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Wu Y, Liu G, Sletvold N, Duan X, Tong Z, Li Q. Soil water and nutrient availability interactively modify pollinator-mediated directional and correlational selection on floral display. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:672-683. [PMID: 36229922 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The individual and combined effects of abiotic factors on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits are not well documented. To examine potential interactive effects of water and nutrient availability on pollinator-mediated selection on three floral display traits of Primula tibetica, we manipulated pollination and nutrient availability in a factorial experiment, conducted at two common garden sites with different soil water content (natural vs addition). We found that both water and nutrient availability affected floral trait expression in P. tibetica and that hand pollination increased seed production most when both nutrient content and water content were high, indicating joint pollen and resource limitation. We documented selection on all floral traits, and pollinators contributed to directional and correlational selection on plant height and number of flowers. Soil water and nutrient availability interactively influenced the strength of both pollinator-mediated directional and correlational selection, with significant selection observed when nutrient or water availability was high, but not when none or both were added. The results suggest that resource limitation constrains the response of P. tibetica to among-individual variation in pollen receipt, that addition of nutrients or water leads to pollinator-mediated selection and that effects of the two abiotic factors are nonadditive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Guangli Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xuyu Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhaoli Tong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Qingjun Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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2
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Trunschke J, Lunau K, Pyke GH, Ren ZX, Wang H. Flower Color Evolution and the Evidence of Pollinator-Mediated Selection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617851. [PMID: 34381464 PMCID: PMC8350172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of floral traits in animal-pollinated plants involves the interaction between flowers as signal senders and pollinators as signal receivers. Flower colors are very diverse, effect pollinator attraction and flower foraging behavior, and are hypothesized to be shaped through pollinator-mediated selection. However, most of our current understanding of flower color evolution arises from variation between discrete color morphs and completed color shifts accompanying pollinator shifts, while evidence for pollinator-mediated selection on continuous variation in flower colors within populations is still scarce. In this review, we summarize experiments quantifying selection on continuous flower color variation in natural plant populations in the context of pollinator interactions. We found that evidence for significant pollinator-mediated selection is surprisingly limited among existing studies. We propose several possible explanations related to the complexity in the interaction between the colors of flowers and the sensory and cognitive abilities of pollinators as well as pollinator behavioral responses, on the one hand, and the distribution of variation in color phenotypes and fitness, on the other hand. We emphasize currently persisting weaknesses in experimental procedures, and provide some suggestions for how to improve methodology. In conclusion, we encourage future research to bring together plant and animal scientists to jointly forward our understanding of the mechanisms and circumstances of pollinator-mediated selection on flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Trunschke
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Graham H. Pyke
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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3
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Gallagher MK, Campbell DR. Experimental Test of the Combined Effects of Water Availability and Flowering Time on Pollinator Visitation and Seed Set. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.641693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is likely to alter both flowering phenology and water availability for plants. Either of these changes alone can affect pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success. The relative impacts of phenology and water, and whether they interact in their impacts on plant reproductive success remain, however, largely unexplored. We manipulated flowering phenology and soil moisture in a factorial experiment with the subalpine perennial Mertensia ciliata (Boraginaceae). We examined responses of floral traits, floral abundance, pollinator visitation, and composition of visits by bumblebees vs. other pollinators. To determine the net effects on plant reproductive success, we also measured seed production and seed mass. Reduced water led to shorter, narrower flowers that produced less nectar. Late flowering plants produced fewer and shorter flowers. Both flowering phenology and water availability influenced pollination and reproductive success. Differences in flowering phenology had greater effects on pollinator visitation than did changes in water availability, but the reverse was true for seed production and mass, which were enhanced by greater water availability. The probability of receiving a flower visit declined over the season, coinciding with a decline in floral abundance in the arrays. Among plants receiving visits, both the visitation rate and percent of non-bumblebee visitors declined after the first week and remained low until the final week. We detected interactions of phenology and water on pollinator visitor composition, in which plants subject to drought were the only group to experience a late-season resurgence in visits by solitary bees and flies. Despite that interaction, net reproductive success measured as seed production responded additively to the two manipulations of water and phenology. Commonly observed declines in flower size and reward due to drought or shifts in phenology may not necessarily result in reduced plant reproductive success, which in M. ciliata responded more directly to water availability. The results highlight the need to go beyond studying single responses to climate changes, such as either phenology of a single species or how it experiences an abiotic factor, in order to understand how climate change may affect plant reproductive success.
