Swallowing Disorders in the Older Population

Prevalence of Dysphonia and Dysphagia Among Adults in the United States in 2012 and 2022

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of dysphonia and dysphagia among adults in the United States between 2012 and 2022.

METHOD

A retrospective and cross-sectional design with national surveys was used. The 2012 and 2022 National Health Interview Surveys were utilized to estimate the number of adults reporting dysphonia and dysphagia in the past 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the survey year (2022 vs. 2012) and the prevalence rate of dysphonia and dysphagia while accounting for demographics and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

The population-estimated mean age was 46.63 years in 2012, which increased to 48.12 years in 2022. In 2012, adults reporting dysphonia and dysphagia were 17.89 million (7.62%) and 9.44 million (4.02%), respectively. In 2022, these estimates increased to 29.92 million adults (11.71%) and 15.10 million adults (5.91%), respectively. Adults in 2022 had significantly higher odds for reporting dysphonia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.602, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] [1.486, 1.726], p < .0001) and dysphagia (OR = 1.461, 95% CI [1.328, 1.606], p < .0001) in the past 12 months compared to adults in 2012.

CONCLUSIONS

The population-estimates indicated that in 2022, dysphonia affected one in 8.5 adults and dysphagia affected one in 17 adults. The increase in prevalence of these disorders should serve as a call-to-action to improve access to care and research for voice and swallowing disorders.

Treatment strategy for older patients with pneumonia independent of the risk of drug resistance in the world's top country for longevity

The number of older people with impaired swallowing function increases with aging population. Aspiration pneumonia is one of the most cases of pneumonia developing among older people. As aspiration pneumonia may develop as a result of age-related deterioration, it is crucial to consider it as an unavoidable event with aging. While pneumonia is diagnosed based on respiratory symptoms and radiological features, the lung involvement of aspiration pneumonia may be undetectable via a frontal chest radiograph in some cases. Bacterial profiles show the predominance of drug-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but isolated bacteria from respiratory samples do not necessarily indicate causative pathogens. Furthermore, there is no evidence regarding treatment superiority using broad-spectrum antibiotics compared with narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Even if isolated pathogens are a causative factor for pneumonia among older patients, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics covering the bacteria may not improve their outcomes. Therefore, we propose a treatment strategy independent of the risk of drug resistance focusing on the discrimination of patients who are unlikely to respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics. An aspiration risk is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with pneumonia, which could also lead to a greater risk of poor long-term outcomes with increased 1-year mortality. Advance care planning is now recognized as a process for communication and medical decision-making across the life course. This approach would be widely recommended for older people with aspiration risk.

Designs of clinical swallowability assessments of solid oral dosage forms in regulatory submissions

The swallowability of solid oral dosage forms (SODFs) is crucial for medication safety and adherence. Both regulatory agencies and sponsors are concerned with bringing swallowable SODFs to patients. However, no best practices are available for assessing swallowability. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of clinical swallowability assessments (CSAs) for SODFs in regulatory submissions to identify current study design practices. CSAs were identified from a "swallowability" keyword search of a Food and Drug Administration database. Notable design trends among the 17 CSAs were not assessing swallowability as a primary endpoint (76 %); enrolling pediatric patients (76 %); administering assessments post-screening (76 %); and utilizing questionnaires (100 %). A design trend with near equal frequency (∼50 %) was single- or multiple-doses of product administration. Study subjects were the primary questionnaire respondents (82 %), usually using a Likert scale (92 %, 12/13). CSAs generally dichotomized the responses for analysis (65 %) without pre-specified threshold values (59 %). Overall, while study designs exhibited trends, methodology variations may impact swallowability measurements affecting the interpretation of results. Thus, developing robust and valid assessment tools for swallowability is imperative to produce clinically relevant data and inform regulatory decision-making. Collaboration between regulatory agencies and sponsors is warranted to create best practices and ensure high quality swallowability data.

Swallowing muscle mass contributes to post-stroke dysphagia in ischemic stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy

BACKGROUND

Neurogenic dysphagia is a frequent complication of stroke and is associated with aspiration pneumonia and poor outcomes. Although ischaemic lesion location and size are major determinants of the presence and severity of post-stroke dysphagia, little is known about the contribution of other acute stroke-unrelated factors. We aimed to analyse the impact of swallowing and non-swallowing muscles measurements on swallowing function after large vessel occlusion stroke.

METHODS

This retrospective study was based on a prospective registry of consecutive ischaemic stroke patients. Patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy between July 2021 and June 2022 and received a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) within 5 days after admission were included. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and imaging data were collected from the registry. The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of selected swallowing muscles (as a surrogate marker for swallowing muscle mass) and of cervical non-swallowing muscles were measured in computed tomography. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated and used as a surrogate marker for whole body muscle mass. FEES parameters, namely, Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS, as a surrogate marker for dysphagia presence and severity), penetration aspiration scale, and the presence of moderate-to-severe pharyngeal residues were collected from the clinical records. Univariate and multivariate ordinal and logistic regression analyses were performed to analyse if total CSA of swallowing muscles and SMI were associated with FEES parameters.

