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Yin H, Wang L, Hur SJ, Liu Y, Cong P, Liu H, Jiang X, Zheng H, Xue C. Cell-Cultured Fish Meat via Scale-Up Expansion of Carassius auratus Skeletal Muscle Cells Using Edible Porous Microcarriers and Quality Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16475-16483. [PMID: 38987705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Emerging technologies for cell-cultured fish meat as an environmentally friendly protein source for humans still have many obstacles, including large-scale production of high-quality cells, differentiation and bioassembly of cellular material, and improvement of the quality of meat products. Here, we used edible porous microcarriers as scaffolds to support scalable skeletal muscle cell expansion to prepare centimeter-scale cell-cultured fish (CCM) of Carassius auratus for the first time. The quality of CCM was assessed by analyzing the texture, nutrition, flavor, and safety. The results indicated that CCM demonstrated a softer texture than natural fish due to a high moisture content. CCM contained higher protein and lower fat contents, with no significant difference in energy from natural golden crucian carp meat (NGM). CCM had better digestible properties, and 17 volatile components were identified in CCM, ten cocontained compared to NGM. ELISA quantified penicillin, streptomycin, vitamin D, and insulin residues as risk factors in CCM. In conclusion, we utilized edible porous microcarriers to scale-up the expansion of Carassius auratus skeletal muscle cells and bioassembled high-quality CCM of Carassius auratus for the first time, which represents a state-of-the-art protocol applicable to different fish species and even to other economic animals and provides a theoretical basis for scaling up cell-cultured meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Peixu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Changhu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
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Shu Y, Wu F, Yang W, Qi W, Li R, Zhang Z. Dietary Effect of Curcumin on Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, and Volatile Compound Profiles of Chicken Meat. Foods 2024; 13:2230. [PMID: 39063312 PMCID: PMC11275610 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the dietary effect of curcumin (CUR) on amino acid, 5'-nucleotides, fatty acid, and volatile compound profiles of chicken meat. A total of 400 healthy 1-day-old broiler male chicks were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) and fed either a basal diet or a diet with the addition of CUR with concentrations of 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg for 43 days. The results show that the addition of CUR in chicken diets is conducive to promoting the deposition of amino acids and increasing the content of 5'-nucleotides in chicken meat, reducing the contents of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and C20:4 n6 but increasing the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and SFA. In addition, the volatile compound profile shows that the main volatile compounds in chicken meat are aldehydes (including hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal), with significant increases in their contents observed among chickens in the CUR-intake group. Moreover, it has been found that (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans-2-decenal, benzaldehyde, and trans-2-octenal in chicken meat can significantly increase its overall aroma, and the addition of CUR with 150 mg/kg had the best effect on improving nutritional quality and flavor of chicken meat. This study provides a basis for the comprehensive utilization of CUR as a feed additive with the potential to substitute antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.S.); (F.W.); (W.Q.); (R.L.)
- Hebei Layer Industry Technology Research Institute, Economic Development Zone, Handan 545000, China
| | - Fengyang Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.S.); (F.W.); (W.Q.); (R.L.)
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Hebei Province, Dongguan Avenue, Baoding 071030, China;
| | - Wenhui Qi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.S.); (F.W.); (W.Q.); (R.L.)
| | - Runyang Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.S.); (F.W.); (W.Q.); (R.L.)
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Lekai South Avenue, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.S.); (F.W.); (W.Q.); (R.L.)
