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Ortega-Kindica RCMH, Padasas-Adalla CS, Tabugo SRM, Martinez JGT, Amparado OA, Moneva CSO, Dalayap R, Lomeli-Ortega CO, Balcazar JL. Shotgun Metagenomics Reveals Taxonomic and Functional Patterns of the Microbiome Associated with Barbour's Seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:835-841. [PMID: 38864950 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the taxonomic and functional patterns of the microbiome associated with Barbour's seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri) using a combination of shotgun metagenomics and bioinformatics. The analyses revealed that Pseudomonadota and Bacillota were the dominant phyla in the seahorse skin microbiome, whereas Pseudomonadota and, to a lesser extent, Bacillota and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla in the seahorse gut microbiome. Several metabolic pathway categories were found to be enriched in the skin microbiome, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, as well as membrane transport, signal transduction, and cellular community-prokaryotes. In contrast, the gut microbiome exhibited enrichment in metabolic pathways associated with the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and quorum sensing. Additionally, although the relative abundance of bacteriocins in the skin and gut was slightly similar, notable differences were observed at the class level. Specifically, class I bacteriocins were found to be more abundant in the skin microbiome, whereas class III bacteriocins were more abundant in the gut microbiome. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive examination of the taxonomic and functional patterns of the skin and gut microbiome in Barbour's seahorse. These findings can greatly contribute to a deeper understanding of the seahorse-associated microbiome, which can play a pivotal role in predicting and controlling bacterial infections, thereby contributing to the success of aquaculture and health-promoting initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Chinly Mae H Ortega-Kindica
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines.
- Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines.
| | - Chinee S Padasas-Adalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cavite State University, Don Severino Campus, Indang, 4000, Philippines
| | - Sharon Rose M Tabugo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Joey Genevieve T Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Mathematical Biology and Nematology Research Cluster, Complex System Groups, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Olive A Amparado
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Carlo Stephen O Moneva
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Rodelyn Dalayap
- Department of Biology, Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, 9800, Philippines
| | - Carlos O Lomeli-Ortega
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, 17003, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, 17004, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Balcazar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, 17003, Spain.
- University of Girona, Girona, 17004, Spain.
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Ortega RCMH, Tabugo SRM, Martinez JGT, Padasas CS, Balcázar JL. Occurrence of Aeromonas Species in the Cutaneous Mucus of Barbour’s Seahorses (Hippocampus barbouri) as Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071241. [PMID: 37048497 PMCID: PMC10092988 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have described the bacterial community composition associated with marine fish, there is limited information related to seahorses. Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that the skin microbiota is useful for determining health status and common disorders in the host. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the skin bacterial community composition in Barbour’s seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri) using high-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Water and sediment samples from the surrounding environment were also analyzed for comparative purposes. The results revealed that sequences affiliated with the Shewanellaceae family were dominant in the skin of female Barbour’s seahorses and sediment samples, whereas sequences affiliated with the Bacillaceae family were dominant in the skin of male Barbour’s seahorses. Interestingly, sequences affiliated with the Aeromonas genus were found in the skin of Barbour’s seahorses, whose abundance was slightly similar between the female and male specimens. Further comparative analysis showed that the presence of Aeromonas species in the skin of Barbour’s seahorses was strongly influenced by the surrounding sediment. Given that some Aeromonas species are known to be important pathogens in humans and fish, these results may be used for further research on the dependency of the skin microbial composition on the environment as well as determine whether the presence of Aeromonas and other detected species has implications on seahorse health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Chinly Mae H. Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Molecular Systematics and Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Sharon Rose M. Tabugo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Molecular Systematics and Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Joey Genevieve T. Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Mathematical Biology and Nematology Research Cluster, Complex Systems Group, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Chinee S. Padasas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Molecular Systematics and Oceanography Laboratory, Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University—Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - José L. Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
