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Jin J, Zhang M. Exploring the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetic nephropathy and the advancements in herbal therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1397301. [PMID: 39104818 PMCID: PMC11299242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1397301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is clinically marked by progressive proteinuria and a decline in glomerular filtration rate. The etiology and pathogenesis of DN encompass a spectrum of factors, including hemodynamic alterations, inflammation, and oxidative stress, yet remain incompletely understood. The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a critical component of the body's innate immunity, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of DN by promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines, thus contributing to the progression of this chronic inflammatory condition. Recent studies highlight the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the renal pathology associated with DN. This article delves into the activation pathways of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its pathogenic implications in DN. Additionally, it reviews the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome, aiming to provide comprehensive insights into the pathogenesis of DN and the current advancements in TCM interventions targeting NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles. Such insights are expected to lay the groundwork for further exploration into TCM-based treatments for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Jin
- School of Graduate Studies, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mianzhi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Yang L, Yuan S, Wang R, Guo X, Xie Y, Wei W, Tang L. Exploring the molecular mechanism of berberine for treating diabetic nephropathy based on network pharmacology. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111237. [PMID: 37977063 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, albuminuria and edema. Increasing evidence indicated that berberine (BBR) could alleviate the occurrence and development of DN. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of BBR in the treatment of DN remains unclear. METHODS The online public databases were chosen to screen the relevant targets of BBR and DN and the screened overlapped targets were analyzed by GO enrichment analysis, KEGG enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis. The interaction between BBR and the key proteinwas verified by molecular docking and cellularthermalshiftassay. Additionally, the expression of key proteins and related indicators of DN were verified by immunofluorescence and western blot in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We successfully identified 92 overlapped targets of BBR and DN based on network pharmacology. Notably, VEGFR2 was identified to be the main target of BBR. Meanwhile, we found that BBR exhibited a high binding affinity to VEGFR2 protein, as confirmed by molecular docking and CETSA. This binding led to interfering with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, we found that BBR could inhibit the abnormal proliferation of mesangial cells and reduce the expression of downstream pathway protein in vitro and in vivo. Finally, BBR was found to effectively lower the level of blood glucose and improve kidney function in mice, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of DN. CONCLUSION Berberine interfered the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via targeting VEGFR2 protein, further led to the inhibition of abnormal proliferation of mesangial cells and ultimately resulted in improved renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Shushan District, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Siming Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Shushan District, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Shushan District, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yongsheng Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Infammatory and Immune Medicine, Shushan District, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Liqin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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Mushtaq Z, Imran M, Saeed F, Imran A, Ali SW, Shahbaz M, Alsagaby SA, Guerrero Sánchez Y, Umar M, Hussain M, Al Abdimonem W, Al Jbawi E, Mahwish, El-Ghorab AH, Abdelgawad MA. Berberine: a comprehensive Approach to combat human maladies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2184300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Mushtaq
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Narowal-Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maryam Umar
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waleed Al Abdimonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahwish
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed H. El-Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Wang Y, Sui Z, Wang M, Liu P. Natural products in attenuating renal inflammation via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetic kidney disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196016. [PMID: 37215100 PMCID: PMC10196020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent and severe complications of diabetes and serves as the primary cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) globally. Increasing evidence indicates that renal inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of DKD. The nucleotide - binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the most extensively researched inflammasome complex and is considered a crucial regulator in the pathogenesis of DKD. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated by various signaling pathways, including NF- κB, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), among others. Natural products are chemicals extracted from living organisms in nature, and they typically possess pharmacological and biological activities. They are invaluable sources for drug design and development. Research has demonstrated that many natural products can alleviate DKD by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we highlight the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in DKD, and the pathways by which natural products fight against DKD via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, so as to provide novel insights for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhun Sui