RESULTS

The final study population consisted of 137 patients, 59 were female (43.1%), median age was 74 years (interquartile range 62-83), median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 12 (interquartile range 7-16), 16 patients had a vertebrobasilar occlusion (11.7%), and successful recanalization was achieved in 127 patients (92.7%). Both total CSA of swallowing muscles and SMI were significantly correlated with age (rho = -0.391, P < 0.001 and rho = -0.525, P < 0.001, respectively). Total CSA of the swallowing muscles was independently associated with FOIS (common adjusted odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.16, P = 0.029), and with the presence of moderate-to-severe pharyngeal residues for puree consistencies (adjusted odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval = 0.81-0.99, P = 0.036). We found no independent association of SMI with any of the FEES parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline swallowing muscle mass contributes to the pathophysiology of post-stroke dysphagia. Decreasing swallowing muscle mass is independently associated with increasing severity of early post-stroke dysphagia and with increased likelihood of moderate-to-severe pharyngeal residues.

Dendritic morphology of motor neurons and interneurons within the compact, semicompact, and loose formations of the rat nucleus ambiguus

Introduction

Motor neurons (MNs) within the nucleus ambiguus innervate the skeletal muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus. These muscles are activated during vocalisation and swallowing and must be coordinated with several respiratory and other behaviours. Despite many studies evaluating the projections and orientation of MNs within the nucleus ambiguus, there is no quantitative information regarding the dendritic arbours of MNs residing in the compact, and semicompact/loose formations of the nucleus ambiguus..

Methods

In female and male Fischer 344 rats, we evaluated MN number using Nissl staining, and MN and non-MN dendritic morphology using Golgi-Cox impregnation Brightfield imaging of transverse Nissl sections (15 μm) were taken to stereologically assess the number of nucleus ambiguus MNs within the compact and semicompact/loose formations. Pseudo-confocal imaging of Golgi-impregnated neurons within the nucleus ambiguus (sectioned transversely at 180 μm) was traced in 3D to determine dendritic arbourisation.

Results

We found a greater abundance of MNs within the compact than the semicompact/loose formations. Dendritic lengths, complexity, and convex hull surface areas were greatest in MNs of the semicompact/loose formation, with compact formation MNs being smaller. MNs from both regions were larger than non-MNs reconstructed within the nucleus ambiguus.

Conclusion

Adding HBLS to the diet could be a potentially effective strategy to improve horses' health.

A comprehensive assessment of machine learning algorithms for enhanced characterization and prediction in orodispersible film development

Orodispersible films (ODFs) have emerged as innovative pharmaceutical dosage forms, offering patient-specific treatment through adjustable dosing and the combination of diverse active ingredients. This expanding field generates vast datasets, requiring advanced analytical techniques for deeper understanding of data itself. Machine learning is becoming an important tool in the rapidly changing field of pharmaceutical research, particularly in drug preformulation studies. This work aims to explore into the application of machine learning methods for the analysis of experimental data obtained by ODF characterization in order to obtain an insight into the factors governing ODF performance and use it as guidance in pharmaceutical development. Using a dataset derived from extensive experimental studies, various machine learning algorithms were employed to cluster and predict critical properties of ODFs. Our results demonstrate that machine learning models, including Support vector machine, Random forest and Deep learning, exhibit high accuracy in predicting the mechanical properties of ODFs, such as flexibility and rigidity. The predictive models offered insights into the complex interaction of formulation variables. This research is a pilot study that highlights the potential of machine learning as a transformative approach in the pharmaceutical field, paving the way for more efficient and informed drug development processes.

Reliability and validity of cough peak flow measurements in myasthenia gravis

Decreased cough strength in myasthenia gravis (MG) leads to aspiration and increases the risk of MG crisis. The aim of this study was to clarify the reliability and validity of cough peak flow (CPF) measurements in MG. A total of 26 patients with MG who underwent CPF measurements using the peak flow meter by themselves were included. MG symptoms were evaluated by pulmonary function tests and clinical MG assessment scales before and after immune-treatments. The relationship between CPF and pulmonary function tests and MG comprehensive were assessed. The cut-off value of CPF for aspiration risk was determined and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The intraclass correlation coefficient was more than 0.95 for pre-and post-treatment. Positive correlations were found between CPF and almost all spirometric values as well as between the differences of pre-and post-treatment in CPF and quantitative myasthenia gravis score. The CPF for identifying the aspiration risk was used to calculate the CPF cut-off value of 205 L/min with a sensitivity of 0.77, specificity of 0.90, and AUC of 0.85. The CPF, a convenient measure by patients themselves, has a high reliability in patients with MG, and is a useful biomarker reflecting MG symptoms.