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Li H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Sun D, Piao C, Li T, Wang J, Li H, Mu B, Li G. Evaluation of the flavor profiles of Yanbian-style sauced beef from differently treated raw beef samples. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101505. [PMID: 38883915 PMCID: PMC11178982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the volatile flavor compounds and sensory perceptions of Yanbian-style sauced beef prepared from raw meats subjected to different treatments (hot fresh, chilled, and frozen beef). The results indicated that the treatment of raw beef significantly impacted the quality and flavor of sauced beef. Sauced chilled beef (CRSB) exhibited the highest content of fatty acids and total amino acids. A total of 48 volatile compounds were identified. Moreover, a relative odor activity value analysis identified hexanal, nonanal, heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2,3-octanedione as the characteristic flavor compounds in Yanbian-style sauced beef. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that CRSB was the most palatable and flavorful. Additionally, correlation loading plot analysis indicated strong correlations between sensory evaluation, fatty acids, amino acids, and volatile flavor compounds. These results suggest that chilled beef meat is the best raw material for the production of Yanbian-style sauced beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshu Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Depeng Sun
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Chunxiang Piao
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Baide Mu
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Guanhao Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High-Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Jilin Province, Yanji 133000, China
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Li K, Zhang L, Yi D, Luo Y, Zheng C, Wu Y. Insights into the Volatile Flavor Profiles of Two Types of Beef Tallow via Electronic Nose and Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry Analysis. Foods 2024; 13:1489. [PMID: 38790789 PMCID: PMC11119226 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, an electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were employed to investigate the volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of intense flavor beef tallow (L) and ordinary beef tallow (P). The study results indicate that an E-nose combined with an LDA and GC-IMS combined with an OPLS-DA can effectively distinguish between the two types of beef tallow. Compared with ordinary beef tallow, the E-nose sensors of intense flavor beef tallow have stronger response signals to sulfides, terpenes, and nitrogen oxides. A total of 22 compounds contribute to making the flavor of intense flavor beef tallow more typical and richer; in contrast, ethyl acetate was the main aroma-active compound found in the ordinary beef tallow. Sulfur-containing compounds and terpenoids might be the key substances that cause sensory flavor differences between the two types of beef tallow. In conclusion, the results of this study clarify the characteristics and differences of the two types of beef tallow and provide an enhanced understanding of the differences in the flavors of the two types of beef tallow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
- Institute of Agriculture Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Science, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Liangyao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Danhui Yi
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yunxiao Luo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chao Zheng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yinglong Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; (K.L.); (L.Z.); (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.)
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Wang J, Yang P, Liu J, Yang W, Qiang Y, Jia W, Han D, Zhang C, Purcaro G, Fauconnier ML. Study of the flavor dissipation mechanism of soy-sauce-marinated beef using flavor matrices. Food Chem 2024; 437:137890. [PMID: 37926031 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Soy sauce-based marinade beef (SSMB) is a traditional Chinese cuisine with a unique flavor. However, pre-precooling and air-cooling tunnels are necessary industrial units in the cold chain for flavor dissipation. Sensory-directed flavor analysis was performed to identify the key aroma-active compounds in SSMB that had just completed (100 ℃), pre-cooled in the brine tanks (45 ℃), and exited the air-cooleded tunnel (10 ℃). We identified 110 aroma-active substances, of which 42 were quantified based on their high flavor dilution factors. Recombination and omission tests identified 29 odorants as the main aroma-active molecules. Additionally, the flavor matrix revealed the relationship between the aroma component expression and sensory attributes. Flavor substances derived from spices, such as eugenol, anethole, and linalool, are enriched during the pre-cooling stage. The different meat attributes of the three samples were primarily related to aldehydes generated from lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Weifang Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Jiangsu Chaoyue Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Jiangsu 225400, China
| | - Dong Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Wang Y, Wang X, Huang Y, Liu C, Yue T, Cao W. Identification and biotransformation analysis of volatile markers during the early stage of Salmonella contamination in chicken. Food Chem 2024; 431:137130. [PMID: 37591139 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens in poultry and its products. Its rapid detection based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been widely accepted. However, the variation in the VOCs of Salmonella-contaminated chicken during the early stage (48 h) remains uncertain. Headspace-SPME-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and headspace-gas chromatography-ion migration spectroscopy (HS-GC-IMS) were used to identify VOCs and their variations after the chicken meat was contaminated with Salmonella. Chemometric and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to identify VOC markers and their potential metabolic pathways. A total of 64 volatile compounds were detected using HS-GC-IMS, which showed a better differentiation than HS-SPME-GC-MS (45 volatile compounds) based on principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Fatty acid degradation was the main cause of VOC variation. 