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Vergneau-Grosset C, Frigon JP, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Raulic J, Lessard MP, Gara-Boivin C. Establishment of preliminary reference intervals and cytochemical staining of blood cells in big-bellied seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis). Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:123-131. [PMID: 36464841 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite their popularity, hematology reference intervals (RIs) have not been established in big-bellied seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis). OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to establish hematologic RIs to compare values between sex in regard to cytochemical staining of blood cells. We also sought to compare white blood cell concentrations using the Natt and Herrick technique vs blood smear estimates. METHODS Forty-three healthy individuals from the Aquarium du Québec (22 females and 21 males) were included. Normal health status was confirmed by an unremarkable physical examination in five individuals and by necropsy of five other individuals, of which all were excluded from further analyses. Venipuncture was performed from the ventral coccygeal vein in the remaining 33 individuals without anesthesia using heparinized insulin syringes. A blood volume of 0.05 to 0.1 ml was collected to prepare Wright Giemsa-stained blood smears and hematocrits immediately after venipuncture. Whole blood was stored in heparinized Eppendorf tubes to determine red and white blood cell concentrations using the Natt and Herrick technique with a hemocytometer in 10 individuals; these results were compared with blood smear estimates. Additional blood smears were stained with alkaline phosphatase substrate, periodic acid Schiff, and toluidine blue stains. RESULTS The reference intervals included the packed cell volume (27.4-67.5%), thrombocyte count (19.5-197.7 × 109 /L), and white blood cell (WBC) count (2-54.8 × 109 /L), including neutrophils (1.1-21.3 × 109 /L), lymphocytes (2.7-45.5 × 109 /L), and monocytes (0-2.2 × 109 /L). The WBC hemocytometer counts showed no correlation with blood smear estimates (Spearman's rho = 0.2). There was also no significant difference between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary reference intervals will help assess the health of seahorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Département de sciences cliniques and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Frigon
- Département de sciences cliniques and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and the Centre de Diagnostic Universitaire de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliette Raulic
- Département de sciences cliniques and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn Gara-Boivin
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and the Centre de Diagnostic Universitaire de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Kumaratunga V, Adams VJ, Donaldson D, Pont RT, Stidworthy MF. Ocular pathology in aquarium fish with a focus on the Syngnathidae and Apogonidae families. J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:1-11. [PMID: 36587440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study catalogued ocular pathology in fish histopathology submissions to a specialist diagnostic service and investigated associations with species and systemic disease, with a focus on species of conservation interest. Cross-tabulations and Fisher's exact tests were used to identify associations among the variables and results are reported as prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of 12,488 reports reviewed, ocular histology examination was available for 4,572 submissions, in which histopathological ocular lesions were identified in 18% (813/4572). Most diagnoses (701/813; 87%) were in marine fish. Inflammatory conditions were most common (608/813; 75%), with identification of a bacterial aetiology in 42% (255/608) and a parasitic aetiology in 30% (183/608). Most bacterial infections were due to mycobacteriosis (153/255; 60%) and most parasitic infections were due to scuticociliatosis (114/184; 62%). The Syngnathidae, Centriscidae and Cichlidae families were each more likely than all other families combined to be diagnosed with ocular manifestations of mycobacteriosis (PRs = 2.6, 4.4 and 2.9, respectively, P <0.0001 for each). The Syngnathidae were also more likely to be diagnosed with ocular scuticociliatosis (PR = 1.9, P <0.0001). Fifty-four percent (39/72) of ocular mycobacteriosis and 38% (9/24) of gas bubble disease cases affected threatened or near threatened Syngnathidae species. The Apogonidae were more likely than any other family to have ocular iridovirus (PR = 10.3, 95% CI = 5.5-19.4, P <0.0001) and neoplasia (PR = 8.2, 95% CI = 4.2-16.3, P <0.0001). The endangered Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) accounted for 13/15 ocular iridovirus and 16/18 mycobacteriosis cases in this family. All cases of neoplasia in the Apogonidae occurred in pajama cardinalfish (Sphaeramia nematoptera). These results should inform clinical diagnosis of ocular disease in aquarium fish and influence training for aquarists, highlighting ocular pathology as a potential early warning of systemic disease. The findings also have direct/indirect consequences for the welfare and conservation of some of these popular flagship fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vim Kumaratunga
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| | | | - David Donaldson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Roser T Pont
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Clinical and Pathological Findings Associated with Mycobacteriosis in Captive Syngnathids. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233259. [PMID: 36496780 PMCID: PMC9735937 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is an important disease that affects captive and wild aquatic fish. Syngnathids are susceptible to infection by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The aim of this study was to describe clinical signs, and macroscopic and histological lesions in 25 syngnathids and the molecular characterization of the causative mycobacteria. Clinical presentation ranged from sudden death to non-specific signs, including anorexia, poor body condition, weight loss and marked dyspnea with increased respiratory effort and rate. Gross lesions were mostly ulcers on the tail and small white nodules in the liver, coelomic cavity and inside the eye. The most affected organs were gills, liver, intestine and coelomic mesentery. Microscopic lesions consisted of areas of multifocal to diffuse granulomatous inflammation and bacterial emboli with numerous intralesional acid-fast bacilli. Epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes and fibrous connective tissue, which are commonly observed in granulomatous inflammation, were not observed here. In the real-time PCR, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae and M. marinum common primers, Mycobacterium spp. were detected in 4, 7 and 14 individuals, respectively. In addition, this is the first description of mycobacteriosis found in Syngnathus acus.
