Whole genome bisulfite sequencing of human spermatozoa reveals differentially methylated patterns from type 2 diabetic patients

Folate-mediated transgenerational inheritance of sperm DNA methylation patterns correlate with spinal axon regeneration

In mammals, the molecular mechanisms underlying transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic traits in serial generations of progeny after ancestral environmental exposures, without variation in DNA sequence, remain elusive. We've recently described transmission of a beneficial trait in rats and mice, in which F0 supplementation of methyl donors, including folic acid, generates enhanced axon regeneration after sharp spinal cord injury in untreated F1 to F3 progeny linked to differential DNA methylation levels in spinal cord tissue. To test whether the transgenerational effect of folic acid is transmitted via the germline, we performed whole-genome methylation sequencing on sperm DNA from F0 mice treated with either folic acid or vehicle control, and their F1, F2, and F3 untreated progeny. Transgenerational differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are observed in each consecutive generation and distinguish folic acid from untreated lineages, predominate outside of CpG islands and in regions of the genome that regulate gene expression, including promoters, and overlap at both the differentially methylated position (DMP) and gene levels. These findings indicate that molecular changes between generations are caused by ancestral folate supplementation. In addition, 29,719 DMPs exhibit serial increases or decreases in DNA methylation levels in successive generations of untreated offspring, correlating with a serial increase in the phenotype across generations, consistent with a 'wash-in' effect. Sibship-specific DMPs annotate to genes that participate in axon- and synapse-related pathways.

Construction of m6A-Related Gene Prediction Model and Subtype Analysis in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Based on Bioinformatics

PURPOSE

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a severe and common cause of male infertility. Currently, the most reliable predictor of sperm retrieval success in NOA is histopathology, but preoperative testicular biopsy often increases the difficulty of sperm retrieval surgery. This study aims to explore the characteristics of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in NOA patients and investigate the potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for pathological diagnosis and treatment of NOA using m6A-related genes.

METHODS

NOA-related datasets were downloaded from the GEO database. Based on the results of LASSO regression analysis, a prediction model was established from differentially expressed m6A-related genes, and the predictive performance of the model was evaluated using ROC curves. Cluster analysis was performed based on differentially expressed m6A-related genes to evaluate the differences in different m6A modification patterns in terms of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), biological features, and immune features.

RESULTS

There were significant differences in eight m6A-related genes between NOA samples and healthy controls. The ROC curves showed excellent predictive performance for the diagnostic models constructed with ALKBH5 and FTO. DEGs of two m6A modification subtypes indicated the influence of m6A-related genes in the biological processes of mitosis and meiosis in NOA patients, and there were significant immune differences between the two subtypes.

CONCLUSION

The NOA pathological diagnostic models constructed with FTO and ALKBH5 have good predictive ability. We have identified two different m6A modification subtypes, which may help predict sperm retrieval success rate and treatment selection in NOA patients.

DNA methylation and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

DNA methylation influences gene expression and function in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Mapping of T2DM-associated DNA methylation could aid early detection and/or therapeutic treatment options for diabetics.

DESIGN

A systematic literature search for associations between T2DM and DNA methylation was performed. Prospero registration ID: CRD42020140436.

METHODS

PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched (till October 19, 2023). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and New Castle Ottawa scale were used for reporting the selection and quality of the studies, respectively.

RESULT

Thirty-two articles were selected. Four of 130 differentially methylated genes in blood, adipose, liver or pancreatic islets (TXNIP, ABCG1, PPARGC1A, PTPRN2) were reported in > 1 study. TXNIP was hypomethylated in diabetic blood across ethnicities. Gene enrichment analysis of the differentially methylated genes highlighted relevant disease pathways (T2DM, type 1 diabetes and adipocytokine signaling). Three prospective studies reported association of methylation in IGFBP2, MSI2, FTO, TXNIP, SREBF1, PHOSPHO1, SOCS3 and ABCG1 in blood at baseline with incident T2DM/hyperglycemia. Sex-specific differential methylation was reported only for HOOK2 in visceral adipose tissue (female diabetics: hypermethylated, male diabetics: hypomethylated). Gene expression was inversely associated with methylation status in 8 studies, in genes including ABCG1 (blood), S100A4 (adipose tissue), PER2 (pancreatic islets), PDGFA (liver) and PPARGC1A (skeletal muscle).

