1
|
Liu Q, Li J, Zong Q, Duan Z, Liu F, Duan W, Ruan M, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang Q. Interferon-induced polarization of M1 macrophages mediates antiviral activity against the hepatitis B virus via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112219. [PMID: 38733823 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Given its ability to inhibit HBV replication, Interferon alpha (IFN-α) treatment has been confirmed to be effective in managing Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB). However, its underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. METHODS Herein, we investigated the antiviral properties of IFN-α by introducing IFN-α expression plasmids into a well-established HBV Hydrodynamic Injection (HDI) mouse model and examined the impact of IFN-α or hepcidin treatment on macrophages derived from THP-1 cells. The cytokine profiles were analyzed using the cytometry microsphere microarray technology, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the polarization of macrophages. Additionally, the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis were analyzed to better understand the macrophage polarization mechanism. RESULTS As evidenced by the suppression of HBV replication, injection of an IFN-α expression plasmid and supernatants of IFN-α-treated macrophages exerted anti-HBV effects. The IFN-α treatment up-regulated IL-6 in mice with HBV replication, as well as in IFN-α-treated HepG2 cells and macrophages. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3 signaling and hepcidin expression was promoted, inducing iron accumulation via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, which caused the polarization of M1 macrophages. Furthermore, under the effect of IFN-α, IL-6 silencing or blockade downregulated the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and hepcidin, implying that increased hepcidin expression under IFN-α treatment was dependent on the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION The IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is activated by IFN-α which induces hepcidin expression. The resulting iron accumulation then induces the polarization of M1 macrophages via the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, yielding an immune response which exerts antiviral effects against HBV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qiyin Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Futing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wanlu Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengqi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng H, Yang F, Deng K, Wei J, Liu Z, Zheng YC, Xu H. Relationship between iron overload caused by abnormal hepcidin expression and liver disease: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33225. [PMID: 36930080 PMCID: PMC10019217 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential to organisms, the liver plays a vital role in its storage. Under pathological conditions, iron uptake by the intestine or hepatocytes increases, allowing excess iron to accumulate in liver cells. When the expression of hepcidin is abnormal, iron homeostasis in humans cannot be regulated, and resulting in iron overload. Hepcidin also regulates the release of iron from siderophores, thereby regulating the concentration of iron in plasma. Important factors related to hepcidin and systemic iron homeostasis include plasma iron concentration, body iron storage, infection, inflammation, and erythropoietin. This review summarizes the mechanism and regulation of iron overload caused by hepcidin, as well as related liver diseases caused by iron overload and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaige Deng
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Wei
- Department of Emergency, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenting Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chang Zheng
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serna-Duque JA, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Massive gene expansion of hepcidin, a host defense peptide, in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:563-571. [PMID: 35489593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDP) are among the most ancient immune molecules in animals and clearly reflect an ancestral evolutionary history involving pathogen-host interactions. Hepcidins are a very widespread family of HDPs among vertebrates and are especially diverse in teleosts. We have investigated the identification of new hepcidins in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a fish farmed in the Mediterranean. Targeted gene predictions supported with expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from Hidden Markov Models were used to find the hamp genes in the seabream genome. The results revealed a massively clustered hamp duplication on chromosome 17. In fact, the seabream genome contains the largest number of hepcidin copies described in any vertebrate. The evolutionary history of hepcidins in seabream, and vertebrates generally, clearly indicates high adaptation in teleosts and novel subgroups within hepcidin type II. Furthermore, basal hepcidin gene expression analysis indicates specific-tissue expression profiles, while the presence and distribution of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in hamp promoters as well as their transcription profile upon bacterial challenge indicates different immune roles depending on the type of hepcidin and tissue. This massive duplication of HDP genes in a bony fish could point to a far more specific and adaptive innate immune system than assumed in the classic concept of immunity in mammals. Hence, a new world of knowledge regarding hepcidins in fish and vertebrates is being initiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toe QK, Issitt T, Mahomed A, Almaghlougth F, Bahree I, Sturge C, Hu X, Panselinas I, Burke‐Gaffney A, Wort SJ, Quinlan GJ. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells upregulate ACE2 expression in response to iron‐regulatory elements: potential implications for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Pulm Circ 2022; 12:e12068. [PMID: 35514788 PMCID: PMC9063967 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell dysfunction is reported in severe coronavirus disease 2019 disease, however, controversy exists regarding levels of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, a coreceptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, in these cells. We report ACE2 expression and positive regulation by both interleuki‐6, hepcidin, and ferroportin knock‐down in pulmonary artery endothelial cells with potential implications for viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theo Issitt
