were observed. All factor loadings were significant. Our results were comparable to those reported by Burns et al. (2019), although items from the specific subscales inattention (IN) and ODD accounted for more variance in our sample. Model fit for our HI model was comparable to that in Burns et al. (2019). In our sample, model fit was best when solely HY or IM was chosen as a general reference factor. However, in these cases, the remaining specific factor IM or HY was weakly defined. Overall, we were able to replicate the results found by Burns et al. 2019), although our factor loadings on the g-factor were slightly lower and our specificity regarding IN and ODD was slightly higher. Our results support a two-factor structure of ADHD/ODD in a clinical population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Junghänel
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaas Rodenacker
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Dose
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Predictor Selection Using Lasso to Examine the Association of Motor Proficiency, Postural Control, Visual Efficiency, and Behavior With the Academic Skills of Elementary School-Aged Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The associations between motor proficiency, postural control, and visual efficiency with teacher and parent ratings of children’s behavior and academic skills were examined among a sample of elementary school-aged children (N = 50). Teacher and parent ratings of students’ academic skills were analyzed separately to examine the predictive nature of measures of motor proficiency. Spearman rank order correlations reported low to moderate relationships between motor proficiency, postural control, and children’s behavior (e.g., ADHD inattention) and academic skills. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) procedure is demonstrated as an approach for variable selection of measures of children’s motor proficiency, postural control, and visual efficiency to predict academic skills. For teacher and parent ratings of academic skills, ADHD symptom of inattention was the strongest model predictor, whereas directional control (postural control) was also a predictor for parent ratings. Study findings shed light on practical and methodological factors associated with motor skills in educational contexts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Goh PK, Lee CA, Bansal PS, Aguerrevere LE, Rucker AT, Martel MM. Interpretability and Validity of a Bifactor Model of ADHD in Young Adults: Assessing the General “g” and Specific IA and HI Factors. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is crucial to clarify the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in all age groups to determine how to best conceptualize this disorder across the lifespan. We tested the ADHD factor structure across adulthood and investigated independent associations with executive functions. METHOD Data from 645 adults aged 18-59 and 233 adults aged 60-85 were drawn from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Participants completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale and tests of executive functioning. Invariance of the ADHD factor structure was investigated using confirmatory factor analyses. Associations with cognition were explored using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Results confirmed a bifactor model with 3 specific factors (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Factor loadings and item intercepts were invariant across ages. Levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity were lower in older adults. Inattentive symptoms in young adults were positively related to cognitive flexibility. In older adults, ADHD symptoms predicted poorer working memory. CONCLUSION ADHD symptoms manifest similarly across adulthood. The lack of robust associations between ADHD symptomatology and executive functions raises concerns about the usefulness of neuropsychological measures in diagnosing adult ADHD. These results support the validity of the ADHD concept in older adults but suggest a need for age-appropriate normative criteria.
Collapse
|
12
|
Molina J, Servera M, Burns GL. Structure of ADHD/ODD Symptoms in Spanish Preschool Children: Dangers of Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Evaluation of Rating Scales. Assessment 2019; 27:1748-1757. [PMID: 30939902 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119839140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is often used to evaluate attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom ratings by parents and teachers. An ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and ODD three-factor model is usually the best model. Acceptable CFA models, however, can hide symptoms with poor convergent and discriminant validity. To demonstrate this issue, CFA models (i.e., cross-loadings set to zero) along with exploratory CFA models (i.e., cross-loadings allowed) were applied to parent (n = 308) and teacher (n = 258) ratings of ADHD/ODD symptoms with Spanish preschool children (Mage = 4.78, SD = .84, 56% boys). While the three-factor CFA model provided an acceptable-fit with moderate to substantial symptom-factor loadings, the three-factor exploratory CFA model, however, found a large number of the symptoms failed to show convergent and discriminant validity. These outcomes argue for the use of exploratory CFA procedures in the initial evaluation of ADHD/ODD rating scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateu Servera
- University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
King KM, Luk JW, Witkiewitz K, Racz S, McMahon RJ, Wu J. Externalizing Behavior Across Childhood as Reported by Parents and Teachers: A Partial Measurement Invariance Model. Assessment 2018; 25:744-758. [PMID: 27449054 PMCID: PMC5524595 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116660381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The externalizing spectrum may explain covariation among externalizing disorders observed in childhood and adulthood. Few prospective studies have examined whether externalizing spectrum might manifest differently across time, reporters, and gender during childhood. We used a multitrait, multimethod model with parent and teacher report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, and conduct disorder (CD)symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5 in data from the Fast Track Project, a large multisite trial for children at risk for conduct problems ( n = 754). The externalizing spectrum was stably related to ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 5, with similar contributions from parents and teachers. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were largely supported across time, suggesting that the structure of the externalizing spectrum is stable over time. Configural and partial metric invariance were supported across gender, but scalar invariance was not supported, with intercepts consistently higher for males than for females. Overall, our findings confirm other research that the externalizing spectrum can be observed early in development as covariation between ADHD, ODD, and CD, and extend that work to show that it is relatively consistent across time and reporter, but not consistent across gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Racz