2-Propanol, hexadecane, 3-methylbutanol, acetic acid, propyl acetate, acetic acid methyl ester, and 3-butenenitrile were identified as VOC markers in the middle stage of decomposition, and 1-octen-3-ol was recognized as a VOC marker of Salmonella-contaminated chicken during the first 48 h of contamination. This provides a theoretical basis for the study of Salmonella contamination VOC markers in poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Cailing Liu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University (China), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Lee M, Park S, Choi B, Choi W, Lee H, Lee JM, Lee ST, Yoo KH, Han D, Bang G, Hwang H, Koh WG, Lee S, Hong J. Cultured meat with enriched organoleptic properties by regulating cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:77. [PMID: 38167486 PMCID: PMC10762223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on cultured meat has primarily focused on the mass proliferation or differentiation of muscle cells; thus, the food characteristics of cultured meat remain relatively underexplored. As the quality of meat is determined by its organoleptic properties, cultured meat with similar sensory characteristics to animal-derived meat is highly desirable. In this study, we control the organoleptic and nutritional properties of cultured meat by tailoring the 2D differentiation of primary bovine myoblasts and primary bovine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on gelatin/alginate scaffolds with varying stiffness. We assess the effect of muscle and adipose differentiation quality on the sensory properties of cultured meat. Thereafter, we fabricate cultured meat with similar sensory profiles to that of conventional beef by assembling the muscle and adipose constructs composed of highly differentiated cells. We introduce a strategy to produce cultured meat with enriched food characteristics by regulating cell differentiation with scaffold engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milae Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumgyu Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Yoo
- Simple Planet, 805, 34, sangwan 12-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongoh Han
- Simple Planet, 805, 34, sangwan 12-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04790, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoun Hwang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zhu X, Yang C, Song Y, Qiang Y, Han D, Zhang C. Changes provoked by altitudes and cooking methods in physicochemical properties, volatile profile, and sensory characteristics of yak meat. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101019. [PMID: 38144763 PMCID: PMC10739933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to shed light on the effects of altitudes and three cooking methods (boiling, steaming, and roasting) on the physicochemical quality, volatile profile, and sensorial characteristics of yak meat. Composite meat samples were prepared to represent each cooking method and altitude level from the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of nine yaks. The techniques employed were gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose) along with chemometrics analysis to study the changes occurring in yak volatile profile, and TBARS measurement in lipid oxidation during cooking. Among the cooking methods, boiling and steaming exhibited higher protein and fat content while lower volatile compound contents. Additionally, roasted yak meat received the highest sensory scores, along with decreased L*-values, while elevated a*- and b*-values, and tenderness. A total of 138 volatile compounds were detected, and among them, 36 odorants were identified as odor-active compounds in cooked yak meat. It is evidenced that low-altitude yak presented more complex and richer flavor profiles than high-altitude ones. Moreover, yak meat from low- and high-altitude was classified into two groups by an electronic nose (E-nose) owing to distinct flavor characteristics. Overall, roasted yak meat originating from low altitudes tends to be more popular from a sensory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Zhu
- Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 7301070, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 7301070, PR China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dong Han
- Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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9
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Zhang Z, Blank I, Wang B, Cao Y. Changes in odorants and flavor profile of heat‐processed beef flavor during storage. J Food Sci 2022; 87:5208-5224. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
| | - Imre Blank
- Zhejiang Yiming Food Co. LTD Shanghai China
| | - Bei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
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Formation and Analysis of Volatile and Odor Compounds in Meat-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196703. [PMID: 36235239 PMCID: PMC9572956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The volatile composition and odor of meat and meat products is based on the precursors present in the raw meat. These are influenced by various pre-slaughter factors (species, breed, sex, age, feed, muscle type). Furthermore, post-mortem conditions (chiller aging, cooking conditions, curing, fermentation, etc.) determine the development of meat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this review, the main reactions leading to the development of meat VOCs such as the Maillard reaction; Strecker degradation; lipid oxidation; and thiamine, carbohydrate, and nucleotide degradation are described. The important pre-slaughter factors and post-mortem conditions influencing meat VOCs are discussed. Finally, the pros, cons, and future perspectives of the most commonly used sample preparation techniques (solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, dynamic headspace extraction) and analytical methods (gas chromatography mass spectrometry and olfactometry, as well as electronic noses) for the analysis of meat VOCs are discussed, and the continued importance of sensorial analysis is pinpointed.
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11
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Role of Lipids in Food Flavor Generation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27155014. [PMID: 35956962 PMCID: PMC9370143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in food are a source of essential fatty acids and also play a crucial role in flavor and off-flavor development. Lipids contribute to food flavor generation due to their degradation to volatile compounds during food processing, heating/cooking, and storage and/or interactions with other constituents developed from the Maillard reaction and Strecker degradation, among others. The degradation of lipids mainly occurs via autoxidation, photooxidation, and enzymatic oxidation, which produce a myriad of volatile compounds. The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids generates hydroperoxides that then further break down to odor-active volatile secondary lipid oxidation products including aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones. In this contribution, a summary of the most relevant and recent findings on the production of volatile compounds from lipid degradation and Maillard reactions and their interaction has been compiled and discussed. In particular, the effects of processing such as cooking, drying, and fermentation as well as the storage of lipid-based foods on flavor generation are briefly discussed.