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London
- University of York
| | - Abdul Mahomed
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | | | - Ishan Bahree
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | | | - Xueqi Hu
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jia J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Chen Z, Chen L, Zhou Q, Lv X, Wang Q. Hepcidin expression levels involve efficacy of pegylated interferon-α treatment in hepatitis B-infected liver. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108641. [PMID: 35217337 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is the master iron regulator hormone produced by the liver. The association of serum hepcidin with pegylated interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection has been studied. However, the role of serum hepcidin level in predicting the effect of pegylated interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is yet to be elucidated. Our study aims to investigate the correlation between hepcidin expression levels and the curative effect of interferon-alpha therapy in patients with CHB. METHODS A total of 47 patients with CHB who accepted pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN- α) treatment were recruited. The serum level of hepcidin was estimated by ELISA. The alternation in the gene expression level of hepcidin was detected by RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence cell staining was performed to detect hepcidin peptide. The induction of antiviral proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. The predictive value of early on-treatment variation in serum hepcidin during treatment progress was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS High levels of early on-treatment serum hepcidin were observed in patients who achieved a decline in HBsAg > 1 log10 IU/mL or HBV DNA > 1 log10 IU/mL. In vitro, an elevation of the hepcidin expression in HepG2.2.15 cells induced by PEG-IFN-α treatment was noted. Furthermore, combined treatment with hepcidin and PEG-IFN-α increased the levels of antiviral proteins. The predictive cut-off value of hepcidin for HBsAg decline > 1 log10 IU/mL was 239 pg/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity were 72.73% and 70.97%, respectively. The predictive cut-off value of hepcidin for the decline in HBV DNA > 1 log10 IU/mL was 190.4 pg/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity were 72.73% and 61.11%, respectively. Early-on treatment changes in the hepcidin level signified the predictive value of the PEG-IFN-α curative effect. CONCLUSIONS A higher early-on treatment hepcidin level indicates a higher possibility of HBsAg and HBV DNA decline in patients with CHB during PEG-IFN-α treatment. A high early-on treatment serum hepcidin level is significant in predicting the PEG-IFN-α therapeutic effect in patients with CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The role of iron homeostasis in remodeling immune function and regulating inflammatory disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1806-1816. [PMID: 36654387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The essential trace element iron regulates a wide range of biological processes in virtually all living organisms. Because both iron deficiency and iron overload can lead to various pathological conditions, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated, and understanding this complex process will help pave the way to developing new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made with respect to elucidating the roles of iron and iron-related genes in the development and maintenance of the immune system. Here, we review the timing and mechanisms by which systemic and cellular iron metabolism are regulated during the inflammatory response and during infectious disease, processes in which both the host and the pathogen compete for iron. We also discuss the evidence and implications that immune cells such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells require sufficient amounts of iron for their proliferation and for mediating their effector functions, in which iron serves as a co-factor in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, mitochondrial respiration, posttranslational regulation, and epigenetic modification. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting ferroptosis, iron homeostasis and/or iron metabolism with respect to conferring protection against pathogen infection, controlling inflammation, and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Type I Interferon Response Dysregulates Host Iron Homeostasis and Enhances Candida glabrata Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:454-466.e8. [PMID: 32075740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-I) fulfil multiple protective functions during pathogenic infections, but they can also cause detrimental effects and enhance immunopathology. Here, we report that IFNs-I promote the dysregulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages during systemic infections with the intracellular pathogen Candida glabrata, leading to fungal survival and persistence. By engaging JAK1, IFNs-I disturb the balance of the transcriptional activator NRF2 and repressor BACH1 to induce downregulation of the key iron exporter Fpn1 in macrophages. This leads to enhanced iron accumulation in the phagolysosome and failure to restrict fungal access to iron pools. As a result, C. glabrata acquires iron via the Sit1/Ftr1 iron transporter system, facilitating fungal intracellular replication and immune evasion. Thus, IFNs-I are central regulators of iron homeostasis, which can impact infection, and restricting iron bioavailability may offer therapeutic strategies to combat invasive fungal infections.