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
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Hu Q, Jiang L, Yan Q, Zeng J, Ma X, Zhao Y. A natural products solution to diabetic nephropathy therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108314. [PMID: 36427568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common complications in diabetes. It has been shown to be the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. However, due to their complex pathological mechanisms, effective therapeutic drugs other than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which have been used for 20 years, have not been developed so far. Recent studies have shown that diabetic nephropathy is characterized by multiple signalling pathways and multiple targets, including inflammation, apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and their interactions. It definitely exacerbates the difficulty of therapy, but at the same time it also brings out the chance for natural products treatment. In the most recent two decades, a large number of natural products have displayed their potential in preclinical studies and a few compounds are under invetigation in clinical trials. Hence, many compounds targeting these singals have been emerged as a comprehensive blueprint for treating strategy of diabetic nephropathy. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of natural prouducts that alleviate this condition, including preclinical studies and clinical trials, which will provide new insights into the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and suggest novel ideas for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Li H, Luo D, Wei R, Sun M, Zhang X, Deng H, Bian W, Wei H, Huang Y. Investigating the Mechanism of Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei Medicine in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7978258. [PMID: 36452059 PMCID: PMC9705109 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7978258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study systematically explored the mechanism of Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. METHODS The TCMSP database was used to screen out the active ingredients and related targets of Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei (R-E) drug pair. GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank, and other databases were used to screen the related targets of T2DM, and then, the UniProt database was used to standardize the relevant targets of T2DM. Then, the Venn analysis was performed on the active ingredient-related targets and disease-related targets of R-E drugs to find the intersection targets. Using the STRING database and Cytoscape software, the PPI network and "drug-active ingredient-target-disease" network are constructed by intersecting targets and corresponding active ingredients. Through the cluster profiler package in the R software, GO function enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were carried out on the intersection targets and the screened core targets, and the prediction results were verified by molecular docking. RESULTS Taking OB ≥ 30% and DL ≥ 0.18 as the standard, a total of 25 effective active ingredients of R-E drug pairs were screened, including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, and so on. After corresponding, 19 effective chemical components and 284 targets of the R-E drug pair were obtained. After searching multiple disease databases, 1289 T2DM-related targets were screened. After the summary, 159 common targets were obtained in this study. Finally, in the bioinformatics analysis, this study concluded that quercetin, luteolin, berberine, palmatine, and coptisine are the main chemical components of the R-E drug pair. ESR1, MAPK1, AKT1, TP53, IL6, and JUN are the important core targets. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei could improve T2DM by regulating multiple biological processes and pathways. Molecular docking results showed that berberine, palmatine, and coptisine had higher binding to the core target, and MAPK1, AKT1, and IL6 could stably bind to the active ingredients of Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei. CONCLUSION Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei may have therapeutic effects on T2DM such as anti-inflammatory and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism through multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple signaling pathways, which provides a scientific basis for further research on the hypoglycemic effect of Rhizoma Coptidis-Eupatorium fortunei drug pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ran Wei
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Science and Technology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mingliang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huan Deng
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenfei Bian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Haoyue Wei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
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Protective effect of berberine in diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis revealing the mechanism of action. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Molecular Mechanistic Pathways Targeted by Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196221. [PMID: 36234757 PMCID: PMC9571643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and its prevalence is still growing rapidly. However, the efficient therapies for this kidney disease are still limited. The pathogenesis of DKD involves glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal fibrosis. Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to inflammation and aggravate renal fibrosis. In this review, we have focused on in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the mechanistic pathways by which natural compounds exert their effects against the progression of DKD. The accumulated and collected data revealed that some natural compounds could regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, renal fibrosis, and activate autophagy, thereby protecting the kidney. The main pathways targeted by these reviewed compounds include the Nrf2 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy, glycolipid metabolism and ER stress. This review presented an updated overview of the potential benefits of these natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of DKD progression, aimed to provide new potential therapeutic lead compounds and references for the innovative drug development and clinical treatment of DKD.
