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Yang HY, Zhu KC, Guo HY, Zhang N, Liu BS, Xian L, Zhu TF, Guo R, Zhang DC. Establishment and identification of the head kidney cell line of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) and its application in a virus susceptibility study. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 161:105243. [PMID: 39147080 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) is a crucial marine resource owing to its economic significance. Acanthopagrus latus aquaculture faces numerous challenges from viral diseases, but a robust in-vitro research model to understand and address these threats is lacking. Therefore, we developed a novel A. latus cell line from head kidney cells called ALHK1. This study details the development, characterisation, and viral susceptibility properties of ALHK cells. This cell line primarily comprises fibroblast-like cells and has robust proliferative capacity when cultured at 28 °C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10-20% foetal bovine serum. It exhibited remarkable stability after more than 60 consecutive passages and validation through cryopreservation techniques. The specificity of the ALHK cell line's origin from A. latus was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the cytochrome B gene, and a chromosomal karyotype analysis revealed a diploid count of 48 (2n = 48). Furthermore, the lipofection-mediated transfection efficiency using the pEGFP-N3 plasmid was high, at nearly 40%, suggesting that ALHK cells could be used for studies involving exogenous gene manipulation. In addition, ALHK cells displayed heightened sensitivity to the large mouth bass virus (LMBV), substantiated through observations of cytopathic effects, quantitative real-time PCR, and viral titration assays. Finally, the response of ALHK cells to LMBV infection resulted in differentially expressed antiviral genes associated with innate immunity. In conclusion, the ALHK cell line is a dependable in-vitro platform for elucidating the mechanisms of viral diseases in yellowfin seabream. Moreover, this cell line could be valuable for immunology, vaccine development, and host-pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Xian
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China
| | - Teng-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, dong Province, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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2
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Exploring Codon Usage Patterns and Influencing Factors in Ranavirus DNA Polymerase Genes. J Basic Microbiol 2024:e2400289. [PMID: 39099168 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Ranaviruses, members of the genus Ranavirus within the family Iridoviridae, have become a significant concern for amphibian populations globally, along with other cold-blooded vertebrates, due to their emergence as a significant threat. We employed bioinformatics tools to examine the codon usage patterns in 61 DNA pol genes from Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and two unclassified ranaviruses, as no prior studies had been conducted on this topic. The results showed a slight or low level of codon usage bias (CUB) in the DNA pol genes of Ranavirus. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that the predominant codons favored in Ranavirus DNA pol genes terminate with C or G. Correlation analysis examining nucleotide content, third codon position, effective number of codons (ENC), correspondence analysis (COA), Aroma values, and GRAVY values indicated that the CUB across DNA pol genes could be influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. The neutrality plot indicated that natural selection is the primary factor driving codon usage. Furthermore, the analysis of the codon adaptation index (CAI) illustrated the robust adaptability of Ranavirus DNA pol genes to their hosts. Analysis of the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) suggested that Ranavirus DNA pol genes underwent greater selection pressure from their hosts. These findings will aid in comprehending the factors influencing the evolution and adaptation of Ranavirus to its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
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3
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Costa VA, Holmes EC. Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011824. [PMID: 38785422 PMCID: PMC11237817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable and sustainable source of nutrition, particularly in the context of human population growth and climate change, the rapid expansion of aquaculture coincides with the emergence of highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview of the fish virome and its relevance for disease emergence, with a focus on the insights gained through metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas for future study. In particular, we describe the diversity and evolution of fish viruses, for which the majority have no known disease associations, and demonstrate how viruses emerge in fish populations, most notably at an expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show how wild fish are a powerful and tractable model system to study virus ecology and evolution more broadly and can be used to identify the major factors that shape vertebrate viromes. Central to this is a process of virus-host co-divergence that proceeds over many millions of years, combined with ongoing cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A. Costa
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang H, Dong J, Yan Y, Liu S, Ye X, Gao F, Sun C. Development of a Highly Permissive Mandarin Fish ( Siniperca chuatsi) Kidney Cell Line for Mandarin Fish Ranavirus Using a Single-Cell Cloning Method. Cells 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 38201223 PMCID: PMC10778425 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mandarin fish ranavirus (MRV) infection poses a substantial challenge to the mandarin fish culture industry as no effective preventive or therapeutic measures currently exist. The creation of a highly permissive cell line from a natural host is crucial for developing a vaccine for MRV and understanding its pathogenic mechanisms. In this research, the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) kidney cell line (SCK) was isolated from mandarin fish kidneys. Subsequently, SCK-a to SCK-g monoclonal cell lines were derived from the SCK cell population, distinguished by morphological variations. Notably, MRV infection induced an advanced cytopathic effect (CPE) in almost all cells of the SCK-f clone. Further tests showed that MRV achieved a peak viral titer of 1010.7 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL and consistently exceeded 1010 TCID50/mL across nine passages in SCK-f cells. Electron microscopy verified the MRV virion integrity within SCK-f. In vivo experiments revealed that MRV infections led to cumulative mortality rates of 86.9% in mandarin fish and 88.9% in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Such results suggest that SCK-f is highly permissive to MRV. This study underscores the importance of cellular diversity in developing viral permissive cell lines. The SCK monoclonal cell line pool may offer potential for generating highly permissive cell lines for other mandarin fish viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Junjian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Yunyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