Collapse
|
8
|
Inomata S, Anan A, Yamauchi E, Yamauchi R, Kunimoto H, Takata K, Tanaka T, Yokoyama K, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Irie M, Shakado S, Sohda T, Sakisaka S. Changes in the Serum Hepcidin-to-ferritin Ratio with Erythroferrone after Hepatitis C Virus Eradication Using Direct-acting Antiviral Agents. Intern Med 2019; 58:2915-2922. [PMID: 31243222 PMCID: PMC6859405 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2909-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepcidin is a master iron regulator hormone produced by the liver, but precise mechanism underlying its involvement in iron overload in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. We investigated the serum hepcidin levels against iron overload before and after HCV eradication. Methods We prospectively investigated the iron metabolism characteristics in 24 patients with HCV genotype 1b infection before and after treatment. We also assessed the serum erythroferrone (ERFE) levels to investigate its association with iron metabolism changes. Patients were treated with Ledipasvir 90 mg and Sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily for 12 weeks and observed for 12 more weeks in order to evaluate their sustained virological response. Results Serum hepcidin levels at baseline were in the normal range, although serum ferritin levels were increased. After HCV eradication, both serum ferritin and hepcidin levels were significantly decreased at 24 weeks from baseline (p<0.001, p=0.006, respectively). However, the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were significantly increased (p<0.001). In addition, the serum ERFE levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001). Increases in the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were correlated with decreases in the serum ERFE levels (ρ=-0.422, p=0.039). Conclusion Serum hepcidin levels were relatively low against ferritin levels in HCV infection. However, after HCV eradication, the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were increased. These results indicate the improvement of inadequate hepcidin secretion against iron overload after HCV eradication. Downregulation of ERFE may have affected the improvement of iron metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Meotoiwa Hospital, Japan
| | - Akira Anan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Shiida Clinic, Japan
| | - Eri Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideo Kunimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Makoto Irie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Nishijin Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sohda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Hepcidin is a main regulator of iron metabolism, of which abnormal expression affects intestinal absorption and reticuloendothelial sequestration of iron by interacting with ferroportin. It is also noted that abnormal iron accumulation is one of the key factors to facilitate promotion and progression of cancer including hepatoma. In this study, we firstly revealed that a new alternative HAMP transcript was found in hepatoma-derived cell line HLF, which was identical to the wild-type preprohepcidin sequence except lacking of an internal 60 bases. In addition to HLF, most of hepatoma-derived cell lines have significant copy numbers of variant-type hepcidin mRNA by a copy-based-digital PCR. Furthermore, the copy number of hepcidin mRNA variant was significantly higher in serum exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The quantification of exosomal hepcidin mRNA variant may serve as a potential new biomarker for HCC diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ohtake
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santos-Silva A, Ribeiro S, Reis F, Belo L. Hepcidin in chronic kidney disease anemia. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 110:243-264. [PMID: 30798815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with several complications that worsen with progression of disease; anemia, disturbances in iron metabolism and inflammation are common features. Inflammatory response starts early, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and hepcidin. Hepcidin production is modulated by several factors, as hypoxia/anemia, erythropoietin and erythropoiesis products, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and liver iron levels, which are altered in CKD. Treatment of CKD anemia is based on pharmaceutical intervention, with erythropoietic stimulating agents and/or iron supplementation; however, in spite of the erythropoietic benefits, this therapy, on a regular basis, involves risks, namely iron overload. To overcome these risks, some therapeutic approaches are under study to target CKD anemia. Considering the actual alerts about risk of iron overload in dialysis patients, inhibition of hepcidin, the central key player in iron homeostasis, could be a pivotal strategy in the management of CKD anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Ribeiro
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Belo
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kanamori Y, Murakami M, Sugiyama M, Hashimoto O, Matsui T, Funaba M. Hepcidin and IL-1β. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 110:143-156. [PMID: 30798809 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin expression is determined through transcriptional regulation by systemic iron status. However, acute or chronic inflammation also increases the expression of hepcidin, which is associated with the dysregulation of iron metabolism in pathological conditions. Interleukin (IL)-6 has been suggested to be a principal molecule to confer inflammation-related hepcidin transcription, which is mediated via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-binding site on the hepcidin promoter. Recently, it has been uncovered that another pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β stimulates hepcidin expression through the distinct mechanism underlying IL-6-mediated hepcidin transcription. In addition to IL-6 induction, IL-1β stimulates expression of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)δ, a transcription factor, leading to transcriptional activation of hepcidin via C/EBP-binding site on the hepcidin promoter. Thus, hepcidin transcription is stimulated through multiple elements in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Relationships between increased production of IL-1β and dysregulated iron metabolism have been suggested in various diseases, which may be linked to overproduction of hepcidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kanamori
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthetic Porcine Hepcidin Exhibits Different Roles in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02638-16. [PMID: 28760901 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02638-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, was discovered to integrate diverse signals from iron status and an infection threat and orchestrate a series of host-protective responses. Several studies have investigated the antimicrobial role of hepcidin, but the results have been controversial. Here, we aimed to examine the role of hepcidin in bacterial adherence and invasion in vitro We found that porcine hepcidin could decrease the amount of the extracellular pathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 that adhered to cells because it caused the aggregation of the bacteria. However, addition of hepcidin to macrophages infected with the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium enhanced the intracellular growth of the pathogen through the degradation of ferroportin, an iron export protein, and then the sequestration of intracellular iron. Intracellular iron was unavailable by use of the iron chelator deferiprone (DFO), which reduced intracellular bacterial growth. These results demonstrate that hepcidin exhibits different functions in extracellular and intracellular bacterial infections, which suggests that different defense strategies should be taken to prevent bacterial infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
A selective splicing variant of hepcidin mRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:501-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element for multicellular organisms and nearly all microorganisms. Although iron is abundant in the environment, common forms of iron are minimally soluble and therefore poorly accessible to biological organisms. Microorganisms entering a mammalian host face multiple mechanisms that further restrict their ability to obtain iron and thereby limit their pathogenicity. Iron levels also modulate host defence, as iron content in macrophages regulates their cytokine production. Here, we review recent advances that highlight the role of systemic and cellular iron-regulating mechanisms in protecting hosts from infection, emphasizing aspects that are applicable to human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ganz
- 1] Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California. [2] Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California
| |
Collapse
|