CONCLUSION

This review summarizes available evidence for using DNA methylation patterns to unravel T2DM pathophysiology. Further validation studies in diverse populations will set the stage for utilizing this knowledge for identifying early diagnostic markers and novel druggable pathways.

Causal relationship between genetically predicted type 2 diabetes mellitus and male infertility

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) stands as the most prevalent endocrine abnormality affecting the physiological systems and organs and impairing the male reproductive functions. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), accounting for about 90-95% of DM, is closely associated with male infertility. However, the magnitude of the causal relationships between T2DM and male infertility remains unclear. The current investigation was to explore the causal relationship between T2DM and male infertility utilizing the Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods

A two-sample MR (2SMR) analysis was conducted to investigate the causal relationship between T2DM and male infertility in the European population from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data that was publicly accessible. GWAS for T2DM and male infertility were extracted from the IEU Open GWAS Project database, with the resulting data encompassing 680 cases and 72,799 controls as the outcome data. Five MR methods were employed for the 2SMR analyses, namely the MR-Egger, weighted median estimation (WME), weighted mode (WM), inverse-variance weighted (IVW), and simple mode. The primary analytical technique utilized in this study was the IVW method, and a multivariate MR analysis was executed to examine the potential mediating influences of T2DM on male infertility.

Results

Following were the odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% CIs derived from IVW (fixed effects), MR-Egger, WM, WME, and simple mode approaches: 0.824 (95% CI 0.703-0.966), 0.726 (95% CI 0.527-1.001), 0.827 (95% CI 0.596-1.150), 0.841 (95% CI 0.654-1.082), and 0.875 (95% CI 0.544-1.405), respectively. The outcomes of the heterogeneity tests were P=0.378 and P=0.384, respectively, implying no heterogeneity. Egger-intercept outcomes were P=0.374, highlighting the absence of pleiotropy. The stability of the results was affirmed through the leave-one-out analysis. Notably, all F-values surpassed 10, indicating the absence of weak bias attributed to instrument variables(IVs).

Conclusions

This research furnishes evidence supporting a causal association between T2DM and male infertility. These insights offer a foundation for future investigations aiming to establish the association between genetically predicted T2DM and male infertility. These outcomes suggest the significance of active monitoring and proactive measures for preventing infertility in male individuals with T2DM. Furthermore, careful consideration is required for individuals of reproductive age to prevent and treat T2DM.

ATP10A deficiency results in male-specific infertility in mice

Over 8% of couples worldwide are affected by infertility and nearly half of these cases are due to male-specific issues where the underlying cause is often unknown. Therefore, discovery of new genetic factors contributing to male-specific infertility in model organisms can enhance our understanding of the etiology of this disorder. Here we show that murine ATP10A, a phospholipid flippase, is highly expressed in male reproductive organs, specifically the testes and vas deferens. Therefore, we tested the influence of ATP10A on reproduction by examining fertility of Atp10A knockout mice. Our findings reveal that Atp10A deficiency leads to male-specific infertility, but does not perturb fertility in the females. The Atp10A deficient male mice exhibit smaller testes, reduced sperm count (oligozoospermia) and lower sperm motility (asthenozoospermia). Additionally, Atp10A deficient mice display testes and vas deferens histopathological abnormalities, as well as altered total and relative amounts of hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Surprisingly, circulating testosterone is elevated 2-fold in the Atp10A knockout mice while luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and inhibin B levels were not significantly different from WT littermates. The knockout mice also exhibit elevated levels of gonadotropin receptors and alterations to ERK, p38 MAPK, Akt, and cPLA2-dependent signaling in the testes. Atp10A was knocked out in the C57BL/6J background, which also carries an inactivating nonsense mutation in the closely related lipid flippase, Atp10D. We have corrected the Atp10D nonsense mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 and determined that loss of Atp10A alone is sufficient to cause infertility in male mice. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of ATP10A in male fertility in mice and provide valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Serum-based ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis for the diagnosis of pre-diabetes and diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence that is causing worldwide concern. The pre-diabetes stage is the only reversible stage in the patho-physiological process towards DM. Due to the limitations of traditional methods, the diagnosis and detection of DM and pre-diabetes are complicated, expensive, and time-consuming. Therefore, it would be of great benefit to develop a simple, rapid and inexpensive diagnostic test. Herein, the infrared (IR) spectra of serum samples from 111 DM patients, 111 pre-diabetes patients and 333 healthy volunteers were collected using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and this was combined with the multivariate analysis of principal component analysis linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) to develop a discriminant model to verify the diagnostic potential of this approach. The study found that the accuracy of the test model established by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with PCA-LDA was 97%, and the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 100% in the control group, 94% and 98% in the pre-diabetes group, and 91% and 98% in the DM group, respectively. This indicates that this method can effectively diagnose DM and pre-diabetes, which has far-reaching clinical significance.