- College of Oceanography, Agriculture University of Hebei, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Xing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Fengying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Chengfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China; (H.Z.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510310, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
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Panchavarnam S, Kollanoor RJ, Mulloorpeedikayil RG, Mohaideenpitchai MM, Palraj MK, Muthumariyapan S. Development of recombinant major capsid protein Vaccine and assessment of its efficacy against SRDV in similar damselfish (Pomacentrus similis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109035. [PMID: 37659655 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral vaccines against emerging viral diseases are crucial for encouraging successful aquaculture production. In this research, an experimental recombinant major capsid protein vaccine of similar damselfish virus was prepared and examined for its efficacy in marine ornamental fish, similar damselfish (Pomacentrus similis). The MCP gene of the SRDV was amplified from the viral DNA by a specific primer set viz bamHI and XhoI- restriction sites and confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis with a target size of 1416 bp. The gel-purified PCR product was double-digested with the said enzymes and incorporated into the pTriEx1.1 vector, which was subsequently transformed to E. coli DH5α. The plasmids of the two clones pTriEx-MCP-1416-1 and pTriEx-MCP-1416-3 were transformed to E. coli BL21 (DE-3) pLacI. A crude protein compound derived from a colony of E. coli BL21 (DE-3) with expressed MCP inserts was used to evaluate efficacy in similar damselfish by intra-peritoneal injection. After the challenge with SRDV, damselfish vaccinated with recombinant protein showed a lower protection level, while the fish vaccinated with recombinant protein supplemented Quil-A® adjuvant showed an RPS of 26%. According to RPS values recorded from the vaccinated and non-vaccinated damselfish group, the recombinant protein vaccine conferred only marginal protection against the SRDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Panchavarnam
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Riji John Kollanoor
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rosalind George Mulloorpeedikayil
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Mansoor Mohaideenpitchai
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Magesh Kumar Palraj
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvamagheswaran Muthumariyapan
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, An Z, Zhang X, Vakharia VN, Lin L. Isolation, identification and the pathogenicity characterization of a Santee-Cooper ranavirus and its activation on immune responses in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108641. [PMID: 36858328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The largemouth bass virus (LMBV) isolate of Santee-Cooper ranavirus showed evidence of widespread infection in adult fish, but disease presentation caused by different viral strains exhibited considerable difference. In this study, a highly pathogenic LMBV-like resembling Santee-Cooper ranavirus was isolated and identified from juvenile largemouth bass. The pathogenicity and dynamic distribution of LMBV-like strain, histopathological analysis and host immune response of juvenile largemouth bass infected with LMBV-like were investigated. The results show that LMBV-like was highly pathogenic to juvenile fish, and the infected fish showed typical signs of acute haemorrhages and visceral enlargement. LMBV-like positive cells were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, gills, and intestinal tissue, and the virus content in spleen was the highest. Histopathological analysis showed different pathological changes in major tissues of diseased fish, mostly manifested as infiltration of inflammatory cell and histiocyte necrosis. In addition, humoral immune factors such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were used as serum indicators to evaluate the immune response of juvenile fish after infection. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression patterns of immune-related genes (CD40, IFN-γ, IgM, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12a, Mxd3, TGF-β, and TNFα) in liver, spleen, and head kidney tissues. The results showed that immunological activity of the juvenile largemouth bass was significantly enhanced by LMBV-like infection. This research comprehensively systematically revealed the pathogenic characteristics of LMBV-like separated from juvenile largemouth bass and properties of the host's immune response caused by the virus infection, which providing a basis for further exploring the interaction between the virus and the host, and prevention and treatment of disease caused by Santee-Cooper ranavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zheling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhenhua An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Zhang W, Deng H, Fu Y, Fu W, Weng S, He J, Dong C. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against mandarinfish ranavirus and first identification of pyloric caecum as the major target tissue. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:189-199. [PMID: 36441809 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mandarinfish ranavirus (MRV), also known as a variant of largemouth bass virus (LMBV), is an emerging pathogen in mandarinfish aquaculture. