1
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Jaramillo D, Busby BP, Bestbier M, Bennett P, Waddington Z. New Zealand rickettsia-like organism and Tenacibaculum maritimum vaccine efficacy study. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13883. [PMID: 37975241 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of Chinook salmon juveniles was vaccinated, with an autogenous bivalent vaccine against New Zealand RLOs (NZ-RLO1) and Tenacibaculum maritimum. A proportion of the cohort was not vaccinated to act as controls. At smoltification, the fish were challenged with NZ-RLO1, NZ-RLO2, or T. maritimum. We found that challenge with T. maritimum by immersion in (7.5 × 105 cfu/mL of water) did not yield any pathology. Challenge with RLOs produced clinical signs that were more or less severe depending on the challenge route, dose or vaccination status. Survival was significantly higher for vaccinated fish within the groups challenged with NZ-RLO1 by intraperitoneal injection with a relative percent survival (RPS) of 48.84%. Survival was not significantly different between vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish for groups challenged with NZ-RLO2 by intraperitoneal injection or by NZ-RLO1 by immersion. Yet, anecdotally the clinical disease presentation (manifesting as haemorrhagic, ulcerative skin lesions) was more severe for the non-vaccinated fish. This study demonstrates that autogenous vaccine against NZ-RLO is protective against severe disease and death by NZ-RLO1 challenge which warrants implementation and further evaluation under field conditions. Yet, this study also highlights the importance of the route of administration and dose when evaluating pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jaramillo
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - B P Busby
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - M Bestbier
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - P Bennett
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Z Waddington
- New Zealand King Salmon Ltd, Picton, New Zealand
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2
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Chetty T, Nowak BF, Walker SP, Symonds JE, Anderson K. Molecular evidence for stress, inflammation and structural changes in non-specific ulcers in skin of farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108739. [PMID: 37061071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin is critical to physical defence against pathogens and there is a need to understand the physiological processes impacting ulcers and their healing. Ulcers have been reported in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand. This study investigated stress, immune and structural gene expression in farmed Chinook salmon skin with and without ulcers from two sites in New Zealand sampled from February (higher temperature, late summer) to May (lower temperature, late autumn). Skin samples taken adjacent to non-specific ulcers in May and control fish in February demonstrated upregulation of heat shock protein 70 relative to control fish in May. Anterior gradient 2 expression was upregulated in fish with ulcers relative to control fish (both February and May), suggesting increased mucous cell activity. Based on the results of this study, fish with non-specific ulcers showed evidence of stress, inflammation, re-epithelisation, and delayed healing near the ulcer site, elucidating the importance of these processes in the pathogenesis of non-specific ulcers in farmed chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaveshini Chetty
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Seumas P Walker
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Kelli Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
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3
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Mabrok M, Algammal AM, Sivaramasamy E, Hetta HF, Atwah B, Alghamdi S, Fawzy A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Rodkhum C. Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068000. [PMID: 36683696 PMCID: PMC9853564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mabrok
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Banan Atwah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aml Fawzy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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4
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Anderson KC, Ghosh B, Chetty T, Walker SP, Symonds JE, Nowak BF. Transcriptomic characterisation of a common skin lesion in farmed chinook salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:28-38. [PMID: 35367374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about host responses of farmed Chinook salmon with skin lesions, despite the lesions being associated with increased water temperatures and elevated mortality rates. To address this shortfall, a transcriptomic approach was used to characterise the molecular landscape of spot lesions, the most commonly reported lesion type in New Zealand Chinook salmon, versus healthy appearing skin in fish with and without spot lesions. Many biological (gene ontology) pathways were enriched in lesion adjacent tissue, relative to control skin tissue, including proteolysis, fin regeneration, calcium ion binding, mitochondrial transport, actin cytoskeleton organisation, epithelium development, and tissue development. In terms of specific transcripts of interest, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor), annexin A1, mucin 2, and calreticulin were upregulated, while cathepsin H, mucin 5AC, and perforin 1 were downregulated in lesion tissue. In some instances, changes in gene expression were consistent between lesion and healthy appearing skin from the same fish relative to lesion free fish, suggesting that host responses weren't limited to the site of the lesion. Goblet cell density in skin histological sections was not different between skin sample types. Collectively, these results provide insights into the physiological changes associated with common spot lesions in farmed Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli C Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Bikramjit Ghosh
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
| | - Thaveshini Chetty
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
| | - Seumas P Walker
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
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5