Deglutologist Practices and Perceptions of the Penetration-Aspiration Scale: A Survey Study

Successful dysphagia management requires accurate, succinct diagnosis and characterization of swallowing safety impairments. However, the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) remains the only available tool developed exclusively for assessment of airway protection. To best support efforts to advance the field's understanding of swallowing safety, it is crucial to understand current clinician practice patterns, perceptions, and accuracy regarding the PAS. A 46-item survey was developed and distributed to deglutologists internationally examining: (1) Demographics; (2) Scale Practices; (3) Swallowing Safety Priorities; (4) Scale Perceptions; and (5) Accuracy. The first four sections consisted of questionnaires. In the optional fifth section, respondents were asked to score five videos of swallows collected via videofluoroscopy and previously PAS-scored by two trained raters. In total, 335 responses were analyzed. The majority of respondents self-reported PAS training (84%); 90% of untrained respondents were receptive to training. Respondents reported using the PAS "always" (40%) or "frequently" (29%), and that the PAS carries "a great deal of" weight in assessment (40%). Reported application of the PAS was heterogeneous, with the most common approach being "single worst score per unique presentation" (45%). Most respondents (64%) prioritized a parameter not captured by the PAS. Untrained respondents were significantly more confident with PAS ratings than trained respondents (X2 = 7.47; p = 0.006). Of 1460 PAS ratings provided, 364 of them were accurate (25%) when compared to ratings by trained lab members. Results of this survey reflect ubiquitous use of the PAS, unmet needs for assessment of swallowing safety, low accuracy despite generally high confidence, and heterogenous training that does not correspond to confidence. This emphasizes the need for additional training in clinical application of the PAS as well as development of novel metrics to optimize assessments of swallowing safety.

Acoustic Analysis of Swallowing of an Experimental Meal of Three Food Textures: A Comparative Aging Study

Swallowing disorders in the elderly represent a public health problem, their detections are a medico-economic issue. The acoustic analysis of swallowing has the advantages of being non-invasive with no radiation, compared to videofluoroscopy or fiberoptic swallowing assessments. Acoustic analysis of swallowing has been tested in many studies but only on small food boluses. The aim of this study was to compare the acoustic swallowing parameters of two groups of healthy subjects, before and after 70 years old, during the intake of a series of 3 food textures. A laryngophone was used to record the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. The experimental meal was composed of 100 ml of mashed potatoes, 100 ml of water, and 100 ml of yogurt. Group 1 (50-70 years old) comprised 21 subjects and group 2 (over 70 years old) 23 subjects. Acoustic parameters analyzed were the number of swallows, average duration of swallowing, average duration of inter-swallowing, meal duration, and the average frequency of swallowing per minute. These parameters for groups 1 and 2 were compared. The average duration of inter-swallowing and the meal duration were significantly higher in the older group (p < 0.001), with a mean duration of inter-swallowing that was 2.4 s longer than the younger group. The average swallowing frequency per minute was higher in the younger group (11.3 vs 7.9; p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that acoustic analysis of an experimental meal of three food textures generated usable data on swallowing. In the over 70 age group, there was a decrease in swallowing frequency, indicating a slowdown in food intake. A reduced swallowing frequency could become a criteria to assess presbyphagia.

Swallowing performance of elderly people and sociodemographic, cognitive and language factors

PURPOSE

To analyze the correlation between swallowing, language and cognition performance and describe the sociodemographic data of elderly people without previous neurological disorders.

METHODS

Analytical cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sample for convenience and data collection by telecall. The aspiration screening test (Yale Swallow Protocol) was used to identify and exclude elderly people at risk of aspiration. Then, sociodemographic data were collected, and instruments were applied: activity of daily living (IADLs), risk of dysphagia (EAT-10), cognitive screening (Mini Mental State Examination - MMSE) and language (Montreal-Toulouse Language Battery - MTL-Brazil).

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 32 elderly people from the Federal District, with a mean age of 69.00±7.73 years and schooling of 10.00±5.60 years. The scores on the EAT-10, MMSE and MTL Battery instruments were altered in four, 22 and 26 elderly, respectively, indicating, in this case, risk of dysphagia, suggestion of cognitive alteration and language alteration. Regarding food, of the total sample, 13 seniors (40%) complained of needing modified food, as well as 10 of these also obtained MMSE scores suggestive of cognitive alteration. When comparing the groups with and without complaints and/or risk of dysphagia, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to sociodemographic, cognitive and language variables. Binary logistic regression models also showed no statistically significant results.

CONCLUSION

The present study, when correlating the swallowing, language and cognition findings, did not obtain statistically significant results. It was observed that the elderly with swallowing complaints also showed results suggestive of cognitive and language changes in the tests performed, but there was no statistically significant difference in relation to the elderly without complaints or swallowing changes.