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MRV were produced and characterized, and 7 mAbs were obtained through Western blotting screening and all 7 mAbs specifically recognized MRV/LMBV but not several piscine iridoviruses as ISKNV, GIV and TFV. By LC MS/MS analysis, the recognized viral proteins by seven mAbs were identified as MRV-pORF47L, MRV-pORF55R, MRV-pORF57L, MRV-pORF77L and MRV-pORF78L, respectively, and all five viral proteins are late expression structural proteins by Western blotting. Based on mAb 1C4, immuno-histochemistry and immuno-histo-fluorescence were performed to re-assess the tissue tropism of MRV. The result showed that abundant reactive signals were observed in infected spleen, kidney as well as intestine and pyloric caecum. Real-time quantitative PCR also demonstrated that spleen as well as pyloric caecum and intestines are the major target tissue upon MRV infection. In infected intestines and pyloric caecum, numerous enlarged, multinucleated cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions were identified as the target cells of MRV, suggesting that MRV serves as a digestive tract pathogen to mandarinfish, which may explain why acute infection of MRV can cause the typical clinicopathology featured by severe ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Weixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Coutinho CD, Ford CE, Trafford JD, Duarte A, Rebelo R, Rosa GM. Non-Lethal Detection of Ranavirus in Fish. Viruses 2023; 15:471. [PMID: 36851684 PMCID: PMC9964643 DOI: 10.3390/v15020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergent infectious diseases have an increasing impact on both farmed animals and wildlife. The ability to screen for pathogens is critical for understanding host-pathogen dynamics and informing better management. Ranavirus is a pathogen of concern, associated with disease outbreaks worldwide, affecting a broad range of fish, amphibian, and reptile hosts, but research has been limited. The traditional screening of internal tissues, such as the liver, has been regarded as the most effective for detecting and quantifying Ranavirus. However, such methodology imposes several limitations from ethical and conservation standpoints. Non-lethal sampling methods of viral detection were explored by comparing the efficacy of both buccal swabbing and fin clipping. The study was conducted on two Iberian, threatened freshwater fish (Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum and Cobitis paludica), and all samples were screened using qPCR. While for C. paludica both methods were reliable in detecting Ranavirus, on I. lusitanicum, there was a significantly higher detection rate in buccal swabs than in fin tissue. This study, therefore, reports that fin clipping may yield false Ranavirus negatives when in small-bodied freshwater fish. Overall, buccal swabbing is found to be good as an alternative to more invasive procedures, which is of extreme relevance, particularly when dealing with a threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina D. Coutinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Charlotte E. Ford
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Joseph D. Trafford
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Rebelo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
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Swaminathan TR, Johny TK, Nithianantham SR, Sudhagar A, Pradhan PK, S R KS, Nair RR, Sood N. A natural outbreak of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) threatens wild pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis in Peechi Dam in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1595-e1605. [PMID: 35235241 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A large-scale mortality of pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis was reported from Peechi Dam, an artificial tropical lake made for irrigation and drinking water supply in Kerala, India during 2018. This dam is located in the premises of Western Ghats, recognized as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. The objective of this study was to identify the aetiological agent of this large-scale mortality of E. suratensis by systematic diagnostic investigation and identification of pathogen. Virus isolation was carried out on a species-specific pearlspot fin (PSF) cell line. Infected PSF cells showed cytopathic effects (CPE) like cell shrinkage, rounding, enlargement, clustering, and subsequent detachment of cells with a high viral titre of 106⋅95 TCID50 mL-1 at 8 days post inoculation (dpi). Histopathological examination of the fish showed the presence of numerous abnormal enlarged basophilic cells and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in the liver. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed the presence of large numbers of 125-132 nm viral particles in the spleen tissues. PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene sequence confirmed that the causative agent was Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) of the genus Megalocytivirus. The experimental infection recorded 86.7±2.7% mortality in the E. suratensis (body weight - 11.01±2.7 g; body length 8.01±2.23 cm) injected with 1 × 104⋅25 TCID50 mL-1 ISKNV per fish. Our detailed investigation provided definitive diagnosis of ISKNV in the severe mass mortality event in wild E. suratensis in Peechi Dam, India, adding one more species to expanding host range of ISKNV infection. The high mortality rate of ISKNV infection in pearlspot suggests the perilous nature of this disease, particularly among the wild fish population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Tina Kollannoor Johny
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Sundar Raj Nithianantham
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Krupesha Sharma S R
- ICAR Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Reshma R Nair
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
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10
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Lisachov AP, Lisachova LS, Simonov E. First record of ranavirus (Ranavirus sp.) in Siberia, Russia. HERPETOZOA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e79490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are a group of double-strand DNA viruses that infect fish, amphibians and reptiles. These viruses are responsible for mass fish and amphibian mortality events worldwide, both in the wild and at fish and amphibian farms. The number of detected epizootics has grown significantly in recent years. In Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, including Russia, very few ranavirus monitoring studies have been conducted, in contrast with Western Europe and America. In the present work, we used a qPCR assay to survey for the first time the amphibian populations of West Siberia (Russia) for the presence of ranaviruses. In total, we studied 252 tissue samples from six amphibian species, collected across West Siberia from the south to the Arctic regions. We report a single infected sample: a common toad (Bufo bufo) captured near Tyumen city. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected virus strain belongs to the CMTV lineage. This is only the second observation of Ranavirus in Russia.