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von Ammon U, Averink T, Kumanan K, Brosnahan CL, Pochon X, Hutson KS, Symonds JE. An Efficient Tetraplex Surveillance Tool for Salmonid Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:885585. [PMID: 35531301 PMCID: PMC9069008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.885585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish disease surveillance methods can be complicated and time consuming, which limits their value for timely intervention strategies on aquaculture farms. Novel molecular-based assays using droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) can produce immediate results and enable high sample throughput with the ability to multiplex several targets using different fluorescent dyes. A ddPCR tetraplex assay was developed for priority salmon diseases for farmers in New Zealand including New Zealand Rickettsia-like organism 1 (NZ-RLO1), NZ-RLO2, Tenacibaculum maritimum, and Yersinia ruckeri. The limit of detection in singleplex and tetraplex assays was reached for most targets at 10−9 ng/μl with, respectively, NZ-RLO1 = 0.931 and 0.14 copies/μl, NZ-RLO2 = 0.162 and 0.21 copies/μl, T. maritimum = 0.345 and 0.93 copies/μl, while the limit of detection for Y. ruckeri was 10−8 with 1.0 copies/μl and 0.7 copies/μl. While specificity of primers was demonstrated in previous studies, we detected cross-reactivity of T. maritimum with some strains of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and Y. ruckeri with Serratia liquefaciens, respectively. The tetraplex assay was applied as part of a commercial fish disease surveillance program in New Zealand for 1 year to demonstrate the applicability of tetraplex tools for the salmonid aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla von Ammon
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Ulla von Ammon,
| | - Tessa Averink
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Karthiga Kumanan
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Cara L. Brosnahan
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Kate S. Hutson
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane E. Symonds
- Aquaculture & Marine Biosecurity, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
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6
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Meyer A, Faverjon C, Hostens M, Stegeman A, Cameron A. Systematic review of the status of veterinary epidemiological research in two species regarding the FAIR guiding principles. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:270. [PMID: 34380468 PMCID: PMC8355576 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles were proposed in 2016 to set a path towards reusability of research datasets. In this systematic review, we assessed the FAIRness of datasets associated with peer-reviewed articles in veterinary epidemiology research published since 2017, specifically looking at salmonids and dairy cattle. We considered the differences in practices between molecular epidemiology, the branch of epidemiology using genetic sequences of pathogens and hosts to describe disease patterns, and non-molecular epidemiology. Results A total of 152 articles were included in the assessment. Consistent with previous assessments conducted in other disciplines, our results showed that most datasets used in non-molecular epidemiological studies were not available (i.e., neither findable nor accessible). Data availability was much higher for molecular epidemiology papers, in line with a strong repository base available to scientists in this discipline. The available data objects generally scored favourably for Findable, Accessible and Reusable indicators, but Interoperability was more problematic. Conclusions None of the datasets assessed in this study met all the requirements set by the FAIR principles. Interoperability, in particular, requires specific skills in data management which may not yet be broadly available in the epidemiology community. In the discussion, we present recommendations on how veterinary research could move towards greater reusability according to FAIR principles. Overall, although many initiatives to improve data access have been started in the research community, their impact on the availability of datasets underlying published articles remains unclear to date. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02971-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meyer
- Ausvet Europe, 3 rue Camille Jordan, 69001, Lyon, France. .,Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3512 JE, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3512 JE, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3512 JE, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Angus Cameron
- Ausvet Europe, 3 rue Camille Jordan, 69001, Lyon, France
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7
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Zrnčić S, Vendramin N, Boutrup TS, Boye M, Madsen L, Nonneman B, Brnić D, Oraić D. First description and diagnostics of disease caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis in farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus) from Croatia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1033-1042. [PMID: 33754342 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the winter of 2013 and 2016, several Croatian fish farms experienced mortalities in the fry of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Affected fish showed abnormal swimming behaviour and reduced appetite, and death ensued several days after the onset of clinical signs of disease. Necropsy revealed pale liver, empty digestive tract, distended gall bladder, and hyperaemia and congestion of the meninges. Routine bacteriological examination tested negative, and virological examination ruled out nodavirus infection. Histological examination revealed multifocal necrosis and extensive inflammation in the brain with abundant cellular debris in the ventricles. Inflammatory cells displayed intra-cytoplasmic basophilic vacuoles leading to suspicion of Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe targeting Domain Bacterium applied to tissue sections tested positive. The pathogen was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of brain material, and the sequence showed 99% similarity with P. salmonis. This result enabled the design of an oligonucleotide probe specifically targeting P. salmonis. In 2016, P. salmonis was successfully isolated on CHAB from the brain of an affected specimen and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF. This study describes the first outbreak of disease caused by P. salmonis in sea bass in Croatia, while new diagnostic tools will enable further research on its epidemiology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Boye