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Yang R, Xu S, Zhang X, Zheng X, Liu Y, Jiang C, Liu J, Shang X, Fang S, Zhang J, Yin Z, Pan K. Cyclocarya paliurus triterpenoids attenuate glomerular endothelial injury in the diabetic rats via ROCK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115127. [PMID: 35219820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. (C. paliurus) is a distinctive traditional Chinese herb, with remarkable hypoglycemic capacity. Emerging evidence suggested that glomerular endothelial injury is a crucial pathological process of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Our previous research found that C. paliurus triterpenoids fraction (CPT) has ameliorative effects on DKD. However, whether C. paliurus could counteract the glomerular endothelial injury of DKD is still undefined. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to investigate the effects of CPT on glomerular endothelial function and explore its underlying mechanisms with in vivo and in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects and possible mechanisms of CPT on glomerular endothelial injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and H2O2-challenged primary rat glomerular endothelial cells were successively investigated. RESULTS In vivo, we found that CPT treatment obviously decreased the levels of blood glucose, microalbumin, BUN and mesangial expansion. Additionally, CPT could ameliorate renal endothelium function by reducing the content of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and blocking the loss of glycocalyx. In vitro, CPT could also alleviate H2O2-induced endothelial injury. Mechanistically, CPT remarkably increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt and eNOS, decreased the expression of ROCK and Arg2in vivo and in vitro. Noticeably, the favorable effects mediated by CPT were abolished following ROCK overexpression with plasmid transfection. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that CPT could be sufficient to protect against glomerular endothelial injury in DKD through regulating ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211200, China; Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Susu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211200, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Jianjing Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 211200, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China.
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Wang Z, Chen P, Guo M, Yang X, Song W, Huang F. Physicochemical Characterization of Berberine-loaded Pluronic F127 Polymeric Micelles and In Vivo Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Effect. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ma Z, Zhu L, Wang S, Guo X, Sun B, Wang Q, Chen L. Berberine protects diabetic nephropathy by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition involving the inactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Ren Fail 2022; 44:923-932. [PMID: 35618411 PMCID: PMC9154812 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2079525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has implicated that berberine (BBR) has a beneficial effect on diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but its mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study was to assess whether berberine could alleviate tubulointerstitial fibrosis and attenuate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its possible molecular mechanism. High-fat diet (HFD) followed by injection of STZ was used to induce diabetic rats in vivo. After the onset of diabetes, rats were treated with either BBR or saline for 12 weeks. In vitro, the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) was exposed to high glucose, with or without BBR. The influence of berberine on renal tubulointerstitial histological changes, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and (NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3) NLRP3 inflammasome expression were examined. Results showed that in vivo, BBR could significantly ameliorate microalbumin and renal pathologic changes in diabetic rats. Immunofluorescence showed that BBR could inhibit EMT. Furthermore, BBR could down-regulate the level of the NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetic rats. Consistently, in vitro, BBR suppressed high glucose-induced EMT and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in HK-2. Our study demonstrated that BBR could inhibit high glucose-induced EMT and renal interstitial fibrosis by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome. BBR might be used as a novel drug to ameliorate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Lili Zhu
- Tianjin Medical Devices Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shangshang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Xin Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
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Yao T, Su W, Han S, Lu Y, Xu Y, Chen M, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Podocyte Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816025. [PMID: 35281899 PMCID: PMC8914202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte is also called glomerular epithelial cell, which has been considered as the final gatekeeper of glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). As a major contributor to proteinuria, podocyte injury underlies a variety of glomerular diseases and becomes the challenge to patients and their families in general. At present, the therapeutic methods of podocyte injury mainly include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, steroid and immunosuppressive medications. Nevertheless, the higher cost and side effects seriously disturb patients with podocyte injury. Promisingly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has received an increasing amount of attention from different countries in the treatment of podocyte injury by invigorating spleen and kidney, clearing heat and eliminating dampness, as well enriching qi and activating blood. Therefore, we searched articles published in peer-reviewed English-language journals through Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The protective effects of active ingredients, herbs, compound prescriptions, acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of podocyte injury were further summarized and analyzed. Meanwhile, we discussed feasible directions for future development, and analyzed existing deficiencies and shortcomings of TCM in the treatment of podocyte injury. In conclusion, this paper shows that TCM treatments can serve as promising auxiliary therapeutic methods for the treatment of podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Su
- Department of Nephrology, The People’s Hospital of Mengzi, Mengzi, China
| | - Shisheng Han
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wang,