Predictive Factors Associated with Future Decline in Swallowing Function among Japanese Older People Aged ≥ 75 Years

Predictive factors associated with a decline in swallowing function after 2 years were examined in 3409 Japanese older people aged ≥ 75 years who had undergone a dental checkup in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Participants with normal swallowing function in a baseline survey in April 2018 were followed for 2 years. Swallowing function was assessed using a repetitive saliva swallowing test. In our study, 429 participants (13%) who were swallowing less than three times in 30 s based on a repetitive saliva swallowing test after 2 years were diagnosed as those with decline in swallowing function. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed the decline in swallowing function after 2 years was associated with the male gender (odds ratio [ORs]: 0.772; 95% confidence interval [CIs]: 0.615-0.969), age ≥ 81 years (presence; ORs: 1.523; 95% CIs: 1.224-1.895), support/care-need certification (presence; ORs: 1.815; 95% CIs: 1.361-2.394), periodontal pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 4 mm (presence; ORs: 1.469; 95% CIs: 1.163-1.856), difficulty in biting hard food (yes; ORs: 1.439; 95% CIs: 1.145-1.808), choking on tea and water (yes; ORs: 2.543; 95% CIs: 2.025-3.193), and dry mouth (yes; ORs: 1.316; 95% CIs: 1.052-1.646) at baseline. Therefore, the dental checkup items associated with a decline in swallowing function after 2 years were a PPD ≥ 4 mm, difficulty in biting hard food, choking on tea and water, and dry mouth. PPD status and confirming to the self-administered questionnaire about biting, choking, and dry mouth may be useful in predicting future decline in swallowing function.

Advancements and Challenges in Non-Invasive Sensor Technologies for Swallowing Assessment: A Review

Dysphagia is a pervasive health issue that impacts diverse demographic groups worldwide, particularly the elderly, stroke survivors, and those suffering from neurological disorders. This condition poses substantial health risks, including malnutrition, respiratory complications, and increased mortality. Additionally, it exacerbates economic burdens by extending hospital stays and escalating healthcare costs. Given that this disorder is frequently underestimated in vulnerable populations, there is an urgent need for enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Traditional diagnostic tools such as the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) require interpretation by clinical experts and may lead to complications. In contrast, non-invasive sensors offer a more comfortable and convenient approach for assessing swallowing function. This review systematically examines recent advancements in non-invasive swallowing function detection devices, focusing on the validation of the device designs and their implementation in clinical practice. Moreover, this review discusses the swallowing process and the associated biomechanics, providing a theoretical foundation for the technologies discussed. It is hoped that this comprehensive overview will facilitate a paradigm shift in swallowing assessments, steering the development of technologies towards more accessible and accurate diagnostic tools, thereby improving patient care and treatment outcomes.

Taste-Masked Pellets of Warfarin Sodium: Formulation towards the Dose Personalisation

The bitter drug, warfarin, has a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) and is used in paediatrics and geriatrics. The aim of this feasibility study was to formulate the taste-masked warfarin-containing pellets to be applicable for dose personalisation and to improve patient compliance, as well as to investigate the effect of the core type (PharSQ® Spheres M, CELPHERE™ CP-507, and NaCl) on the warfarin release from the Kollicoat® Smartseal taste-masking-coated pellets. The cores were successfully drug-loaded and coated in a fluid-bed coater with a Wurster insert. An increase in particle size and particle size distribution was observed by optical microscopy. In saliva-simulated pH, at the Kollicoat® Smartseal level of 2 mg/cm2, none of the pellets demonstrated drug release, confirming their efficient taste-masking. However, in a stomach-simulated pH, a faster drug release was observed from PharSQ® Spheres M- and CELPHERE™ CP-507-coated pellets in comparison with NaCl cores. Additional experiments allowed us to explain the slower drug release from NaCl-containing pellets because of the salting-out effect. Despite the successful taste masking, the drug release from pellets was relatively slow (not more than 91% per 60 min), allowing for further formulation improvements.

Point Prevalence Survey of Acute Hospital Patients with Difficulty Swallowing Solid Oral Dose Forms

The safe administration of solid oral dose forms in hospital inpatients with swallowing difficulties is challenging. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of difficulties in swallowing solid oral dose forms in acute hospital inpatients. A point prevalence study was completed at three time points. The following data were collected: the prevalence of swallowing difficulties, methods used to modify solid oral dose forms to facilitate administration, the appropriateness of the modification, and patient co-morbidities. The prevalence of acute hospital inpatients with swallowing difficulties was an average of 15.4% with a 95% CI [13.4, 17.6] across the three studies. On average, 9.6% of patients with swallowing difficulties had no enteral feeding tube in situ, with 6.0% of these patients receiving at least one modified medicine. The most common method of solid oral dose form modification was crushing, with an administration error rate of approximately 14.4%. The most common co-morbid condition in these patients was hypertension, with dysphagia appearing on the problem list of two (5.5%) acute hospital inpatients with swallowing difficulties. Inappropriate modifications to solid oral dose forms to facilitate administration can result in patient harm. A proactive approach, such as the use of a screening tool to identify acute hospital inpatients with swallowing difficulties, is required, to mitigate the risk of inappropriate modifications to medicines to overcome swallowing difficulties.