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lone Madsen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bettina Nonneman
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Nowlan JP, Britney SR, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Application of Quantitative-PCR to Monitor Netpen Sites in British Columbia (Canada) for Tenacibaculum Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040414. [PMID: 33915806 PMCID: PMC8066307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum are frequently detected from fish with tenacibaculosis at aquaculture sites; however, information on the ecology of these bacteria is sparse. Quantitative-PCR assays were used to detect T. maritimum and T. dicentrarchi at commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) netpen sites throughout several tenacibaculosis outbreaks. T. dicentrarchi and T. maritimum were identified in live fish, dead fish, other organisms associated with netpens, water samples and on inanimate substrates, which indicates a ubiquitous distribution around stocked netpen sites. Before an outbreak, T. dicentrarchi was found throughout the environment and from fish, and T. maritimum was infrequently identified. During an outbreak, increases in the bacterial load in were recorded and no differences were recorded after an outbreak supporting the observed recrudescence of mouthrot. More bacteria were recorded in the summer months, with more mortality events and antibiotic treatments, indicating that seasonality may influence tenacibaculosis; however, outbreaks occurred in both seasons. Relationships were identified between fish mortalities and antimicrobial use to water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) (p < 0.05), but with low R2 values (<0.25), other variables are also involved. Furthermore, Tenacibaculum species appear to have a ubiquitous spatial and temporal distribution around stocked netpen sites, and with the potential to induce disease in Atlantic salmon, continued research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
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9
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Johnston H, Symonds J, Walker S, Preece M, Lopez C, Nowak B. Case definitions for skin lesion syndromes in chinook salmon farmed in Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:141-147. [PMID: 33275786 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin lesions are commonly reported in farmed salmonids. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), introduced from California USA, is the only salmonid species commercially farmed in New Zealand, although trout are cultured for release by Fish and Game New Zealand. There are several farming areas in New Zealand, including Marlborough Sounds, Canterbury and Stewart Island. While the industry has not been affected by any of the major production diseases seen internationally, skin lesions have been recorded with an increase in prevalence from 2012 onwards in the Marlborough Sounds and were associated with elevated summer mortalities on farms in 2015. Here we are proposing case definitions for different types of skin lesions for future monitoring and research. Based on our current understanding of the above skin conditions, we developed case definitions for spots, spreading spots, ulcerated spreading spots and Regular Outline Flank Ulcers defining a positive case for three study units, including individual fish, pen/unit and farm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Preece
- New Zealand King Salmon, Picton, New Zealand
| | - Cesar Lopez
- New Zealand King Salmon, Picton, New Zealand
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10
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Howells J, Jaramillo D, Brosnahan CL, Pande A, Lane HS. Intracellular bacteria in New Zealand shellfish are identified as Endozoicomonas species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:27-37. [PMID: 33506813 DOI: 10.3354/dao03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kaimoana (shellfish, seafood) is an important food source and a significant social and cultural component of many New Zealand communities, especially the indigenous Māori. Over the past decade a decline has been detected in shellfish health and an increase in mortality events around New Zealand. Intracellular bacteria termed Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) have been observed in New Zealand bivalve molluscs during shellfish mortality events. Affected bivalves include cockles Austrovenus stutchburyi, ringed dosinia Dosinia anus, green-lipped mussels Perna canaliculus, pipi Paphies australis, toheroa Paphies ventricosa, tuatua Paphies subtriangulata, deepwater tuatua Paphies donacina and scallops Pecten novaezelandiae. RLOs are an informal morphology-based classification of intracellular bacteria, with the exact identification often unknown. Using shellfish collected during mortality events from 2014 to 2019 and apparently healthy samples collected in 2018 and 2019, we aimed to identify RLOs in New Zealand shellfish. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from RLO-infected shellfish showed >95% identity to published Endozoicomonas species. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of the sequenced gene in the gill epithelium and digestive epithelium of all study species. A genus-specific quantitative PCR, targeting the 16S rRNA gene was developed to detect Endozoicomonas spp. in shellfish tissue. Prevalence of Endozoicomonas spp. in samples from mortality events and healthy shellfish analysed by quantitative PCR was high. Samples collected from mortality events, however, had a significantly higher load of Endozoicomonas spp. than the healthy samples. These results give us a greater understanding of these intracellular bacteria and their presence in populations of New Zealand shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Howells
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt, 5140, New Zealand
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11