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Ni WJ, Guan XM, Zeng J, Zhou H, Meng XM, Tang LQ. Berberine regulates mesangial cell proliferation and cell cycle to attenuate diabetic nephropathy through the PI3K/Akt/AS160/GLUT1 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1144-1155. [PMID: 35001506 PMCID: PMC8831947 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG) is one of the basic factors of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which leads to high morbidity and disability. During DN, the expression of glomerular glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) increases, but the relationship between HG and GLUT1 is unclear. Glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) have multiple roles in HG‐induced DN. Here, we report prominent glomerular dysfunction, especially GMC abnormalities, in DN mice, which is closely related to GLUT1 alteration. In vivo studies have shown that BBR can alleviate pathological changes and abnormal renal function indicators of DN mice. In vitro, BBR (30, 60 and 90 μmol/L) not only increased the proportion of G1 phase cells but also reduced the proportion of S phase cells under HG conditions at different times. BBR (60 μmol/L) significantly reduced the expression of PI3K‐p85, p‐Akt, p‐AS160, membrane‐bound GLUT1 and cyclin D1, but had almost no effect on total protein. Furthermore, BBR significantly declined the glucose uptake and retarded cyclin D1‐mediated GMC cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This study demonstrated that BBR can inhibit the development of DN, which may be due to BBR inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/AS160/GLUT1 signalling pathway to regulate HG‐induced abnormal GMC proliferation and the cell cycle, supporting BBR as a potential therapeutic drug for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Ni
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines (Ministry of Education), Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xi-Mei Guan
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines (Ministry of Education), Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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14
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Berberine Reduces Renal Cell Pyroptosis in Golden Hamsters with Diabetic Nephropathy through the Nrf2-NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5545193. [PMID: 35971382 PMCID: PMC9375700 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To observe the effect of berberine (BBR) on kidney cell pyroptosis in golden hamsters with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to explore the molecular mechanism of its renal protection. Methods. Fifty clean-grade male golden hamsters were randomly divided into a control group (10) and a model building group (40). The DN model was established by high-sugar and high-fat feeding and injection of a small amount of STZ. After successful establishment of the model, they were randomly divided into a model group, western medicine group, and berberine high- and low-dose groups. The western medicine group was given irbesartan 13.5 mg/kg, and the berberine high- and low-dose groups were given BBR 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively, for 8 consecutive weeks. An automatic biochemical analyser was used to measure blood glucose, blood lipids, kidney function, MDA, and other indicators; radioimmunoassay was used to assess serum insulin; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α; HE, PAS, and Masson staining were used to observe kidney pathological tissue morphology; western blot and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were used to assess protein and mRNA expression of molecules, such as Nrf2, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD; and TUNEL staining was used to detect DNA damage. SPSS statistical software was used for the data analysis. Results. The kidney tissues of golden hamsters in the control group were normal; Nrf2 was highly expressed, serum MDA level was low, NLRP3 expression in kidney tissue was not obvious, Caspase-1 and GSDMD were weakly expressed, and only a few TUNEL-positive cells were observed. Compared with the control group, the golden hamsters in the model group had obvious renal pathological damage; blood glucose, blood lipids, renal function-related indexes, insulin, and inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α were increased (
); NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD expression was increased; Nrf2 expression was decreased; MDA level was increased (
); and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was increased. Compared with the model group, the pathological morphology of the kidney tissue of golden hamsters in the three treatment groups was significantly improved; blood glucose, blood lipids, renal function, and the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 were reduced (
); NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, and other molecular proteins and mRNA expression were decreased; Nrf2 expression was increased; MDA level was decreased (
); and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was decreased. Conclusion. DN golden hamster kidney NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD signalling was enhanced. BBR can reduce oxidative stress damage by regulating antioxidative Nrf2 and then regulating NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD signalling to inhibit pyroptosis, antagonizing DN inflammation-induced damage.
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15
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Yang HJ, Koh E, Sung MK, Kang H. Changes Induced by Mind-Body Intervention Including Epigenetic Marks and Its Effects on Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031317. [PMID: 33525677 PMCID: PMC7865217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have evidenced that epigenetic marks associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be inherited from parents or acquired through fetal and early-life events, as well as through lifelong environments or lifestyles, which can increase the risk of diabetes in adulthood. However, epigenetic modifications are reversible, and can be altered through proper intervention, thus mitigating the risk factors of T2D. Mind-body intervention (MBI) refers to interventions like meditation, yoga, and qigong, which deal with both physical and mental well-being. MBI not only induces psychological changes, such as alleviation of depression, anxiety, and stress, but also physiological changes like parasympathetic activation, lower cortisol secretion, reduced inflammation, and aging rate delay, which are all risk factors for T2D. Notably, MBI has been reported to reduce blood glucose in patients with T2D. Herein, based on recent findings, we review the effects of MBI on diabetes and the mechanisms involved, including epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul 06022, Korea; (M.-K.S.); (H.K.)