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11
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Ke F, Yu XD, Wang ZH, Gui JF, Zhang QY. Replication and transcription machinery for ranaviruses: components, correlation, and functional architecture. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:6. [PMID: 34991685 PMCID: PMC8734342 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) are promiscuous pathogens that can infect across species barriers in poikilotherms and can replicate in amphibian and fish cells and even in cultured mammalian cells. However, as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs), their replication and transcription mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we screened and uncovered the replication and transcription machinery of two ranaviruses, Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) and Rana grylio virus (RGV), by a combination of methods, including the isolation of proteins on nascent DNA, recombinant virus-based affinity, and NanoLuc complementation assay. RESULTS The ranavirus replication and transcription machinery was deeply dissected and identified as a complicated apparatus containing at least 30 viral and 6 host proteins. The viral proteins ADRV-47L/RGV-63R (DNA polymerase, vDPOL), ADRV-23L/RGV-91R (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, vPCNA), ADRV-85L/RGV-27R (single-stranded DNA binding protein, vSSB), ADRV-88L/RGV-24R (vhelicase/primase), etc., constitute the core replisome. Specifically, the core of the transcription complex, the viral RNA polymerase, contain the host RNAPII subunits Rpb3, Rpb6, and Rpb11, which was a first report in NCLDVs. Furthermore, correlations and interactions among these factors in the machinery were described. Significantly, the replisome core protein vDPOL (ADRV-47L) can interact with numerous viral and host proteins and could act as a linker and regulation center in viral DNA replication and transcription. Thus, these results depicted an architecture for ranavirus replication and transcription. CONCLUSIONS Up to 36 components from ranavirus and their host were found to form viral replisomes and transcription complexes using a series of precise methods, which further constructed an architecture for ranavirus replication and transcription in which vDPOL was a key central factor and various components correlated and cooperated. Therefore, it provides a cornerstone for further understanding the mechanisms of the replication and transcription of ranaviruses which can ensure the efficient production of progeny virus and adaptation to cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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12
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Swaminathan TR, Raj NS, Preena PG, Pradhan PK, Sood N, Kumar RG, Sudhagar A, Sood NK. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus-associated large-scale mortality in farmed giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2043-2053. [PMID: 34449899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus cause diseases that have serious economic impacts on aquaculture, mainly in East and South-East Asia. Five primary genotypes are known: infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), threespine stickleback iridovirus (TSIV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV). ISKNV-mediated infectious spleen and kidney necrosis disease (ISKND) is a major viral disease in both freshwater and marine fish species. In this study, we report the isolation of ISKNV from diseased giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of kidney and spleen revealed the presence of numerous polygonal naked viral particles having an outer nucleocapsid layer within the cytoplasm of enlarged cells (115-125 nm). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of ISKNV and the major capsid protein (MCP) (1,362 bp) gene in the infected fish had a high similarity to the other ISKNV-I isolates. Moreover, ISKNV was propagated in the Astronotus ocellatus fin (AOF) cell line and further confirmed genotypically. A high mortality rate (60%) was observed in gourami fish injected with ISKNV-positive tissue homogenate through challenge studies. Considering the lethal nature of ISKNV, the present study spotlights the implementation of stringent biosecurity practices for the proper control of the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Nithianantham Sundar Raj
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Prasannan Geetha Preena
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Girish Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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13
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Herath J, Ellepola G, Meegaskumbura M. Patterns of infection, origins, and transmission of ranaviruses among the ectothermic vertebrates of Asia. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15498-15519. [PMID: 34824771 PMCID: PMC8601927 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviral infections, a malady of ectothermic vertebrates, are becoming frequent, severe, and widespread, causing mortality among both wild and cultured species, raising odds of species extinctions and economic losses. This increase in infection is possibly due to the broad host range of ranaviruses and the transmission of these pathogens through regional and international trade in Asia, where outbreaks have been increasingly reported over the past decade. Here, we focus attention on the origins, means of transmission, and patterns of spread of this infection within the region. Infections have been recorded in both cultured and wild populations in at least nine countries/administrative regions, together with mass die-offs in some regions. Despite the imminent seriousness of the disease in Asia, surveillance efforts are still incipient. Some of the viral strains within Asia may transmit across host-taxon barriers, posing a significant risk to native species. Factors such as rising temperatures due to global climate change seem to exacerbate ranaviral activity, as most known outbreaks have been recorded during summer; however, data are still inadequate to verify this pattern for Asia. Import risk analysis, using protocols such as Pandora+, pre-border pathogen screening, and effective biosecurity measures, can be used to mitigate introduction of ranaviruses to uninfected areas and curb transmission within Asia. Comprehensive surveillance using molecular diagnostic tools for ranavirus species and variants will help in understanding the prevalence and disease burden in the region. This is an important step toward conserving native biodiversity and safeguarding the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayampathi Herath