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4
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Sapir Y, Gallagher MK, Senden E. What Maintains Flower Colour Variation within Populations? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:507-519. [PMID: 33663870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection acts on phenotypic trait variation. Understanding the mechanisms that create and maintain trait variation is fundamental to understanding the breadth of diversity seen on Earth. Flower colour is among the most conspicuous and highly diverse traits in nature. Most flowering plant populations have uniform floral colours, but a minority exhibit within-population colour variation, either discrete (polymorphic) or continuous. Colour variation is commonly maintained by balancing selection through multiple pollinators, opposing selection regimes, or fluctuating selection. Variation can also be maintained by heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection. Neutral processes, or a lack of selection, may maintain variation, although this remains largely untested. We suggest several prospective research directions that may provide insight into the evolutionary drivers of trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - M Kate Gallagher
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Esther Senden
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Le Provost G, Badenhausser I, Violle C, Requier F, D’Ottavio M, Roncoroni M, Gross L, Gross N. Grassland-to-crop conversion in agricultural landscapes has lasting impact on the trait diversity of bees. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2020; 36:281-295. [PMID: 33505122 PMCID: PMC7810634 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-020-01141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Global pollinator decline has motivated much research to understand the underlying mechanisms. Among the multiple pressures threatening pollinators, habitat loss has been suggested as a key-contributing factor. While habitat destruction is often associated with immediate negative impacts, pollinators can also exhibit delayed responses over time. OBJECTIVES We used a trait-based approach to investigate how past and current land use at both local and landscape levels impact plant and wild bee communities in grasslands through a functional lens. METHODS We measured flower and bee morphological traits that mediate plant-bee trophic linkage in 66 grasslands. Using an extensive database of 20 years of land-use records, we tested the legacy effects of the landscape-level conversion of grassland to crop on flower and bee trait diversity. RESULTS Land-use history was a strong driver of flower and bee trait diversity in grasslands. Particularly, bee trait diversity was lower in landscapes where much of the land was converted from grassland to crop long ago. Bee trait diversity was also strongly driven by plant trait diversity computed with flower traits. However, this relationship was not observed in landscapes with a long history of grassland-to-crop conversion. The effects of land-use history on bee communities were as strong as those of current land use, such as grassland or mass-flowering crop cover in the landscape. CONCLUSIONS Habitat loss that occurred long ago in agricultural landscapes alters the relationship between plants and bees over time. The retention of permanent grassland sanctuaries within intensive agricultural landscapes can offset bee decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtane Le Provost
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, USC 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre », Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre SBIK-F, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Isabelle Badenhausser
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, USC 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre », Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies Plantes Fourragères, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry 3, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Requier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie D’Ottavio
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, USC 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre », Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- Laboratoire de Lutte Biologique, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC C.P. 8888 Canada
| | - Marilyn Roncoroni
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, USC 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre », Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis Gross
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, USC 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre », Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- INRAE, UR 0633, URZF Unité de Recherche Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Gross
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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6
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Bartoš M, Janeček Š, Janečková P, Padyšáková E, Tropek R, Götzenberger L, Klomberg Y, Jersáková J. Self-compatibility and autonomous selfing of plants in meadow communities. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:120-128. [PMID: 31549455 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most fundamental, although controversial, questions related to the evolution of plant mating systems is the distribution of outcrossing rates. Self-compatibility, and especially autonomous self-pollination, can become particularly beneficial in anthropogenically degraded habitats with impoverished pollinator assemblages and increased pollen limitation. In a hand-pollination experiment with 46 meadow plants from the Železné hory Mts., Czech Republic, we evaluated the species' ability to adopt different mating systems. For a subset of the species, we also tested seed germination for inbreeding depression. Subsequently, we analysed relationships between the species' mating systems and 12 floral and life-history traits. We found a relatively discrete distribution of the studied species into four groups. Fully and partially self-incompatible species formed the largest group, followed by self-compatible non-selfers and mixed mating species. The germination experiment showed an absence of inbreeding depression in 19 out of 22 examined species. Nectar sugar per flower, nectar sugar per shoot and dichogamy were significant associated with the mating system. Spontaneous selfing ability and self-incompatibility in species of the meadow communities had a discrete distribution, conforming to the general distribution of mating and breeding systems in angiosperms. The low frequency of spontaneous selfers and the lack of inbreeding depression at germination suggest the existence of a selection against selfing at the later ontogenetic stages. Some floral traits, such as the level of dichogamy and amount of nectar reward, may strongly impact the balance between selfing and outcrossing rates in the self-compatible species and thus shape the evolution of mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bartoš
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Š Janeček
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - P Janečková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - E Padyšáková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - R Tropek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - L Götzenberger
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Y Klomberg
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - J Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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7
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Pardee GL, Inouye DW, Irwin RE. Direct and indirect effects of episodic frost on plant growth and reproduction in subalpine wildflowers. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:848-857. [PMID: 28805338 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Frost is an important episodic event that damages plant tissues through the formation of ice crystals at or below freezing temperatures. In montane regions, where climate change is expected to cause earlier snow melt but may not change the last frost-free day of the year, plants that bud earlier might be directly impacted by frost through damage to flower buds and reproductive structures. However, the indirect effects of frost mediated through changes in plant-pollinator interactions have rarely been explored. We examined the direct and pollinator-mediated indirect effects of frost on three wildflower species in southwestern Colorado, USA, Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae), Erigeron speciosus (Asteraceae), and Polemonium foliosissimum (Polemoniaceae), by simulating moderate (-1 to -5°C) frost events in early spring in plants in situ. Subsequently, we measured plant growth, and upon flowering measured flower morphology and phenology. Throughout the flowering season, we monitored pollinator visitation and collected seeds to measure plant reproduction. We found that frost had species-specific direct and indirect effects. Frost had direct effects on two of the three species. Frost significantly reduced flower size, total flowers produced, and seed production of Erigeron. Furthermore, frost reduced aboveground plant survival and seed production for Polemonium. However, we found no direct effects of frost on Delphinium. When we considered the indirect impacts of frost mediated through changes in pollinator visitation, one species, Erigeron, incurred indirect, negative effects of frost on plant reproduction through changes in floral traits and pollinator visitation, along with direct effects. Overall, we found that flowering plants exhibited species-specific direct and pollinator-mediated indirect responses to frost, thus suggesting that frost may play an important role in affecting plant communities under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella L Pardee
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, USA
| | - David W Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, USA
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8
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Thompson JN, Schwind C, Friberg M. Diversification of Trait Combinations in Coevolving Plant and Insect Lineages. Am Nat 2017; 190:171-184. [PMID: 28731801 DOI: 10.1086/692164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Closely related species often have similar traits and sometimes interact with the same species. A crucial problem in evolutionary ecology is therefore to understand how coevolving species diverge when they interact with a set of closely related species from another lineage rather than with a single species. We evaluated geographic differences in the floral morphology of all woodland star plant species (Lithophragma, Saxifragaceae) that are pollinated by Greya (Prodoxidae) moths. Flowers of each woodland star species differed depending on whether plants interact locally with one, two, or no pollinating moth species. Plants of one species grown in six different environments showed few differences in floral traits, suggesting that the geographic differences are not due significantly to trait plasticity. Greya moth populations also showed significant geographic divergence in morphology, depending on the local host and on whether the moth species co-occurred locally. Divergence in the plants and the moths involved shifts in combinations of partially correlated traits, rather than any one trait. The results indicate that the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be amplified as coevolving lineages diversify into separate species and come together in different combinations in different ecosystems.