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Johnny Wu
- Johnson & Johnson, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arias VB, Esnaola I, Rodríguez-Medina J. Identifying potentially marker symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4820. [PMID: 29844973 PMCID: PMC5969048 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes that adherence to six symptoms in either group (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) will lead to the diagnosis of one of three presentations of the disorder. Underlying this diagnostic algorithm is the assumption that the 18 symptoms have equal relevance for the diagnosis of ADHD, all are equally severe, and all have the same power to detect the presence of the disorder in all its degrees of severity, without considering the possibility of using marker symptoms. However, several studies have suggested that ADHD symptoms differ in both their power to discriminate the presence of the disorder and the degree of severity they represent. The aim of the present study was to replicate the results of previous research by evaluating the discriminative capacity and relative severity of ADHD symptoms, as well as to extend the investigation of this topic to Spanish-speaking Latin American samples. Methods The properties of ADHD symptoms rated by the parents of 474 Chilean children were analyzed. Symptom parameters were estimated using the graded response model. Results The results suggest that symptoms of ADHD differ substantially in both the accuracy with which they reflect the presence of the disorder, and their relative severity. Symptoms “easily distracted by extraneous stimuli” and “have difficulty sustaining attention in tasks” (inattention) and “is on the go, acting as if driven by motor” (hyperactivity/impulsivity) were the most informative, and those with relatively lower severity thresholds. Discussion The fact that symptoms differ substantially in the probability of being observed conditionally to the trait level suggests the need to refine the diagnostic process by weighting the severity of the symptom, and even to assess the possibility of defining ADHD marker symptoms, as has been done in other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor B Arias
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute on Community Integration (INICO), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Igor Esnaola
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Trait Impulsivity, and Externalizing Behavior in a Longitudinal Sample. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:1077-1089. [PMID: 27838891 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly comorbid with and predictive of externalizing behavior, yet is most often examined categorically, not dimensionally. We tested a recently proposed trait impulsivity model by dimensionally examining measures of childhood inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity separately as predictors of later externalizing behavior in an all-female longitudinal sample of 228 young women. We also examined influences of parenting and peer relations, given the transactional nature and importance of environmental factors. We analyzed the relative contribution of hyperactive/impulsive (HI) and inattentive (IA) symptoms of girls with and without childhood-diagnosed ADHD (M age = 9.5; 140 ADHD and 88 Comparison) to the development of externalizing behaviors in adolescence (M age = 14.2) and early adulthood (M age = 19.6). Authoritarian parenting was examined as a moderator and adolescent externalizing behavior as a mediator of the relation between childhood HI and later externalizing behavior. Childhood HI symptoms significantly predicted multiple externalizing behaviors in adolescence and early adulthood, after accounting for IA and covariates (ΔR 2 ranged from 2.6 to 7.5 %). Mother's authoritarian parenting moderated this relation. Adolescent externalizing behavior mediated the relation between childhood HI symptoms and early adult externalizing behavior. In no case did childhood IA significantly predict externalizing behavior after accounting for HI symptoms. Findings support a trait impulsivity model, as HI symptoms, but not IA symptoms, significantly predicted later externalizing behavior. Results support the importance of dimensional predictors of developmental trajectories. We discuss implications for assessment, intervention, and future research.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu Y, Jiang X, Ji W. The Mechanism of Cortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Neurocircuitry in Response Inhibition and Emotional Responding in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Comorbid Disruptive Behavior Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:566-572. [PMID: 29508250 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurocircuitries that constitute the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit provide a framework for bridging gaps between neuroscience and executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it has been difficult to identify the mechanisms for regulating emotional problems from the understanding of ADHD comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). Research based on "cool" and "hot" executive functional theory and the dual pathway models, which are thought of as applied response inhibition and delay aversion, respectively, within the neuropsychological view of ADHD, has shed light on emotional responding before and after decontextualized stimuli, while CSTC circuit-related domains have been suggested to explain the different emotional symptoms of ADHD with or without comorbid DBD. This review discusses the role of abnormal connections in each CSTC circuit, especially in the emotion circuit, which may be responsible for targeted executive dysfunction at the neuroscience level. Thus, the two major domains - abstract thinking (cool) and emotional trait (hot) - trigger the mechanism of onset of ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhu
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of BIO-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Xixi Jiang
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of BIO-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of BIO-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200335, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martel MM, Levinson CA, Lee CA, Smith TE. Impulsivity Symptoms as Core to the Developmental Externalizing Spectrum. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:83-90. [PMID: 27017822 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is posited to be a key part of the externalizing spectrum during childhood, but this idea has received minimal empirical attention. The goal of the present investigation was to utilize network analysis to determine whether behavioral impulsivity symptoms are key components of the externalizing network across several developmental periods from preschool into adolescence. Participants were 109 preschoolers (64 % male) ages 3 to 6, 237 children (59 % male) ages 6 to 9, 372 children (59 % male) ages 10 to 13, and 357 adolescents (59 % male) ages 13 to 17 and their parents. Parents completed ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms on a well-validated rating scale. Network analyses indicated that ADHD and ODD were somewhat differentiated in preschool, becoming united by behavioral impulsivity symptoms during early childhood, and then differentiating into inattention versus externalizing clusters later during childhood and in adolescence. Behavioral impulsivity symptoms were core to the externalizing spectrum across most developmental periods, but core inattentive and ODD symptoms were also identified in line with progressive differentiation. These results suggest the increasing importance of impulsivity symptoms across development, explaining externalizing comorbidity and potentially serving as a viable target for childhood interventions for externalizing problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Martel
- Psychology Department, University of Kentucky, 207C Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine A Lee
- Psychology Department, University of Kentucky, 207C Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Tess E Smith
- Psychology Department, University of Kentucky, 207C Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evidence for the Trait-Impulsivity Etiological Model in a Clinical Sample: Bifactor Structure and Its Relation to Impairment and Environmental Risk. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 46:659-669. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
19
|
Garner AA, Peugh J, Becker SP, Kingery KM, Tamm L, Vaughn AJ, Ciesielski H, Simon JO, Loren REA, Epstein JN. Does Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Fit Within a Bi-Factor Model of ADHD? J Atten Disord 2017; 21:642-654. [PMID: 25005039 PMCID: PMC4287452 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714539995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies demonstrate sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms to be distinct from inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive dimensions of ADHD. No study has examined SCT within a bi-factor model of ADHD, whereby SCT may form a specific factor distinct from inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity while still fitting within a general ADHD factor, which was the purpose of the current study. METHOD A total of 168 children were recruited from an ADHD clinic. Most (92%) met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Parents and teachers completed measures of ADHD and SCT. RESULTS Although SCT symptoms were strongly associated with inattention, they loaded onto a factor independent of ADHD g. Results were consistent across parent and teacher ratings. CONCLUSION SCT is structurally distinct from inattention as well as from the general ADHD latent symptom structure. Findings support a growing body of research suggesting SCT to be distinct and separate from ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie A. Garner
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - James Peugh
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kingery
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Aaron J. Vaughn
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heather Ciesielski
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John O. Simon
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Richard E. A. Loren
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffery N. Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Willoughby MT, Fabiano GA, Schatz NK, Vujnovic RK, Morris KL. Bifactor Models of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptomatology in Adolescents: Criterion Validity and Implications for Clinical Practice. Assessment 2017; 26:799-810. [PMID: 29214840 DOI: 10.1177/1073191117698755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the fit and criterion validity of a bifactor model for 18 DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, along with nine supplementary symptoms that represented the manifestation of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity in adolescence and early adulthood. Participants included N = 172 adolescents who were diagnosed with combined type ADHD and who were enrolled in a treatment study. A bifactor model provided reasonably good fit to combined parent- and teacher-reported DSM symptoms and supplemental items at baseline prior to treatment. Across models, the general factor was characterized by high reliability (ω = .93, .95), while specific inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive factors were characterized by poor reliability (ω = .30-.50). With respect to criterion validity, the general ADHD and specific inattentive factors were uniquely associated with home and school impairment (R2 = .13-.29) but not adolescent risk-tasking behavior. Results are discussed with respect to the ways in which bifactor models of ADHD inform the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.