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Silva TJ, Casal G, Soares EC, Rocha S, Santos EL, Oliveira E, Azevedo C. Ultrastructure of intracytoplasmic Rickettsia-like infection of the gills of the teleost Archosargus probatocephalus (Sparidae) in northeastern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e010020. [PMID: 33027426 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A histopathological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of microparasites in fish Archosargus probatocephalus in a river near Maceió, Brazil. Light microscope observations of fragments of gill showed the presence of small cysts containing numerous myxospores that were morphologically identified as Henneguya. Transmission electron microscopy observations further revealed several gill cells containing groups of prokaryotic cells within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Each infected host cell displayed a single vacuole containing a variable number of Rickettsia-like cells (up to 11), some of which presented the dumbbell shape characteristic of binary fission. The Rickettsia-like cells were pleomorphic, without a nucleus and with chromatin dispersed in the cytoplasm. They had a thin electron-dense wall of Gram-negative type. The morphology of these prokaryotic was similar to those of the order Rickettsiales and was described as a Rickettsia-like organism. Histopathological evaluation showed that several vacuole membranes had a lysed appearance. Some had ruptured, thus allowing direct contact between the Rickettsia-like organism and the cytoplasm of the host cell. The rupturing of the branchial epithelium may have contributed towards reduction of the surface area of the gills, but it is not possible to say that this was the cause of the host's death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis Jesus Silva
- Laboratório de Aquicultura, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Rio Largo, AL, Brasil
| | - Graça Casal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental - CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto - UP, Portugal.,Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Emerson Carlos Soares
- Laboratório de Aquicultura, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Rio Largo, AL, Brasil
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental - CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto - UP, Portugal.,Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICBAS, Universidade do Porto - UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elton Lima Santos
- Laboratório de Aquicultura, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Rio Largo, AL, Brasil
| | - Elsa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICBAS, Universidade do Porto - UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental - CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Porto - UP, Portugal.,Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICBAS, Universidade do Porto - UP, Porto, Portugal
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Jia B, Delphino MKVC, Awosile B, Hewison T, Whittaker P, Morrison D, Kamaitis M, Siah A, Milligan B, Johnson SC, Gardner IA. Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:153-175. [PMID: 31742733 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Marina K V C Delphino
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tim Hewison
- Grieg Seafood BC Ltd., Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Lulijwa R, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Burdass M, Venter L, Young T. In vitro immune response of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:190-198. [PMID: 31491529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cellular functional and targeted immune cytokine responses of farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro to LPS from Escherichia coli (E. coli) serotypes O111: B4 and O55: B5, and a phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Bacterial LPS and PMA significantly (p < 0.05) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in O. tshawytscha PBMCs, and enhanced by interferon (IFN)-inducible cytokine production. Cellular phagocytosis was significantly enhanced with PMA and E. coli serotype O111: B4 LPS after 1 and 2 h respectively. At the molecular level, LPS and PMA significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcripts for IFNγ, TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory IL-10, 24 h post-stimulation. This response is postulated to be mediated via the MyD88 and TRIF pathways in TLR4, or synergistic TLR1 and TLR2 receptors. This is the first report of LPS induced immune related in vitro responses in farmed O. tshawytscha PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Rwebitaba-ZARDI), P. O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Merien
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Burdass
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NMIT), H-Block, 322 Hardy Street, Private Bag 19, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Brosnahan CL, Munday JS, Davie PS, Kennedy L, Preece M, Barnes S, Jones JB, McDonald WL. Pathogenicity of the bacterium New Zealand rickettsia-like organism (NZ-RLO2) in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolt. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:175-187. [PMID: 31120035 DOI: 10.3354/dao03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum have been found to be infected by rickettsia-like organisms (NZ-RLO). While these Gram-negative intra-cellular bacteria are closely related to Piscirickettsia salmonis, a significant pathogen for farmed salmon globally, the pathogenicity of NZ-RLO is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine if one strain, NZ-RLO2, causes disease in Chinook salmon. Post-smolt salmon were inoculated with NZ-RLO2 by intraperitoneal injection at high, medium and low doses and observed for 30 d. All fish in the high and medium dosed groups died by the end of the study and 63% of the low dose group died within 30 d of inoculation. Necropsy revealed the fish inoculated with NZ-RLO2 had internal multifocal haemorrhages. The most consistent histological finding in fish inoculated with NZ-RLO2 was neutrophilic and necrotizing pancreatitis and steatitis with intra-cytoplasmic organisms often visible within areas of inflammation. Other histological lesions included multifocal hepatic necrosis, haematopoietic cell necrosis and splenic and renal lymphoid depletion. The presence of NZ-RLO2 within the inoculated fish was confirmed by replication in cell culture and qPCR. The results suggest NZ-RLO2 can cause disease in Chinook salmon and therefore could be a significant pathogen in farmed Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Brosnahan
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, 5018, New Zealand
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