Exploration of the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a bioinformatic analysis

BACKGROUND

We aimed to determine the cis-expression Quantitative Trait Loci (cis-eQTL) and trans-eQTL of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in insulin resistance (IR) related pathways.

METHODS

The expression profile data for insulin sensitivity (IS) and IR in the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Then, the Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) methods were performed to identify the significant enrichment of potential Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways between IS and IR groups, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test was carried out to identify the DEGs related to KEGG pathways. Finally, the cis-eQTLs and trans-eQTLs that can affect the expression of DEGs were screened from the eQTLGen database.

RESULTS

The GSEA and GSVA analysis indicated that the mTOR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway and T2DM had a strong correlation with the pathological process of T2DM. Furthermore, six genes (ACACA, GYS2, PCK1, PRKAR1A, SLC2A4, and VEGFA) were found to be significantly differentially expressed in IR-related pathways. Finally, we have identified a total of 1073 cis-eQTLs and 24 trans-eQTLs.

CONCLUSIONS

We screened out six genes that were significantly differentially expressed in IR-related pathways, including ACACA, GYS2, PCK1, PRKAR1A, SLC2A4, and VEGFA. Moreover, we discovered that these six genes were affected by 1073 cis-eQTLs and 24 trans-eQTLs.

Assessing the Differential Methylation Analysis Quality for Microarray and NGS Platforms

Differential methylation (DM) is actively recruited in different types of fundamental and translational studies. Currently, microarray- and NGS-based approaches for methylation analysis are the most widely used with multiple statistical models designed to extract differential methylation signatures. The benchmarking of DM models is challenging due to the absence of gold standard data. In this study, we analyze an extensive number of publicly available NGS and microarray datasets with divergent and widely utilized statistical models and apply the recently suggested and validated rank-statistic-based approach Hobotnica to evaluate the quality of their results. Overall, microarray-based methods demonstrate more robust and convergent results, while NGS-based models are highly dissimilar. Tests on the simulated NGS data tend to overestimate the quality of the DM methods and therefore are recommended for use with caution. Evaluation of the top 10 DMC and top 100 DMC in addition to the not-subset signature also shows more stable results for microarray data. Summing up, given the observed heterogeneity in NGS methylation data, the evaluation of newly generated methylation signatures is a crucial step in DM analysis. The Hobotnica metric is coordinated with previously developed quality metrics and provides a robust, sensitive, and informative estimation of methods' performance and DM signatures' quality in the absence of gold standard data solving a long-existing problem in DM analysis.

Whole genome bisulfite sequencing of sperm reveals differentially methylated regions in male partners of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss cases

OBJECTIVE

To study the genome wide alterations in sperm DNA methylation in male partners of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (iRPL) cases and note regions as potential diagnostic markers.

DESIGN

Case-control study and methylome analysis of human sperm.

SETTING

Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinics.

PATIENT(S)

Control group consists of apparently healthy fertile men having fathered a child within the last 2 years (n = 39); and case group consists of male partners of iRPL cases having ≥2 consecutive 1st trimester pregnancy losses (n = 47).

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Sperm DNA samples of controls and cases were selected for whole genome bisulfite sequencing analysis based on the previously set thresholds of global methylation levels and methylation levels of imprinted genes (KvDMR and ZAC). Whole genome bisulfite sequencing of selected sperm genomic DNA was performed to identify differentially methylated CpG sites of iRPL cases compared with fertile controls. Pathway analysis of all the differentially methylated genes was done by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery annotation tool and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes tool. Differentially methylated CpGs within genes relevant to embryo and placenta development were selected to further validate their methylation levels in study population by pyrosequencing.