Collapse
|
21
|
Arias VB, Ponce FP, Núñez DE. Bifactor Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An Evaluation of Three Necessary but Underused Psychometric Indexes. Assessment 2016; 25:885-897. [PMID: 27872349 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116679260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, the bifactor model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been extensively researched. This model consists of an ADHD general dimension and two specific factors: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. All studies conclude that the bifactor is superior to the traditional two-correlated factors model, according to the fit obtained by factor analysis. However, the proper interpretation of a bifactor not only depends on the fit but also on the quality of the measurement model. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the model-based reliability, distribution of common variance and construct replicability of general and specific ADHD factors. METHOD We estimated expected common variance, omega hierarchical/subscale and H-index from standardized factor loadings of 31 ADHD bifactor models previously published. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The ADHD general factor explained most of the common variance. Given the low reliable variance ratios, the specific factors were difficult to interpret. However, in clinical samples, inattention acquired sufficient specificity and stability for interpretation beyond the general factor. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando P Ponce
- 1 University of Talca, Talca, Chile.,2 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mayfield AR, Parke EM, Barchard KA, Zenisek RP, Thaler NS, Etcoff LM, Allen DN. Equivalence of mother and father ratings of ADHD in children. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:166-183. [PMID: 27729001 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1236186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining data from multiple informants provides a more comprehensive diagnostic picture in the assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Differences in symptom ratings have been observed between parent- and teacher-report scales, though less information is available regarding differences between mothers and fathers. To address this gap, this study examines the rater agreement between mothers and fathers on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD Symptom Rating Scale (DSM-ADHD-SRS). The participants consisted of 337 children diagnosed with ADHD who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates that a three-factor model comprising inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms provides the best fit for both mothers' and fathers' ratings. Mothers provided higher mean ratings for the inattention scale. These results suggest that the factor structure for the DSM-ADHD-SRS is the same, regardless of parent gender. However, symptoms of inattention may vary depending upon which parent completes the ratings. This discrepancy could lead to differences in diagnostic impressions in clinical evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Mayfield
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Elyse M Parke
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | | | - RyAnna P Zenisek
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Nicholas S Thaler
- b Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Lewis M Etcoff
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Daniel N Allen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ullsperger JM, Nigg JT, Nikolas MA. Does Child Temperament Play a Role in the Association Between Parenting Practices and Child Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:167-78. [PMID: 25684446 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-9982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective parenting practices may maintain or exacerbate attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and shape subsequent development of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD's) in youth with ADHD. Recent theoretical models have suggested that parenting may exert effects on ADHD via its role in child temperament. The current study aimed to evaluate the indirect effects of parenting dimensions on child ADHD symptoms via child temperament. Youth ages 6-17 years (N = 498; 50.4 % ADHD, 55 % male) completed a multi-stage, multi-informant assessment that included parent, child, and teacher report measures of parenting practices, child temperament, and ADHD symptoms. Statistical models examined the direct and indirect effects of maternal and paternal involvement, poor supervision, and inconsistent discipline on inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity via child temperament and personality traits. Results indicated differential patterns of effect for negative and positive parenting dimensions. First, inconsistent discipline exerted indirect effects on both ADHD symptom dimensions via child conscientiousness, such that higher levels of inconsistency predicted lower levels of conscientiousness, which in turn, predicted greater ADHD symptomatology. Similarly, poor supervision also exerted indirect effects on inattention via child conscientiousness as well as significant indirect effects on hyperactivity-impulsivity via its impact on both child reactive control and conscientiousness. In contrast, primarily direct effects of positive parenting (i.e., involvement) on ADHD emerged. Secondary checks revealed that similar pathways may also emerge for comorbid disruptive behavior disorders. Current findings extend upon past work by examining how parenting practices influence child ADHD via with-in child mechanisms and provide support for multi-pathway models accounting for heterogeneity in the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josie M Ullsperger
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Factor Structure of ADHD – Different Models, Analyses and Informants in a Bifactor Framework. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Smith ZR, Becker SP, Garner AA, Rudolph CW, Molitor SJ, Oddo LE, Langberg JM. Evaluating the Structure of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Using Confirmatory Factor Analytic and Bifactor Modeling With Parent and Youth Ratings. Assessment 2016; 25:99-111. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191116653471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary goals of this study were to evaluate the dimensionality of the Penny et al. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale and to compare model fits for parent- and youth self-report versions. Participants were 262 young adolescents (ages 10-15) comprehensively diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor modeling were used to determine if the proposed three-factor structure previously identified through exploratory factor analysis could be confirmed. Results showed that although the three-factor CFA had better fit statistics than a one- or two-factor CFA, the bifactor model was the best-fitting model for both parent report and self-report. This implies that Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale is best conceptualized as having an underlying general factor, with three specific factors that may represent different etiologies. Importantly, results also showed low-to-moderate correlations between raters and equivalent or better fit statistics for self-report in comparison with parent report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R. Smith
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|