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Gajaba Ellepola
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaKandySri Lanka
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
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14
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Yu Z, Zhang W, Gu C, Chen J, Zhao M, Fu L, Han J, He M, Xiao Q, Xiao W, He L, Zhang Z. Genomic analysis of Ranavirus and exploring alternative genes for phylogenetics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2161-2170. [PMID: 33006817 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses can infect both captive and wild cold-blooded vertebrates, leading to significant economic and environmental losses. With the cases of ranavirus infection increasing, many ranavirus genomic sequences were published, but little is known about ranavirus taxonomy on a whole-genome level. In this study, 44 ranaviruses core genes were identified in 32 ranaviruses genome sequences by using PanX. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees (NJ-tree) based on 44 ranaviruses core genes and 24 iridoviridae core genes and composition vector phylogenetic tree (CV-Tree) based on whole genome were constructed. The three of phylogenetic trees showed that 32 ranavirus isolates can be divided into 4 different subgroups including SGIV-like, EHNV-like, FV3-like and CMTV-like, and subgroups taxonomic position of three phylogenetic trees were consistent. However, the phylogenetic position of ToRV could not be determined if it belongs to FV3-like or CMTV-like group. Subsequently, we carried out dot plot analysis and confirmed that ToRV should belong to CMTV-like group. Based on dot plot analysis and phylogenetic trees, the taxonomic classification of ranaviruses was confirmed. Finally, four genes which are suitable for the construction of phylogenetic tree were selected from ranavirus core genes by recombination analysis, substitution saturation analysis and single-gene phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of the four selected genes showed that the classification of subgroups was identical with three of the phylogenetic trees. Conclusion: Our results confirmed taxonomic identification of ranaviruses; the four selected genes used in phylogenetic analysis will make taxonomic identification more convenient and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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15
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Dharmaratnam A, Kumar R, Valaparambil BS, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Das S, Swaminathan TR. Establishment and characterization of fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line from goldfish, Carassius auratus for in vitro propagation of Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9373. [PMID: 33005480 PMCID: PMC7512137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), is responsible for massive mortalities in the aquaculture of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Permissive cell lines for the isolation and propagation of CyHV-2 have been established from various goldfish tissues by sacrificing the fish. Here, we report the development of a cell line, FtGF (Fantail Goldfish Fin), from caudal fin of goldfish using non-lethal sampling. We also describe a simple protocol for successful establishment and characterization of a permissive cell line through explant method and continuous propagation of CyHV-2 with high viral titer using this cell line. Methods Caudal fin tissue samples were collected from goldfish without killing the fish. Cell culture of goldfish caudal fin cells was carried out using Leibovitz’s L-15 (L-15) medium containing 20% FBS and 1X concentration of antibiotic antimycotic solution, incubated at 28 °C. Cells were characterized and origin of the cells was confirmed by sequencing fragments of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. CyHV-2 was grown in the FtGF cells and passaged continuously 20 times. The infectivity of the CyHV-2 isolated using FtGF cells was confirmed by experimental infection of naïve goldfish. Results The cell line has been passaged up to 56 times in L-15 with 10% FBS. Karyotyping of FtGF cells at 30th, 40th and 56th passage indicated that modal chromosome number was 2n = 104. Species authentication of FtGF was performed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and COI genes. The cell line was used for continuous propagation of CyHV-2 over 20 passages with high viral titer of 107.8±0.26 TCID50/mL. Following inoculation of CyHV-2 positive tissue homogenate, FtGF cells showed cytopathic effect by 2nd day post-inoculation (dpi) and complete destruction of cells was observed by the 10th dpi. An experimental infection of naïve goldfish using supernatant from infected FtGF cells caused 100% mortality and CyHV-2 infection in the challenged fish was confirmed by the amplification of DNA polymerase gene, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. These findings provide confirmation that the FtGF cell line is highly permissive to the propagation of CyHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sweta Das
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, India
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16
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Harrison XA, Price SJ, Hopkins K, Leung WTM, Sergeant C, Garner TWJ. Diversity-Stability Dynamics of the Amphibian Skin Microbiome and Susceptibility to a Lethal Viral Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2883. [PMID: 31956320 PMCID: PMC6951417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation among animals in their host-associated microbial communities is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of important life history traits including growth, metabolism, and resistance to disease. Quantitative estimates of the factors shaping the stability of host microbiomes over time at the individual level in non-model organisms are scarce. Addressing this gap in our knowledge is important, as variation among individuals in microbiome stability may represent temporal gain or loss of key microbial species and functions linked to host health and/or fitness. Here we use controlled experiments to investigate how both heterogeneity in microbial species richness of the environment and exposure to the emerging pathogen Ranavirus influence the structure and temporal dynamics of the skin microbiome in a vertebrate host, the European common frog (Rana temporaria). Our evidence suggests that altering the bacterial species richness of the environment drives divergent temporal microbiome dynamics of the amphibian skin. Exposure to ranavirus effects changes in skin microbiome structure irrespective of total microbial diversity, but individuals with higher pre-exposure skin microbiome diversity appeared to exhibit higher survival. Higher diversity skin microbiomes also appear less stable over time compared to lower diversity microbiomes, but stability of the 100 most abundant ("core") community members was similar irrespective of microbiome richness. Our study highlights the importance of extrinsic factors in determining the stability of host microbiomes over time, which may in turn have important consequences for the stability of host-microbe interactions and microbiome-fitness correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William T M Leung