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12
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Wei M, Liu X, Xie P, Lei Y, Yu H, Han A, Xie L, Jia H, Lin S, Bai Y, Sun B, Zhang S. Characterization of Volatile Profiles and Correlated Contributing Compounds in Pan-Fried Steaks from Different Chinese Yellow Cattle Breeds through GC-Q-Orbitrap, E-Nose, and Sensory Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113593. [PMID: 35684525 PMCID: PMC9182176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on characterizing the volatile profiles and contributing compounds in pan-fried steaks from different Chinese yellow cattle breeds. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of six Chinese yellow cattle breeds (bohai, jiaxian, yiling, wenshan, xinjiang, and pingliang) were analyzed by GC-Q-Orbitrap spectrometry and electronic nose (E-nose). Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to identify the differences in VOCs profiles among breeds. The relationship between odor-active volatiles and sensory evaluation was analyzed by partial least square regression (PLSR) to identify contributing volatiles in pan-fried steaks of Chinese yellow cattle. The results showed that samples were divided into two groups, and 18 VOCs were selected as potential markers for the differentiation of the two groups by GC-Q-Orbitrap combined multivariate statistical analysis. YL and WS were in one group comprising mainly aliphatic compounds, while the rest were in the other group with more cyclic compounds. Steaks from different breeds were better differentiated by GC-Q-Orbitrap in combination with chemometrics than by E-nose. Six highly predictive compounds were selected, including 3-methyl-butanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine, 2-acetylpyrrole, 2-acetylthiazole, and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline. Sensory recombination difference and preference testing revealed that the addition of highly predictive compounds induced a perceptible difference to panelists. This study provides valuable data to characterize and discriminate the flavor profiles in pan-fried steaks of Chinese yellow cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wei
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China; (A.H.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
| | - Peng Xie
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
| | - Yuanhua Lei
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
| | - Haojie Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
| | - Aiyun Han
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China; (A.H.); (L.X.)
| | - Libin Xie
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China; (A.H.); (L.X.)
| | - Hongliang Jia
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China; (H.J.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaohua Lin
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China; (H.J.); (S.L.)
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Henan Animal Health Supervision, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Baozhong Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
| | - Songshan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (X.L.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Sohail A, Al-Dalali S, Wang J, Xie J, Shakoor A, Asimi S, Shah H, Patil P. Aroma compounds identified in cooked meat: A review. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Zhang Y, Yun Z, Zhu M, Liu Z, Huang Y. Oxidation and flavor changes in smoked bacon cured using bamboo extract concentrate combined with bamboo poles during storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang PR China
| | - Zhoumiao Yun
- College of Life Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang PR China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang PR China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang PR China
| | - Yechuan Huang
- College of Biological Engineering Jingchu University of Technology Jingmen PR China
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15
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Maillard reaction of food-derived peptides as a potential route to generate meat flavor compounds: A review. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110823. [PMID: 34980374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) are promising foods to address the global imbalance between the supply and demand for meat products caused by the increasing environmental pressures and growing human population. Given that the flavor of PBMA plays a crucial role in consumer acceptance, imparting meat-like flavor is of great significance. As a natural approach to generate meat-like flavor, the Maillard reaction involving food-derived peptides could contribute to the required flavor compounds, which has promising applications in PBMA formulations. In this review, the precursors of meat-like flavor are summarized followed by a discussion of the reactions and mechanisms responsible for generation of the flavor compounds. The preparation and analysis techniques for food-derived Maillard reacted peptides (MRPs) as well as their taste and aroma properties are discussed. In addition, the MRPs as meat flavor precursors and their potential application in the formulation of PBMA are also discussed. The present review provides a fundamental scientific information useful for the production and application of MRPs as meat flavor precursors in PBMA.
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16
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Cordeiro MWS, Mouro DMM, Dos Santos ID, Wagner R. Effect of gamma irradiation on the quality characteristics of frozen yacare caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) meat. Meat Sci 2021; 185:108728. [PMID: 34979478 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of gamma irradiation (0, 3 and 5 kGy) on the quality characteristics of yacare caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) meat under typical storage and commercialization conditions (-18 °C for 150 days). The overall quality characteristics (texture profile, TBARS values, water-holding capacity and cooking loss) of the irradiated samples were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) during frozen storage. However, irradiation promoted the formation of volatile compounds from lipid oxidation known to be important markers in meat odor, particularly hexanal, pentanal and 1-hexanol, in samples treated with 5 kGy after 150 days of frozen storage. The results obtained indicate the need for further research to determine the effect of the doses tested on the sensory attributes of yacare caiman meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Willy Silva Cordeiro
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Rodovia MT-235, km 12, 78360-000 Campo Novo do Parecis, MT, Brazil.