RESULT(S)

A total of 9497 differentially methylated CpGs with highest enrichment in intronic regions were obtained. In addition, 5352 differentially methylated regions and 2087 differentially methylated genes were noted. Signaling pathways involved in development were enriched on pathway analysis. Select CpGs within genes PPARG, KCNQ1, SETD2, and MAP3K4 showed distinct hypomethylated subpopulations within iRPL study population.

CONCLUSION(S)

Our study highlights the altered methylation landscape of iRPL sperm, and their possible implications in pathways of embryo and placental development. The CpG sites that are hypomethylated specifically in sperm of iRPL subpopulation can be further assessed as predictive biomarkers.

DNA Methylation Variation Is a Possible Mechanism in the Response of Haemaphysalis longicornis to Low-Temperature Stress

Ticks are notorious ectoparasites and transmit the greatest variety of pathogens than any other arthropods. Cold tolerance is a key determinant of tick abundance and distribution. While studies have shown that DNA methylation is one of the important epigenetic regulations found across many species and plays a significant role in their response to low-temperature stress, its role in the response of ticks to low-temperature stress remains unexplored. Herein, we explored the DNA methylation profile of the tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, exposed to low-temperature stress (4 °C) using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We found that approximately 0.95% and 0.94% of the genomic C sites were methylated in the control and low-temperature groups, respectively. Moreover, the methylation level under the CG context was about 3.86% and 3.85% in the control and low-temperature groups, respectively. In addition, a total of 6087 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between the low-temperature and control groups, including 3288 hypermethylated and 2799 hypomethylated DMRs. Further, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes revealed that most of the DMGs were significantly enriched in binding and RNA transport pathways. Taken together, this research confirmed, for the first time, the whole genome DNA methylation profile of H. longicornis and provided new insights into the DNA methylation changes relating to low-temperature stress in H. longicornis, as well as provided a foundation for future studies on the epigenetic mechanism underlying the responses of ticks to abiotic stress.

Short Communication: Maternal undernutrition during peri-conceptional period affects whole genome ovine muscle methylation in adult offspring

Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that maternal nutritional status during early pregnancy, including the period around the time of conception, may induce long-lasting epigenetic changes in the offspring. However, this remains largely unexplored in livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if modification of the maternal diet of sheep (CTR: control; UND: 50% undernutrition) during the peri-conceptional period (42 days in total: -14/+28 from mating), would impact CpG methylation in muscle tissue (Longissimus dorsi) of adult offspring (11.5 months old). Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS), identified 262 (Edge-R, FDR<0.05) and 686 (Logistic Regression, FDR <0.001) differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the UND and CTR groups. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified genes related to development, functions of the muscular system and steroid hormone receptor activity within the DMRs. The data reported here show that nutritional stress during early pregnancy leads to epigenetic modifications in the muscle of the resulting offspring, with possible implications for cardiac dysfunction, muscle physiology and meat production.

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in nonalcoholic fatty liver reveals predictive aberrant methylation in PRKCE and SEC14L3 promoters

BACKGROUND

Optimal non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain to be identified.

AIMS

To identify potential DNA methylation biomarkers for NAFLD.

METHODS

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed to identify differentially methylated CpG sites in peripheral blood leukocytes. Differentially methylated regions were validated using the MassCLEAVE assay. The expression levels of candidate genes were explored by Gene Expression Omnibus database.

RESULTS

The hypomethylation of PRKCE CpG 4.5 and CpG 18.19 was associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 0.129 (0.026-0.639) and 0.231 (0.069-0.768). The methylation level of CpG 1.2 and average methylation level of SEC14L3 were correlated with NAFL, with OR (95% CI) being 0.283 (0.093-0.865) and 0.264 (0.087-0.799). PRKCE CpG 4.5 and cg17802464 of SEC14L3 were correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, total triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. All selected datasets showed high expression levels of PRKCE and SEC14L3 in patients with NAFLD.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the hypomethylation of PRKCE and SEC14L3 promoters represent attractive biomarkers for NAFLD. Further studies are warranted to validate these biomarkers as molecular tools for diagnosis of NAFLD and therapeutic targets.