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Brunner JL, Olson AD, Rice JG, Meiners SE, Le Sage MJ, Cundiff JA, Goldberg CS, Pessier AP. Ranavirus infection dynamics and shedding in American bullfrogs: consequences for spread and detection in trade. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:135-150. [PMID: 31392966 DOI: 10.3354/dao03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
American bullfrogs Lithobates catesbeianus are thought to be important in the global spread of ranaviruses-often lethal viruses of cold-blooded vertebrates-because they are commonly farmed, dominate international trade, and may be 'carriers' of ranavirus infections. However, whether American bullfrogs are easily infected and maintain long-lasting ranavirus infections, or are refractory to or rapidly clear infections, remains unknown. We tracked the dynamics of ranavirus in American bullfrogs through time and with temperature in multiple types of samples and also screened shipments from commercial suppliers to determine whether we could detect subclinical infections. Collectively, we found that tadpoles and juveniles were commonly infected at moderate doses, and while some died, others controlled and appeared to clear their infections. Some individuals, however, harbored subclinical infections for up to 49 d, suggesting that American bullfrogs may be important carriers. Indeed, tadpoles and metamorphosed frogs from 2 of 5 commercial suppliers harbored subclinicial infections. Juveniles at warmer temperatures had less intense but still persistent infections. Because diagnostic performance was strongly related to infection intensity, non-lethal samples (i.e. tail or toe clips, swabs, and environmental DNA) had only a moderate chance of detecting subclinical infections. Even internal tissues may fail to detect subclinical infections. However, viral shedding was correlated with the intensity of infection, so while subclinically infected tadpoles shed virus for 35-49 d, the low levels might lead to little transmission. We suggest that a quantitative focus on virus dynamics within hosts can provide a more nuanced view of ranavirus infections and the risk presented by American bullfrogs in trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Brunner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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18
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Halaly MA, Subramaniam K, Koda SA, Popov VL, Stone D, Way K, Waltzek TB. Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus Isolated from European Chub ( Squalius cephalus). Viruses 2019; 11:v11050440. [PMID: 31096590 PMCID: PMC6563503 DOI: 10.3390/v11050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel virus from moribund European chub (Squalius cephalus) was isolated on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed abundant non-enveloped, hexagonal virus particles in the cytoplasm of infected EPC cells consistent with an iridovirus. Illumina MiSeq sequence data enabled the assembly and annotation of the full genome (128,216 bp encoding 108 open reading frames) of the suspected iridovirus. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on 25 iridovirus core genes supported the European chub iridovirus (ECIV) as being the sister species to the recently-discovered scale drop disease virus (SDDV), which together form the most basal megalocytivirus clade. Genetic analyses of the ECIV major capsid protein and ATPase genes revealed the greatest nucleotide identity to members of the genus Megalocytivirus including SDDV. These data support ECIV as a novel member within the genus Megalocytivirus. Experimental challenge studies are needed to fulfill River’s postulates and determine whether ECIV induces the pathognomonic microscopic lesions (i.e., megalocytes with basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions) observed in megalocytivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Halaly
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - David Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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19
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Bermúdez R, Losada AP, de Azevedo AM, Guerra-Varela J, Pérez-Fernández D, Sánchez L, Padrós F, Nowak B, Quiroga MI. First description of a natural infection with spleen and kidney necrosis virus in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1283-1294. [PMID: 29882280 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish has become a popular research model in the last years, and several diseases affecting zebrafish research facilities have been reported. However, only one case of naturally occurring viral infections was described for this species. In 2015, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) was detected in zebrafish from a research facility in Spain. Affected fish showed lethargy, loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, distention of the coelomic cavity and, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress, pale gills and petechial haemorrhages at the base of fins. Cytomegaly was the most relevant histopathological finding in organs and tissues, sometimes associated to degenerative and necrotic changes. ISKNV belongs to the relatively newly defined genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae, comprising large, icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses. This is the first case of naturally occurring Megalocytivirus infection in zebrafish research facilities, associated with morbidity. The virus has been identified based on both pathologic and genetic evidence, to better understand the pathogenesis of the infection in zebrafish and the phylogenetic relationship with other iridoviruses. Given the ability of megalocytiviruses to cross-species boundaries, it seems necessary to implement stringent biosecurity practices as these infections may invalidate experimental data and have major impact on laboratory and cultured fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bermúdez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Manuela de Azevedo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra-Varela
