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Baykara ZG, Karadag A, Bulut H, Duluklu B, Karabulut H, Aktas D, Celik SS, Guler S, Ay A, Gul S, Ozturk D, Irmak B, Aydogan S, Cebeci F, Karakaya D, Avsar P. Pressure Injury Prevalence and Risk Factors: A National Multicenter Analytical Study. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2023; 50:289-295. [PMID: 37467407 DOI: 10.1097/won.0000000000000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the point prevalence (PP) of general pressure injuries (PIs), hospital-acquired PIs, PI-related risk factors, and PI preventive interventions performed by nurses. DESIGN Descriptive, multicenter, prospective, analytical study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING The sample comprised 5088 patients cared for in 13 hospitals in 12 geographic regions of Turkey. Data were collected between November 5, 2018, and July 17, 2019. METHODS The study was carried out in 2 stages. First, nurses who collected data were trained in the diagnosis of PI, risk assessment, staging, and prevalence studies, and informed about the purpose and methods of the study, including data collection. Second, nurses and researchers who had received training related to data collection for this study conducted a PP study for PIs in their inpatient clinics using the ASSIST II method. The PI Prevalence Study Tool and the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk were also used during data collection. RESULTS The PP of general PIs was 9.5%; the prevalence of PIs with hospitalization in intensive care units was 43.2%; medical device-related pressure injuries prevalence was 10.7%. We found that 65.1% of the PIs were acquired after hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS Similarities exist between PI prevalence in Turkey and reported PI prevalence rates worldwide. However, the prevalence of nosocomial PIs related to intensive care units and the prevalence of all nosocomial injuries were higher than rates previously reported. Based on results, there is a need to develop strategies to reduce the prevalence of nosocomial PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayise Karadag
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hulya Bulut
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Burcu Duluklu
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hatice Karabulut
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dilek Aktas
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sevilay Senol Celik
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sevil Guler
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ali Ay
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Senay Gul
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deniz Ozturk
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Burcin Irmak
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinan Aydogan
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fatma Cebeci
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derya Karakaya
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pinar Avsar
- Zehra Gocmen Baykara, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ayise Karadag, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Hulya Bulut, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcu Duluklu, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. At the time the research was published, the author was a Post-Doctoral Researcher, General Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Hatice Karabulut, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Dilek Aktas, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- Sevilay Senol Celik, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sevil Guler, PhD, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ali Ay, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
- Senay Gul, PhD, Fundamentals of Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Deniz Ozturk, PhD, Wound Ostomy Incontinence Nurses Society, Ankara, Turkey
- Burcin Irmak, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
- Sinan Aydogan, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
- Fatma Cebeci, MSc, PhD candidate, Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Derya Karakaya, MSc, WOC Nurse, Pursaklar State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Pinar Avsar, PhD, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Skin Wounds and Trauma Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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