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Wang Y, Ying N, Huang Y, Zou X, Liu X, Li L, Zhou J, Zhao S, Ma R, Li X, Tan H, Fang W. Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp., an Intranuclear Microsporidian Infecting the Seahorse Hippocampus erectus From China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:882843. [PMID: 35601100 PMCID: PMC9114889 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.882843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of a new intranuclear microsporidian, Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp., infecting the intestine of the Hippocampus erectus, were described. The histopathology revealed an extensive infection, mainly in the columnar epithelium of the intestinal mucosa layer. The enterocytes were the important target cell for Nucleospora hippocampi n. sp. infection. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that this microsporidian developed directly within the host cell nucleoplasm. In the intranuclear life cycle, the transformation from meront to sporogonial plasmodium was recognized by forming electron-dense disc structures, which were considered the polar tube precursors. The microsporidian showed the typical morphological characteristics of the family Enterocytozoonidae in the formation and development of spore organelles prior to the division of the sporogonial plasmodium. According to wet smear observation, eight spores were generally formed in a single host nucleus. Mature spores were elongated ovoids that were slightly bent and measured 1.93 × 0.97 μm. The isofilar polar tube was arranged in 7~8 coils in one row. Phylogenetic analysis of its small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences demonstrated that the parasite belonged to the Nucleospora group clade. The histological, ultrastructural, and molecular data support the emergence of a new species in the genus Nucleospora. This is the first report of Nucleospora species in Asia and threatened syngnathid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ying
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Letian Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Tan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxin Tan, ; Wenhong Fang,
| | - Wenhong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxin Tan, ; Wenhong Fang,
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Wijerathna HMSM, Nadarajapillai K, Udayantha HMV, Kasthuriarachchi TDW, Shanaka KASN, Kwon H, Wan Q, Lee J. Molecular delineation, expression profiling, immune response, and anti-apoptotic function of a novel clusterin homolog from big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:289-299. [PMID: 35430349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein that contains α- and β-chains. CLU exerts multifunctional activities and plays a role in different cell signaling pathways that are associated with various diseases such as proteotoxic and oxidative stress, as well as cell death and survival. However, its role in marine teleost fish remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was carried out to characterize and investigate the immune responses and anti-apoptotic effects of CLU of the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) (HaCLU) on oxidative stress-induced cell death. The HaCLU open reading frame was 1389 bp long and encoded a protein with 462 amino acids, a molecular weight of 51.28 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.41. In-silico results demonstrated that HaCLU has a signal peptide in the 1-29 amino acid region, while the α- and β-chains were in the 34-227 and 228-455 amino acid regions, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment clarified the low homology of the α-chain with other orthologs. The highest HaCLU mRNA expression level was observed in the liver, followed by the heart, spleen, and brain tissues of healthy big-belly seahorses. Further, HaCLU mRNA expression level was elevated in the liver in response to different stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus iniae. HaCLU potentiates cell viability and weakens chromatin condensation in the nucleus of FHM cells following H2O2-induced oxidative stress and subsequent cell death. HaCLU overexpression resulted in a reduced Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio. This study revealed the role of HaCLU in immune regulation against pathogenic infections and its anti-apoptotic effects on oxidative stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M S M Wijerathna
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kishanthini Nadarajapillai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - T D W Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Udayantha HMV, Liyanage DS, Nadarajapillai K, Omeka WKM, Yang H, Jeong T, Lee J. Molecular characterization, immune and xenobiotic responses of glutathione S-transferase omega 1 from the big-belly seahorse: Novel insights into antiviral defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:62-70. [PMID: 33348035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important enzymes involved in phase II detoxification and function by conjugating with the thiol group of glutathione. In this study, we isolated an omega class GST from the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis; HaGSTO1) to study the putative xenobiotic responses and defense ability against viral and bacterial infections in this animal. The isolated HaGSTO1 gene, with