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Ke F, Gui JF, Chen ZY, Li T, Lei CK, Wang ZH, Zhang QY. Divergent transcriptomic responses underlying the ranaviruses-amphibian interaction processes on interspecies infection of Chinese giant salamander. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:211. [PMID: 29558886 PMCID: PMC5861657 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae, nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses) have been reported as promiscuous pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates. Rana grylio virus (RGV, a ranavirus), from diseased frog Rana grylio with a genome of 105.79 kb and Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV), from diseased Chinese giant salamander (CGS) with a genome of 106.73 kb, contains 99% homologous genes. Results To uncover the differences in virus replication and host responses under interspecies infection, we analyzed transcriptomes of CGS challenged with RGV and ADRV in different time points (1d, 7d) for the first time. A total of 128,533 unigenes were obtained from 820,858,128 clean reads. Transcriptome analysis revealed stronger gene expression of RGV than ADRV at 1 d post infection (dpi), which was supported by infection in vitro. RGV replicated faster and had higher titers than ADRV in cultured CGS cell line. RT-qPCR revealed the RGV genes including the immediate early gene (RGV-89R) had higher expression level than that of ADRV at 1 dpi. It further verified the acute infection of RGV in interspecies infection. The number of differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways from RGV were lower than that from ADRV, which reflected the variant host responses at transcriptional level. No obvious changes of key components in pathway “Antigen processing and presentation” were detected for RGV at 1 dpi. Contrarily, ADRV infection down-regulated the expression levels of MHC I and CD8. The divergent host immune responses revealed the differences between interspecies and natural infection, which may resulted in different fates of the two viruses. Altogether, these results revealed the differences in transcriptome responses among ranavirus interspecies infection of amphibian and new insights in DNA virus-host interactions in interspecies infection. Conclusion The DNA virus (RGV) not only expressed self-genes and replicated quickly after entry into host under interspecies infection, but also avoided the over-activation of host responses. The strategy could gain time for the survival of interspecies pathogen, and may provide opportunity for its adaptive evolution and interspecies transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4596-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cun-Ke Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Sivasankar P, John KR, George MR, Mageshkumar P, Manzoor MM, Jeyaseelan MJP. Characterization of a virulent ranavirus isolated from marine ornamental fish in India. Virusdisease 2017; 28:373-382. [PMID: 29291228 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A viral agent implicated in the mortality of marine ornamental "Similar Damselfish" (Pomacentrus similis Allen, 1991) was isolated and characterized. The virus grew well in marine and freshwater fish cell lines from seabass and snakehead. The virus was sensitive to chloroform, acidic pH (3.0) and heat treatment at 56 °C. Biochemical characterisation indicated that the virus had double stranded DNA genome. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of infected cell pellets showed iridovirus-like icosahedral virus particles of 120-130 nm. Purified virus had six structural protein bands that ranged from of 44 to 132 kDa. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of viral DNA in infected cell cultures and sequence analysis of the major capsid protein gene showed an identity of 99.82% to that of largemouth bass virus. Serum neutralization studies involving the viral agent and koi ranavirus (KIRV) indicated partial homogeneity between the two isolates. Experimental infection of seabass (Lates calcarifer) and similar damselfish (P. similis) fingerlings with the similar damselfish virus showed cumulative mortalities of 68.75 and 93.33%. The biophysical and biochemical properties of the viral agent isolated, serological characteristics, size of major capsid proteins and the sequence similarity of the MCP gene proved that the virus belongs to the genus Ranavirus of the family Iridoviridae. Ability of the virus to grow in marine and freshwater fish cell lines and its pathogenicity to one of the cultivable marine fish shows the wide host range of the virus. This is the first report of ranavirus induced mortality in marine fish in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivasankar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - K Riji John
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M Rosalind George
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - P Mageshkumar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M Mohamed Manzoor
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M J Prince Jeyaseelan
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
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From fish to frogs and beyond: Impact and host range of emergent ranaviruses. Virology 2017; 511:272-279. [PMID: 28860047 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates, including amphibians. We reviewed patterns of host range and virulence of ranaviruses in the context of virus genotype and postulate that patterns reflect significant variation in the historical and current host range of three groups of Ranavirus: FV3-like, CMTV-like and ATV-like ranaviruses. Our synthesis supports previous hypotheses about host range and jumps: FV3s are amphibian specialists, while ATVs are predominantly fish specialists that switched once to caudate amphibians. The most recent common ancestor of CMTV-like ranaviruses and FV3-like forms appears to have infected amphibians but CMTV-like ranaviruses may circulate in both amphibian and fish communities independently. While these hypotheses are speculative, we hope that ongoing efforts to describe ranavirus genetics, increased surveillance of host species and targeted experimental assays of susceptibility to infection and/or disease will facilitate better tests of the importance of hypothetical evolutionary drivers of ranavirus virulence and host range.