Nutritional and hydration interventions for people with dysphagia

Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties) is particularly common in older people and is associated with various health conditions. Dysphagia affects an individual's ability to eat and drink, and can have a significant effect on their clinical outcomes and quality of life. This article explores ways in which nurses can support people with dysphagia to minimise the effects of the condition and enhance their quality of life. The authors examine the role of commonly used strategies such as dietary texture modification and thickened fluids that aim to optimise nutrition and hydration. However, some of the management options for dysphagia do not have a strong evidence base, so nurses should consider whether any dietary restrictions are proportionate and ensure that their benefits outweigh the risks.

Degree of swallowing impairment in the elderly: clinical and instrumental assessment

OBJECTIVE

To classifying the degree of swallowing impairment in the elderly, comparing clinical and instrumental assessment.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative analysis of clinical and instrumental assessment of 37 elderly, aged 60-82 years, of both genders without neurological, oncological or systemic diseases, participated in this study. All participants were submitted to clinical evaluation and their results compared through fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing considering liquid, pudding and solid food consistencies. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically using the analysis of variance test (two-way ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test (p <  0.05).

RESULTS

In the clinical evaluation there was a higher occurrence of moderate swallowing impairment, followed by functional swallowing, while in fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing the severity of the impairment was greater for moderate and mild degrees. There was no statistical difference between the clinical and instrumental evaluation methods. However, there was a significant interaction between the variables, with a difference for liquid consistency in the instrumental evaluation method.

CONCLUSION

Healthy elderly have different degree of swallowing impairment according to food consistency. The clinical assessment using a scale that considers the physiological changes of the elderly, presented results similar to those found in the instrumental examination.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2

Survival-weighted quality of life profiles in patients treated for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers

Objectives: This study assessed functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in the long term in individuals treated for laryngohypopharyngeal cancer (LHC) by estimating their life expectancy (LE), survival-weighted psychometric scores (SWPSs), and quality-adjusted LE (QALE). Materials and methods: To estimate survival outcomes, we retrospectively reviewed the data of 1576 patients treated for primary LHC between January 2010 and December 2018 and followed them until death or December 2020. We also prospectively collected QoL and functional data between October 2013 and November 2022 from 232 patients by administering the Taiwanese Chinese versions of the QoL Questionnaire Core 30, Head and Neck 35, and EQ-5D-3L. To estimate LE, we employed linear extrapolation of a logit-transformed curve. We calculated QALE and SWPSs by combining the QoL data with the LE results. Results: We estimated the LE of the patients with LHC to be 7.8 years and their loss of LE to be 15.7 years. The estimated QALE was 7.0 QALYs, with a loss of QALE of 16.5 QALYs. Lifetime impairment durations were estimated for cognitive (4.9 years), physical (4.2 years), emotional (3.4 years), social (3.4 years), and role functions (2.7 years). We estimated the durations of problems related to swallowing, speech, and teeth to be 6.2, 5.6, and 4.8 years, respectively. The patients were expected to be dependent on feeding tubes for 1.2 years. Conclusions: Patients with LHC experience significant reductions in both LE and QALE. SWPSs may constitute a valuable tool for obtaining subjective information regarding how LHC affects multifaceted QoL outcomes.

Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model to Predict Postextubation Dysphagia in Elderly Patients After Endotracheal Intubation Under General Anesthesia: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study

At present, the incidence and risk factors for dysphagia after extubation in elderly inpatients are still unclear, and we aimed to develop and validate a risk prediction model that prospectively identifies high-risk patients to reduce the occurrence rate of dysphagia. The 469 patients recruited were randomly divided into modeling and validation groups in a 7:3 ratio. In the modeling group, the postextubation dysphagia (PED) risk factors were analyzed, and a risk prediction model was established. In the validation group, the model was validated and evaluated. The model was constructed based on the risk factors determined by a binary logistic regression analysis. The discrimination ability of the model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The calibration curve and Hosmer‒Lemeshow test were performed to evaluate the model's calibration ability. The clinical utility of the risk prediction model was analyzed by decision curve analysis (DCA). The results showed that the incidence of PED was 15.99%, and age, duration of indwelling gastric tube, difficult endotracheal intubation, atomization after extubation, anesthesia risk level and frailty assessment were identified as important risk factors. The model was validated to have favorable discrimination, calibration ability and clinical utility. It has a certain extension value and clinical applicability, providing a feasible reference for preventing the occurrence of PED.

Risk factors for dysphagia in patients with acute and chronic ischemic stroke: A retrospective cohort study

Background

Dysphagia is a common and clinically significant complication of ischemic stroke. The prevalence and risk factors for dysphagia may vary at different stages following an ischemic stroke.

Methods

This study included patients with acute and chronic ischemic stroke who were treated at the Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from 2019 to 2022. Various demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected, and statistical analyses were performed to investigate their association with dysphagia.