a cording sequence of 720 bp, encodes a peptide of 239 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass and theoretical isoelectric point of HaGSTO1 was 27.47 kDa and 8.13, respectively. In-silico analysis of HaGSTO1 revealed a characteristic N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain and a C-terminal domain. Unlike other GSTs, the C-terminal of HaGSTO1 reached up to the N-terminal, and the N-terminal functional group was cysteine rather than tyrosine or serine, as observed in other GSTs. Phylogenetic analysis showed the evolutionary proximity of HaGSTO1 with other identified vertebrate and invertebrate GST orthologs. For the first time, we demonstrated the viral defense capability of HaGSTO1 against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. All six nucleoproteins of VHSV were significantly downregulated in HaGSTO1-overexpressing FHM cells at 24 h after infection compared with those in the control. Moreover, arsenic toxicity was significantly reduced in HaGSTO1-overexpressing FHM cells, and cell viability increased. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that HaGSTO1 transcripts were highly expressed in the pouch and gill when compared with those in other tissues. Blood HaGSTO1 transcripts were significantly upregulated after Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, lipopolysaccharide, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid challenge experiments. Collectively, these findings suggest the involvement of HaGSTO1 in the host defense mechanism of seahorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M V Udayantha
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kishanthini Nadarajapillai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyug Jeong
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Denk D, Verin R, Ressel L, Lewis E, Stidworthy MF. Spontaneous neoplasia in captive syngnathid species: A retrospective case series (2003-2014) and literature review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:929-939. [PMID: 32557754 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons) are charismatic species commonly kept in commercial aquaria, but published literature on syngnathid diseases is limited and immunohistochemical techniques not routinely employed. A retrospective review of 2,541 syngnathid submissions received between March 2003 and October 2016 identified 18 neoplasms including germ cell tumours, exocrine pancreatic and intestinal carcinomas, chromatophoromas, and single cases of lymphoma, thyroid and renal carcinoma, swim bladder and pituitary adenoma. Big-bellied seahorses accounted for 19% of submissions, but 50% of neoplasms were diagnosed in this species. This study includes the first reported cases of germ cell tumours, chromatophoroma, thyroid carcinoma and pituitary adenoma in Syngnathidae and the first reports of neoplasia in pipefish species. Out of nine commercial antibodies trialled for immunohistochemical characterization of neoplastic tissue, only pan-cytokeratin proved cross-reactive. Electron microscopy was performed in four cases. Tumours should be considered as differential diagnosis in cases with buoyancy issues, debilitated or emaciated animals, and may predispose to secondary infections. This study highlights the value of histopathological disease surveillance for commercial aquarium settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Keighley, UK
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Eleanor Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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10
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Brown T, Millar Z, Evans D, Pham PH, LePage V, Lumsden JS. Fusarium solani haplotype 12-b and aortic and branchial arteritis in Hippocampus erectus Perry. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:301-304. [PMID: 31770818 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tori Brown
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zach Millar
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Drake Evans
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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Wang R, Pan X, Xu Y. Altered Intestinal Microbiota Composition Associated with Enteritis in Yellow Seahorses Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852). Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:730-737. [PMID: 31915986 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Enteritis comprises one of the most common diseases affecting the survival of farmed yellow seahorse (Hippocampus kuda), an important economic fish species cultured worldwide. Although there are several studies describing bacteria associated with seahorse, the microbial alternations associated with enteritis in seahorse has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to explore the changes in the intestinal microbiota of seahorse suffering from enteritis. The results showed that the diversity, structure, and function of intestinal microbiota were significantly different between healthy and diseased seahorse. Particularly, significant increase was observed in Brevinema, Mycobacterium, and Vibrio, as well as significant decrease in Psychrobacter, Bacillus, and Shewanella in diseased seahorse (P < 0.05). In addition, PICRUSt predictions revealed that the intestinal microbiota significantly changed the specific metabolic pathways (related to metabolic diseases, replication and repair, transport