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Dong C, wang Z, Weng S, He J. Occurrence of a lethal ranavirus in hybrid mandarin ( Siniperca scherzeri × Siniperca chuatsi ) in Guangdong, South China. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:28-33. [PMID: 28619157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Swaminathan TR, Kumar R, Dharmaratnam A, Basheer VS, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Sanil NK, Vijayagopal P, Jena JK. Emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi, in India. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3392-3399. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Arathi Dharmaratnam
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - V. S. Basheer
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Campus, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - P. K. Pradhan
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - N. K. Sanil
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kochi 682018, India
| | - P. Vijayagopal
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Kochi 682018, India
| | - J. K. Jena
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-II, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
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Hine PM, Wakefield SJ, Mackereth G, Morrison R. Ultrastructural morphogenesis of a virus associated with lymphocystis-like lesions in parore Girella tricuspidata (Kyphosidae: Perciformes). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 121:129-139. [PMID: 27667810 DOI: 10.3354/dao03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of large icosahedral viruses associated with lymphocystis-like lesions in the skin of parore Girella tricuspidata is described. The electron-lucent perinuclear viromatrix comprised putative DNA with open capsids at the periphery, very large arrays of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), much of it with a reticulated appearance (rsER) or occurring as rows of vesicles. Lysosomes, degenerating mitochondria and virions in various stages of assembly, and paracrystalline arrays were also present. Long electron-dense inclusions (EDIs) with 15 nm repeating units split terminally and curled to form tubular structures internalising the 15 nm repeating structures. These tubular structures appeared to form the virion capsids. Large parallel arrays of sER sometimes alternated with aligned arrays of crinkled cisternae along which passed a uniformly wide (20 nm) thread-like structure. Strings of small vesicles near open capsids may also have been involved in formation of an inner lipid layer. Granules with a fine fibrillar appearance also occurred in the viromatrix, and from the presence of a halo around mature virions it appeared that the fibrils may form a layer around the capsid. The general features of virogenesis of large icosahedral dsDNA viruses, the large amount of ER, particularly rsER and the EDIs, are features of nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, rather than features of 1 genus or family.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hine
- National Centre for Disease Investigation, MAF Operations, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 40-742, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Sahoo P, Swaminathan TR, Abraham TJ, Kumar R, Pattanayak S, Mohapatra A, Rath S, Patra A, Adikesavalu H, Sood N, Pradhan P, Das B, Jayasankar P, Jena J. Detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (Cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: First evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in India. Acta Trop 2016; 161:8-17. [PMID: 27172876 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This outbreak report details of a mortality event where Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2) was detected in association with multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus, from commercial farms. The goldfish exhibited large scale haemorrhages on the body, fins and gills, lepidorthosis, necrosed gills, protruded anus and shrunken eyes. White nodular necrotic foci in spleen and kidneys were noticed, along with necrosis and fusion of gill lamellae. Transmission electron microscopy of affected tissues revealed the presence of mature virus particles. Involvement of CyHV-2 was confirmed by PCR, sequencing and observed cytopathic effect in koi carp fin cell line along with experimental infection study. A bacterium isolated from the internal organs of affected fish was found to be pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila having resistance to more than 10 classes of antibiotics. We postulate that CyHV-2 was the primary etiological agent responsible for this outbreak with secondary infection by A. hydrophila. The experimental infection trials in Labeo rohita and koi carp by intraperitoneal challenge with CyHV-2 tissue homogenates failed to reproduce the disease in those co-cultured fish species. This is the first report of a viral disease outbreak in organised earthen ornamental fish farms in India and bears further investigation.
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