Results

Among the 399 ischemic stroke patients included in the study, 165 (41.4 %) experienced dysphagia, with 72 (38.7 %) in the acute phase and 93 (43.7 %) in the chronic phase. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations (p < 0.05) between dysphagia and factors such as pulmonary infection, aphasia, NIHSS score, ADL score, NLR score, lower extremity Brunnstrom's stages, and sit-to-stand balance. Multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, identified the ADL score as an independent predictor of dysphagia. These findings were consistent across three time-windows: the acute phase, the chronic phase, and 180 days after stroke onset. Additionally, the lymphocyte count and pulmonary infection were identified as potential independent indicators.

Conclusions

This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for dysphagia in ischemic stroke patients at different time-windows. A low ADL score (<40) may serve as a valuable and reliable predictor for poststroke dysphagia in clinical settings.

Oral Health-Related Factors Associated with Dysphagia Risk among Older, Healthy, Community-Dwelling Korean Adults: A Pilot Study

Most previous studies addressing dysphagia examined individuals who already had diseases causing dysphagia and did not pay much attention to oral health conditions as a risk factor. This pilot study investigated 62 healthy adults aged 65 years or older who were living independently in the community, performed basic activities of daily living independently, and had no history of a causative disease of dysphagia to identify the factors associated with dysphagia risk, especially oral health. The Dysphagia Risk Assessment Scale was used to screen the patients for dysphagia. Hyposalivation was diagnosed by evaluating the unstimulated salivary flow rate, and orofacial muscle strength (anterior tongue elevation, buccinator muscle, and lip strength) was quantitatively measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. To analyze the factors associated with dysphagia risk, the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. In the final regression model adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, the oral health-related factors independently associated with dysphagia risk were buccinator muscle strength, hyposalivation, and subjective masticatory discomfort (p < 0.05). Therefore, our findings suggest that weak buccinator muscle strength, hyposalivation, and subjective masticatory discomfort are valuable indicators for the early detection of dysphagia in older, healthy, independent, community-dwelling adults.

Prevalence and risk factors for dysphagia in older adults after thyroid and parathyroid surgery

BACKGROUND

We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for dysphagia in adults 65 years and older before and after thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy.

METHODS

We performed a longitudinal prospective cohort study of older adults undergoing initial thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. We administered the Dysphagia Handicap Index questionnaire preoperatively and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. We compared preoperative and postoperative total and domain-specific scores using paired t tests and identified risk factors for worse postoperative scores using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 175 patients evaluated, the mean age was 71.1 years (range = 65-94), 73.7% were female, 40.6% underwent thyroidectomy, 57% underwent bilateral procedures, and 21.1% had malignant diagnoses. Preoperative swallowing dysfunction was reported by 77.7%, with the prevalence 22.4% greater in frail than robust patients (P = .013). Compared to preoperative scores, 43.4% and 49.1% had worse scores at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Mean functional domain scores increased by 62.3% at 3 months postoperatively (P = .007). Preoperative swallowing dysfunction was associated with a 3.07-fold increased likelihood of worse functional scores at 3 months. Whereas frailty was associated with preoperative dysphagia, there was no association between worse postoperative score and age, sex, race, frailty, body mass index, smoking status, gastroesophageal reflux disease, comorbidity index, malignancy, surgical extent, or type of surgery.

CONCLUSION

Adults 65 years and older commonly report swallowing impairment preoperatively, which is associated with a 3.07-fold increased likelihood of worsened dysphagia after thyroid and parathyroid surgery that may persist up to 6 months postoperatively.

The Cost-Effectiveness of Chin Tuck Against Resistance Compared to Usual Care in Citizens with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia - An Economic Evaluation

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of chin tuck against resistance (CTAR) for citizens suffering from dysphagia compared to the standard municipal treatment in Denmark.

Patients and Methods

A cost-utility analysis, employing a municipal perspective, was conducted using cost data collected alongside clinical data of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of CTAR training for citizens with dysphagia. The composition of the clinical randomized controlled trial, which included citizens with different diagnoses, means that participants had different disease courses. Ninety-two citizens from seven different Danish municipalities were enrolled, of whom 43 received standard care, and 49 received CTAR in addition to standard care. The effect outcome of the economic evaluation was quality-adjusted life years (QALY), estimated using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Individual resource consumption of each citizen was determined based on the use of home care, home nursing care, physio- and occupational therapy, dietitian guidance, and hospital admissions. The incremental costs and QALYs between the intervention group (CTAR in addition to standard care) and standard care group were estimated using regression analysis, and sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the robustness of the results.

Results

The base case analysis showed that the intervention group was dominant compared to the standard care group, with a decrease in incremental costs of £542.38 and an increase in incremental QALYs of 0.0118. All sensitivity analyses demonstrated similar findings as the base case analysis, supporting the robustness of the results.

Conclusion

This study found that the intervention group was the dominant alternative, hence being more effective and cost-saving, compared to the standard care group in a Danish municipality perspective with a three-month time horizon. This study adds to the scarce evidence on the cost-effectiveness of CTAR in a Danish clinical setting, but further studies should focus on estimating long-term cost-effectiveness.