and catabolism, infectious diseases and immune system) in diseased seahorse (P < 0.05). Altogether, our findings point out the association between changes of the intestinal microbiota and enteritis in seahorse, which provide basic information useful for optimization of breeding regimes and improvements in the health of this endangered species in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Key Lab of Applied Marine Biotechnology of MOE, Ningbo University, No. 818 FengHua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xia Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Key Lab of Applied Marine Biotechnology of MOE, Ningbo University, No. 818 FengHua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Key Lab of Applied Marine Biotechnology of MOE, Ningbo University, No. 818 FengHua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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12
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Omeka WKM, Liyanage DS, Yang H, Lee J. Glutaredoxin 2 from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and its potential involvement in cellular redox homeostasis and host immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:411-421. [PMID: 31586678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are oxidoreductases present in almost all living organisms. They belong to the thioredoxin superfamily and share the thioredoxin structure and catalytic motif. Glutaredoxin 2 has been identified as a mitochondrial protein in vertebrates. In this study, the sequence of Glutaredoxin 2 from Hippocampus abdominalis (HaGrx2) was analyzed by molecular, transcriptional, and functional assays. In-silico analysis revealed that HaGrx2 shows the highest homology with Hippocampus comes, while distinctly cluster with fish Grx2 orthologs. Tissue distribution analysis showed that HaGrx2 is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested, and the highest expression was observed in the brain and skin. Significant HaGrx2 transcript modulation was identified in blood and liver upon injecting bacterial and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns. The redox activity of HaGrx2 was revealed by Dehydroascorbic reduction and insulin disulfide reduction activity assays. Further, the deglutathionylation activity of 1 nM HaGrx2 was found to be equivalent to that of 0.84 nM HaGrx1. HaGrx2 exhibited antiapoptotic activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in FHM cells. Altogether, the results of this study suggest that HaGrx2 plays a role in redox homeostasis and innate immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Stilwell JM, Boylan SM, Howard S, Camus AC. Gas gland adenoma in a lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:171-174. [PMID: 28677159 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Boylan
- Department of Husbandry, South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S Howard
- Department of Husbandry, South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Fogelson SB, Fast MD, Leary J, Camus AC. Pathologic features of mycobacteriosis in naturally infected Syngnathidae and novel transcriptome assembly in association with disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1681-1694. [PMID: 28449243 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Syngnathidae (seahorses, seadragons and pipefish) suffer significant losses from non-tuberculous mycobacteria. However, they produce markedly different lesions in response to the disease compared to other teleost species, notably infrequent granuloma formation. This study evaluated 270 syngnathid fish, from which 92 were diagnosed with mycobacteriosis by histopathology, culture or both. Microscopic lesions variably consisted of random foci of coagulative necrosis in multiple organs, containing high numbers of free bacteria and large aggregates or sheets of macrophages with cytoplasm laden with acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacterial associated granulomas were identified in only six seahorses. Five fish had positive cultures with no observed microscopic changes. RNA-seq of the head kidney was performed to investigate the transcriptome of two infected and six non-infected lined seahorses Hippocampus erectus. Assembled and annotated putative transcripts serve to enrich the database for this species, as well as provide baseline data for understanding the pathogenesis of mycobacteriosis in seahorses. Putative components of the innate immune system (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, NOS, Toll-like receptor 1, MHC Class I, NF-κβ, transforming growth factor beta, MyD88) were identified in the RNA-seq data set. However, a homolog for a key component in the TH1 adaptive immune response, interferon-gamma, was not identified and may underlie the unique pathologic presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Fogelson
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Leary
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Dill J, Sanchez S, McDermott A, Camus A. Disseminated nocardiosis associated with the isolation of Nocardia nova in a longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1235-1239. [PMID: 28084628 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dill
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A McDermott
- Animal Health Department, Georgia Aquarium, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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