| | - Diego Michel Matochi Mouro
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Rodovia MT-235, km 12, 78360-000 Campo Novo do Parecis, MT, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Department of Technology and Food Science, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, 97015-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Department of Technology and Food Science, Avenida Roraima n° 1000, 97015-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Variation in Volatile Flavor Compounds of Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102430. [PMID: 34681481 PMCID: PMC8535560 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) were used to analyze the flavor changes of cooked mutton meatballs during storage by gas chromatography-olfactometrymass spectrometry (GC-O-MS), sensory evaluation and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). With the increase of storage time, the concentrations of various volatile compounds in cooked mutton meatballs decreased to varying degrees at the later stage of storage, indicating that the aroma was gradually weakened, which was consistent with the results of sensory evaluation. At 30 days of storage, the overall aroma profile was more prominent, and at the later stage of storage, the sulfur odor was more prominent. The correlation of PLSR further confirmed the credibility of the results. Compared with the SPME and SAFE extraction methods, SPME extracted more flavor substances, and the SAFE extraction rate was higher, which indicated that the combination of several methods was needed for aroma extraction. An analysis of the dilution results and odor activity value (OAV) showed that the key aroma components during storage were 1-octene-3-ol, linalool, methylallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, 2-pinene, hexanal and butyric acid.
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18
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Al-Dalali S, Li C, Xu B. Evaluation of the effect of marination in different seasoning recipes on the flavor profile of roasted beef meat via chemical and sensory analysis. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13962. [PMID: 34617307 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Marinating is a Chinese meat-processing technique that involves treating meat products in an aged brine containing traditional Chinese spices and other condiments. In this study, beef meats were marinated in different seasoning recipes, including marinade solution of water as control (BS1), marinade solution consisting of water and 2% salt (BS2), marinade solution consisting of water, 2% salt, and 0.5% sugar (BS3), and marinade solution consisting of water, 2% salt, 0.5% sugar, 0.5% soy sauce, and spices (BS4). The effects of different marinade solutions through the tumbling on the flavor profile of roasted beef meat were comprehensively analyzed via chemical and sensory analysis. A total of 82 volatile flavor compounds were identified. Among them, 36 compounds were identified in BS1, 40 compounds in BS2, 46 compounds in BS3, and 64 compounds in BS4. Besides, 4 compounds showed high odor activity values (OAVs) in marinated samples, including decanal, trans-2-decenal, linalool, and nonanal. The metal oxide sensors of E-nose distinguished the differences among the different marinated samples. Marinated beef samples BS2 and BS3 showed a significant increase in the values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In contrast, marinated beef sample BS4 significantly reduced TBARS value to 4.11 µg MDA/kg beef. It can be concluded that using this different seasoning processing enhances the aroma profile and provides a reference for the production of marinated meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Marinating is a Chinese meat-processing technique that involves treating meat products in an aged brine containing traditional Chinese spices and other condiments. Processing beef meat with different marinade solutions could enhance its aroma profile. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of marination in different marinade solutions through the tumbling on the volatile flavor compounds of roasted beef meat using HS-SPME-GC-MS and E-nose. The obtained results from this study could enrich the theoretical knowledge of the flavor chemistry of marinated beef meat and provide a reference for the production of marinated meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Al-Dalali
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Cong Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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19
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Abstract
The evaluation of volatiles in food is an important aspect of food production. It gives knowledge about the quality of foods and their relationship to consumers’ choices. Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, terpenes, pyrazines, and furans are the main chemical groups that are involved in aroma formation. They are products of food processing: thermal treatment, fermentation, storage, etc. Food aroma is a mixture of varied molecules. Because of this, the analysis of aroma composition can be challenging. The four main steps can be distinguished in the evaluation of the volatiles in the food matrix as follows: (1) isolation and concentration; (2) separation; (3) identification; and (4) sensory characterization. The most commonly used techniques to separate a fraction of volatiles from non-volatiles are solid-phase micro-(SPME) and stir bar sorptive extractions (SBSE). However, to study the active components of food aroma by gas chromatography with olfactometry detector (GC-O), solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) is used. The volatiles are mostly separated on GC systems (GC or comprehensive two-dimensional GCxGC) with the support of mass spectrometry (MS, MS/MS, ToF–MS) for chemical compound identification. Besides omics techniques, the promising part could be a study of aroma using electronic nose. Therefore, the main assumptions of volatolomics are here described.
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