Impact of Poor Oral Health Status on Swallowing Function Improvement in Older Dysphagic Patients

Background This study aimed to explore the relationship between poor oral health status and improvement in swallowing function in older patients with dysphagia across various clinical settings, including acute and post-acute care environments. Methods This retrospective cohort study encompassed patients aged 65 years and older with dysphagia. Oral health status was assessed using the oral health assessment tool (OHAT) or the revised oral assessment guide (ROAG). In this study, an OHAT score of ≥3 or an ROAG score of ≥13 indicated poor oral health status. The primary outcome measured was the change in the food intake level scale (FILS) score, which reflects swallowing function, during the observation period. The association between changes in FILS score and poor oral health status was analyzed using a multivariable linear regression model. Results The study included 361 older patients with dysphagia (mean age 82.7 ± 7.7 years; 47.3% male), of whom 82.5% had poor oral health. A negative association was found between poor oral health status and improvement in FILS score at the endpoint (partial regression coefficient: -0.523, 95% confidence interval: -0.99 to -0.06, P=0.026). Conclusions Our findings underscore the negative impact of poor oral health status on the improvement of swallowing function and emphasize the importance of oral health interventions for older patients. Further study on oral health interventions' effects on improving swallowing function in older patients with dysphagia is warranted.

Comprehensive insights into the multifaceted roles of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel in the digestive system

The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel, a family of calcium transporters comprising six distinct members (TRPV1-6), takes on a paramount role in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in mammalian cells. Notably, TRPV1, among its counterparts, has emerged as the subject of extensive scrutiny, owing to its pervasive presence in diverse cellular, tissue, and organ settings. This ubiquitous distribution underscores its fundamental involvement in the genesis of pain, making it a central focus in pain-related research. However, recent investigations have unveiled that TRPV1's functional significance transcends the realm of pain modulation, extending its influence to encompass a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The ambit of TRPV1's influence encompasses not only pain responses but also embraces the intricate domains of nervous system disorders, cancer metastasis, as well as afflictions pertaining to the skin and heart. Moreover, compelling evidence now demonstrates that TRPV1 also wields substantial sway in the domain of digestive diseases, further highlighting its versatility and far-reaching impact on human health. Therefore, this comprehensive review endeavors to delve into the multifaceted roles played by TRPV1 in the various organs constituting the digestive system.

Impact of low pharyngeal/esophageal pressure associated with sarcopenia on postendoscopic submucosal dissection pneumonia in patients with superficial esophageal cancer

OBJECTIVES

The aging population, including patients with superficial esophageal cancer, encounters critical dysphagia- and postoperative pneumonia-related issues. Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides advantages over other modalities, older patients are at higher risk of postoperative pneumonia. Furthermore, the etiologies of pneumonia are complex and include patient- (such as sarcopenia) and treatment- (including ESD) related factors. Therefore, this study evaluated swallowing function in patients with superficial esophageal cancer and identified post-ESD pneumonia-associated factors.

METHODS

Comprehensive swallowing function and sarcopenia were evaluated in patients pre-ESD and 2 months post-ESD using high-resolution manometry and several swallowing studies by multiple experts. The effects of mucosal resection and sarcopenia on swallowing function changes post-ESD, the relationship between preoperative swallowing function and sarcopenia, and the factors influencing postoperative pneumonia were investigated.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were included in the study. Patients with preoperative sarcopenia had significantly lower pharyngeal/upper esophageal sphincter and tongue pressures than those without sarcopenia. However, ESD did not worsen pharyngeal or upper esophageal pressure. Post-ESD pneumonia incidence tended to be higher in patients with sarcopenia than in those without sarcopenia. The lower upper esophageal sphincter-integrated relaxation pressure (UES-IRP) was a significant factor in pneumonia development. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic curve for UES-IRP in pneumonia yielded an area under the curve of 0.82.

CONCLUSIONS

Sarcopenia is associated with preoperative dysphagia, which increases post-ESD pneumonia risk. Therefore, postoperative pneumonia incidence is expected to increase with an aging population, making preoperative sarcopenia and swallowing function evaluation crucial.

The experience of eating for older nursing home residents with dysphagia: A qualitative descriptive study

BACKGROUND

Understanding the experience of eating for nursing home residents with dysphagia is essential for developing effective and holistic compensatory intervention programmes for older adults with dysphagia. However, there is a lack of studies on the experience of eating for older adults with dysphagia, especially for individuals in Asian cultures.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to understand the experience of eating for older nursing home residents who have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), which is often a problem for this population.