- Department of Integrative Health Care, University of Brain Education, Cheonan 31228, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugene Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratories, Singapore 117604, Singapore;
| | - Min-Kyu Sung
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul 06022, Korea; (M.-K.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Hojung Kang
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul 06022, Korea; (M.-K.S.); (H.K.)
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16
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Zhu C, Liu N, Tian M, Ma L, Yang J, Lan X, Ma H, Niu J, Yu J. Effects of alkaloids on peripheral neuropathic pain: a review. Chin Med 2020; 15:106. [PMID: 33024448 PMCID: PMC7532100 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating pathological pain condition with a great therapeutic challenge in clinical practice. Currently used analgesics produce deleterious side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate alternative medicines for neuropathic pain. Chinese herbal medicines have been widely used in treating intractable pain. Compelling evidence revealed that the bioactive alkaloids of Chinese herbal medicines stand out in developing novel drugs for neuropathic pain due to multiple targets and satisfactory efficacy. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the research of analgesic effects of 20 alkaloids components for peripheral neuropathic pain and highlight the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. We also point out the opportunities and challenges of the current studies and shed light on further in-depth pharmacological and toxicological studies of these bioactive alkaloids. In conclusion, the alkaloids hold broad prospects and have the potentials to be novel drugs for treating neuropathic pain. This review provides a theoretical basis for further applying some alkaloids in clinical trials and developing new drugs of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Hanxiang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, No. 692 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
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17
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Yan Y, Tan RZ, Liu P, Li JC, Zhong X, Liao Y, Lin X, Wei C, Wang L. Oridonin Alleviates IRI-Induced Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response of Macrophages via AKT-Related Pathways. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921114. [PMID: 32362652 PMCID: PMC7219002 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common complications in clinic, but there is still no effective treatment. Oridonin, extracted from Rabdosia rubescens, has been identified to promote inhibitory effects on tumor, inflammatory and fibrosis by previous study. This study aimed to assess the kidney-protective role of Oridonin in AKI and the underlying mechanism by which Oridonin improves AKI in vivo and inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS SPF C57BL/6J male mice (8 - 10 weeks old, body weight 20 - 25 g) were divided into 3 groups - sham group, AKI group, and Oridonin-treated AKI group - with 6 mice in each group. In the in vitro study, LPS-induced inflammatory BMDM cells were treated with Oridonin and agonist of AKT. The expression and secretion levels of inflammation-related indicators and AKT-related signaling molecules were detected by real-time PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Also, various methods are used to assess renal function and pathological changes. RESULTS The results showed that Oridonin treatment significantly improved the serum creatinine and BUN levels in AKI mice. Interestingly, treatment with Oridonin also resulted in decreased the infiltration of macrophages in renal tissues of AKI mice, which was associated with decreased expression and activation of AKT and its related signaling pathways, such as NF-kappaB and STAT3, suggesting that Oridonin attenuates AKI kidney injury via a mechanism associated with reducing the inflammatory response of macrophages in the AKI kidney. This was investigated in vitro in macrophages, and the results showed that Oridonin reduced the LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in macrophages. Mechanistically, the addition of Oridonin reversed LPS-induced downregulation of AKT, NF-kappaB, and STAT3 expression and inflammatory response in macrophages, suggesting that Oridonin has a protective role, via the AKT-related signaling pathways, in reducing the inflammatory response of macrophages in AKI mice. This was further confirmed by adding agonist of AKT of IGF-1 to block the inhibitory effect of Oridonin on inflammatory response in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Oridonin ameliorates AKI kidney injuries by suppressing AKT-mediated inflammatory response of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Rui-Zhi Tan
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xia Zhong
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liao
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Lin
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Cong Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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