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9
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Gegear RJ, Burns R, Swoboda-Bhattarai KA. “Hummingbird” floral traits interact synergistically to discourage visitation by bumble bee foragers. Ecology 2017; 98:489-499. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Gegear
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology; Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Worcester Massachusetts 01609-2280 USA
| | - Rebecca Burns
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology; Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Worcester Massachusetts 01609-2280 USA
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10
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La Rosa RJ, Conner JK. Floral function: effects of traits on pollinators, male and female pollination success, and female fitness across three species of milkweeds (Asclepias). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:150-160. [PMID: 28104591 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Central questions in plant reproductive ecology are whether the functions of floral traits in hermaphrodites create conflict between sexes that could slow evolution, and whether individual floral traits function in pollinator attraction, efficiency, or both. We studied how floral traits affect pollinator visitation and efficiency, and how they affect male and female function and female fitness within and across three Asclepias species that differ in floral morphology. METHODS Using separate multiple regressions, we regressed pollen removal, deposition, and fruit number onto six floral traits. We also used path analyses integrating these variables with pollinator visitation data for two of the species to further explore floral function and its effects on fruit production. KEY RESULTS Most traits affected male pollination success only, and these effects often differed between species. The exception was increased slit length, which increased pollinia insertion in two of the species. There were no interspecific differences in the effects of the traits on female pollination success. All traits except horn reach affected pollination efficiency in at least one species, and horn reach and two hood dimensions were the only traits to affect pollinator attraction, but in just one species. CONCLUSIONS Traits tended to function in only one sex, and more traits affected function through pollinator efficiency than through attraction. There was no significant link between female pollination success and female fitness in any of the three species; this pattern is consistent with fruit production not being limited by pollen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffica J La Rosa
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Plant Biology, and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060
| | - Jeffrey K Conner
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Plant Biology, and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060
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11
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Chapurlat E, Ågren J, Sletvold N. Spatial variation in pollinator-mediated selection on phenology, floral display and spur length in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1264-1275. [PMID: 26183369 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions may cause variation in pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits, but to establish this link conclusively experimental studies are needed. We quantified pollinator-mediated selection on flowering phenology and morphology in four populations of the fragrant orchid Gymnadenia conopsea, and compared selection mediated by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in two of the populations. Variation in pollinator-mediated selection explained most of the among-population variation in the strength of directional and correlational selection. Pollinators mediated correlational selection on pairs of display traits, and on one display trait and spur length, a trait affecting pollination efficiency. Only nocturnal pollinators selected for longer spurs, and mediated stronger selection on the number of flowers compared with diurnal pollinators in one population. The two types of pollinators caused correlational selection on different pairs of traits and selected for different combinations of spur length and number of flowers. The results demonstrate that spatial variation in interactions with pollinators may result in differences in directional and correlational selection on floral traits in a plant with a semi-generalized pollination system, and suggest that differences in the relative importance of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators can cause variation in selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Chapurlat
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Bee- to bird-pollination shifts in Penstemon: effects of floral-lip removal and corolla constriction on the preferences of free-foraging bumble bees. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Fenster CB, Reynolds RJ, Williams CW, Makowsky R, Dudash MR. Quantifying hummingbird preference for floral trait combinations: The role of selection on trait interactions in the evolution of pollination syndromes. Evolution 2015; 69:1113-27. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Fenster
- Department of Biology; University of Maryland, College Park; College Park Maryland 20742
- Mountain Lake Biological Station; 240 Salt Pond Road Pembroke Virginia 24136
| | - Richard J. Reynolds
- Department of Biology; University of Maryland, College Park; College Park Maryland 20742
- Mountain Lake Biological Station; 240 Salt Pond Road Pembroke Virginia 24136
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Christopher W. Williams
- Mountain Lake Biological Station; 240 Salt Pond Road Pembroke Virginia 24136
- Frostburg State University; Frostburg Maryland 21502
- National Institutes of Health, NIDDK; Bethesda Maryland 20892
| | | | - Michele R. Dudash
- Department of Biology; University of Maryland, College Park; College Park Maryland 20742
- Mountain Lake Biological Station; 240 Salt Pond Road Pembroke Virginia 24136
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