Spermatozoa Develop Molecular Machinery to Recover From Acute Stress

This study was designed to search for the possible mechanism(s) of male (in/sub)fertility by following the molecular response of spermatozoa on acute psychological stress (the most common stress in human society) and on a 20-h time-dependent recovery period. To mimic in vivo acute stress, the rats were exposed to immobilization once every 3 h. The recovery periods were as follows: 0 (immediately after stress and 3 h after the light is on-ZT3), 8 (ZT11), 14 (ZT17), and 20 (ZT23) h after stress. Results showed that acute stress provoked effects evident 20 h after the end of the stress period. Numbers of spermatozoa declined at ZT17 and ZT23, while functionality decreased at ZT3 and ZT11, but recovered at ZT17 and ZT23. Transcriptional profiles of 91% (20/22) of tracked mitochondrial dynamics and functionality markers and 91% (20/22) of signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number/functionality were disturbed after acute stress and during the recovery period. Most of the changes presented as increased transcription or protein expression at ZT23. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed the clear separation of acute stress recovery effects during active/dark and inactive/light phases. The physiological relevance of these results is the recovered positive-acrosome-reaction, suggesting that molecular events are an adaptive mechanism, regulated by acute stress response signaling. The results of the PCA confirmed the separation of the effects of acute stress recovery on gene expression related to mitochondrial dynamics, cAMP, and MAPK signaling. The transcriptional patterns were different during the active and inactive phases. Most of the transcripts were highly expressed during the active phase, which is expected given that stress occurred at the beginning of the inactive phase. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide a completely new view and the first presentation of the markers of mitochondrial dynamics network in spermatozoa and their correlation with signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number and functionality during recovery from acute stress. Moreover, the interactions between the proteins important for spermatozoa homeostasis and functionality (MFN2 and PRKA catalytic subunit, MFN2 and p38MAPK) are shown for the first time. Since the existing literature suggests the importance of semen quality and male fertility not only as the fundamental marker of reproductive health but also as the fundamental biomarkers of overall health and harbingers for the development of comorbidity and mortality, we anticipate our result to be a starting point for more investigations considering the mitochondrial dynamics markers or their transcriptional profiles as possible predictors of (in/sub)fertility.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of abnormal spermatozoa: A Mendelian randomization study

Abnormal spermatozoa can not only reduce the fertilization rate, but also prolong the natural conception time and even increase the risk of spontaneous miscarriage. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a major global health problem, and its incidence continues to rise, while affecting an increasing number of men in their reproductive years. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), accounting for about 85-95% of DM, is closely related to the development of sperm. However, the exact association between T2DM and abnormal spermatozoa remains unclear. Herein, we designed a Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the causal association between T2DM and abnormal spermatozoa risk in European population data which come from the GWAS summary datasets. We selected 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of T2DM (exposure data) as instrumental variables (IVs), and then retrieved the suitable abnormal spermatozoa genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of European from Ieu Open GWAS Project database which includes 915 cases and 209,006 control as the outcome data. Our results indicate that strict T2DM might not result in a higher risk of abnormal spermatozoa genetically in Europeans (OR: 1.017, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.771-1.342, p=0.902). Our findings demonstrate that only T2DM may not explain the relatively higher risk of abnormal spermatozoa in men with it in Europeans. In subsequent studies, more comprehensive and larger samples need to be studied to reveal the relationship and potential mechanism between T2DM and abnormal spermatozoa.

Underestimated Aspects in Male Infertility: Epigenetics is A New Approach in Men with Obesity or Diabetes: A Review

Infertility is a complex multifactorial problem that affects about 7% of men and 15% of couples worldwide. Many molecular mechanisms involved in male infertility. Destructive effects of infertility on the next generations are not well understood. Approximately 60-75% of male infertility cases have idiopathic causes, and there is a need for additional investigations other than routine examinations. Molecular factors that surround DNA, which are mitotically stable and independently regulate genome activity of DNA sequences, are known as epigenetics. The known epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Prevalence of metabolic diseases has been increased dramatically because of changes in lifestyle and the current levels of inactivity. Metabolic disorders, such<br />as obesity and diabetes, are prevalent reasons for male infertility; despite the association between metabolic diseases and male infertility, few studies have been conducted on the effects of epigenetic alterations associated with these diseases and sperm abnormalities. Diabetes can affect the reproductive system and testicular function at multiple levels;<br />however, there are very few molecular and epigenetic studies related to sperm from males with diabetes. On the other hand, obesity has similar conditions, while male obesity is linked to notable alterations in the sperm molecular architecture affecting both function and embryo quality. Therefore, in this review article, we presented new and developed technologies to study different patterns of epigenetic changes, and explained the exact mechanisms of epigenetic changes linked to metabolic diseases and their relationship with male infertility.

DiseaseMeth version 3.0: a major expansion and update of the human disease methylation database

DNA methylation has a growing potential for use as a biomarker because of its involvement in disease. DNA methylation data have also substantially grown in volume during the past 5 years. To facilitate access to these fragmented data, we proposed DiseaseMeth version 3.0 based on DiseaseMeth version 2.0, in which the number of diseases including increased from 88 to 162 and High-throughput profiles samples increased from 32 701 to 49 949. Experimentally confirmed associations added 448 pairs obtained by manual literature mining from 1472 papers in PubMed. The search, analyze and tools sections were updated to increase performance. In particular, the FunctionSearch now provides for the functional enrichment of genes from localized GO and KEGG annotation. We have also developed a unified analysis pipeline for identifying differentially DNA methylated genes (DMGs) from the original data stored in the database. 22 718 DMGs were found in 99 diseases. These DMGs offer application in disease evaluation using two self-developed online tools, Methylation Disease Correlation and Cancer Prognosis & Co-Methylation. All query results can be downloaded and can also be displayed through a box plot, heatmap or network module according to whichever search section is used. DiseaseMeth version 3.0 is freely available at http://diseasemeth.edbc.org/.

Mitochondrial Dynamics Markers and Related Signaling Molecules Are Important Regulators of Spermatozoa Number and Functionality

Here, we study possible mechanisms of (in/sub)fertility related to the acute or repeated psychological stresses (the most common stresses in human society) by following the transcriptional profile of 22 mitochondrial dynamics/function markers and 22 signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number/functionality. An in vivo study mimicking acute (once for 3 h) and repeated (3 h for 10 consecutive days) psychophysical stress was performed on adult rats. The analysis of hormones, the number/functionality of spermatozoa, and 44 transcriptional markers were performed on individual samples from up to 12 animals per group. Results showed that both types of stress reduced spermatozoa functionality (acute by 4.4-fold, repeated by 3.3-fold) and ATP production (acute by 2.3-fold, repeated by 14.5-fold), while only repeated stress reduces the number of spermatozoa (1.9-fold). Stress significantly disturbed transcription of 34-out-of-44 markers (77%). Mitochondrial dynamics and functionality markers: 18-out-of-22 =>82% (mitochondrial-biogenesis-markers –>6-out-of-8 =>75%; mitochondrial-fusion-markers –>3-out-of-3 =>100%; mitochondrial-fission-markers –>1-out-of-2 =>50%; mitochondrial-autophagy-markers –>3-out-of-3 =>100%; mitochondrial-functionality-markers –>5-out-of-6 =>83%). Markers of signaling pathways regulating both mitochondrial dynamics/functionality and spermatozoa number/functionality important for male (in/sub)fertility –>16-out-of-22 =>73% (cAMP-signaling-markers –>8-out-of-12 =>67%; MAPK-signaling-markers –>8-out-of-10 =>80%). Accordingly, stress-triggered changes of transcriptional profile of mitochondrial dynamics/functionality markers as well as signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number and functionality represent adaptive mechanisms.

RNA N6-methyladenosine modification, spermatogenesis, and human male infertility

RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the main forms of posttranscriptional modification, and its dysregulation is involved in a series of pathological processes. RNA m6A regulators, which mediate dynamic RNA m6A modification, are expressed in almost all types of testicular cells, including spermatogenetic cells and somatic cells. Cumulative studies have found that knockout of RNA m6A regulators in the testis leads to abnormal metabolism of the target mRNAs, which eventually causes spermatogenetic disorders and infertility. To date, a role for dysregulated RNA m6A modification in human male infertility remains elusive; however, dysregulated expression of RNA m6A regulators in abnormal human semen samples, including oligospermia, asthenozoospermia and azoospermia, has been found. Therefore, we speculate that abnormal RNA m6A methylation may be an important mechanism of male infertility. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the spatiotemporal expression of RNA m6A regulators in the testes, mechanisms of RNA m6A modification in spermatogenesis and the relation between dysregulated RNA m6A regulators and human male infertility. In addition, we also discuss future directions in studying the molecular mechanism of male infertility and exploring their clinical applications from the viewpoint of RNA m6A modification.