METHODS

This qualitative descriptive study recruited older nursing home residents with dysphagia from facilities in central Taiwan. Residents were recruited by purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual in-depth semistructured face-to-face interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed interview data were analysed with content analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 20 residents participated in the study; the mean age was 78.7 years (standard deviation = 8.54 years); male and female residents were equally represented. The main core theme describing the experience of eating for nursing home residents with dysphagia was irregular coughing, which often occurred spontaneously. Three subthemes described how residents responded: making adjustments to eating and swallowing, receiving assistance from NH staff and fear of eating.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings can serve as an evidence-based reference for clinical care aimed at nursing home residents with dysphagia. Support programmes that provide safe swallowing skills and emotional support for managing dysphagia are recommended.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Nursing home residents with dysphagia should receive interventions focussed on self-supporting care, training in swallowing skills and emotional support.

Adult Patients with Difficulty Swallowing Oral Dosage Forms: A Systematic Review of the Quantitative Literature

The aim of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the available evidence regarding solid oral dosage forms (SODFs), e.g., tablets, and challenges regarding the oral administration of medicine to inpatients in a variety of healthcare settings such as (1) hospitals, (2) nursing homes and (3) long-term stay units (LTSUs). A literature search was undertaken in September 2021 and repeated in June 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and ProQuest. A Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet was devised to collate the following data from each eligible study: study author and year, country, number of participants, title, duration (follow-up period), study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, method and data collection, relevant outcomes, and key findings. A total of 3023 records were identified, with 12 articles being included in the final systematic review. Seven of the twelve studies reported on the prevalence of difficulties swallowing SODFs, which varied from 10-34.2%. Nine of the twelve studies reported the methods used to manipulate SODFs, with the most reported method being tablet crushing. Given the prevalence of swallowing difficulties and the subsequent crushing of medicines in response to this, it is evident that concerns should be raised regarding the potential for a medication administration error to occur.

Dysphagia and aspiration during a Parkinson's hospitalization: a care partner's perspective and recommendations for improving standards of care

People with Parkinson's disease have a significantly increased incidence and risk of aspiration pneumonia when compared to those without. Aspiration pneumonia associated with dysphagia (swallowing issues), which is the leading cause of death among people with Parkinson's disease, accounting for 25% of Parkinson's deaths. There is relatively limited evidence of the most effective strategies to balance the competing needs of each Parkinson's patient as providers aim to prevent, diagnose, and manage dysphagia. Exacerbated, and in part caused, by the intricacies of dysphagia and Parkinson's disease, there is still limited understanding among hospital providers and the Parkinson's community regarding the most appropriate measures to prevent and manage dysphagia in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson's Foundation Hospital Care Recommendations identified the prevention and management of dysphagia as a care standard necessary to eliminate harm and attain higher reliability in care. This article discusses key components of dysphagia management in the hospital, provides a case example to demonstrate the challenges that people with PD and their care partners experience in the hospital related to dysphagia, and offers recommendations on how to better manage dysphagia and involve care partners in PD hospital care.

The size, number, and distribution of nerve endings around and within the human epiglottis, focusing on tracheal intubation maneuvers

The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of nerve endings in the mucosa, submucosa, and cartilage of the epiglottis and the vallecula area and to quantify them. The findings could inform the choice of laryngoscope blades for intubation procedures. Fourteen neck slices from seven unembalmed, cryopreserved human cadavers were analyzed. The slices were stained, and cross and longitudinal sections were obtained from each. The nerve endings and cartilage were identified. The primary metrics recorded were the number, area, and circumference of nerve endings located in the mucosa and submucosa of the pharyngeal and laryngeal sides of the epiglottis, epiglottis cartilage, and epiglottic vallecula zone. The length and thickness of the epiglottis and cartilage were also measured. The elastic cartilage of the epiglottis was primarily continuous; however, it contained several fragments. It was covered with dense collagen fibers and surrounded by adipose cells from the pharyngeal and laryngeal submucosa. Nerve endings were found within the submucosa of pharyngeal and laryngeal epiglottis and epiglottic vallecula. There were significantly more nerve endings on the posterior surface of the epiglottis than on the anterior surface. The epiglottic cartilage was twice the length of the epiglottis. The study demonstrated that the distribution of nerve endings in the epiglottis differed significantly between the posterior and anterior sides; there were considerably more in the former. The findings have implications for tracheal intubation and laryngoscope blade selection and design.

A study on the chemical stability of cholesterol-lowering drugs in concomitant simple suspensions with magnesium oxide

BACKGROUND

Difficulty in taking solid medicines is a common issue particularly for the elderly because of a decline in swallowing function, also known as dysphagia. For patients with such a dysfunction, a simple suspension method, in which solid medicines are disintegrated and suspended using warm water, has been developed and widely used in Japanese clinical settings. However, there is little information on drug stability in the simple co-suspension of multiple formulations especially including acidic or alkaline ones. In this study, the chemical stability of typical cholesterol-lowering drugs was investigated in a simple co-suspension with alkaline magnesium oxide (MgO) which is frequently used as a laxative or antacid in Japan.

METHODS

A cholesterol-lowering drug (one tablet) was soaked with or without MgO in warm water (55°C), and the vessel was left at room temperature for 10 min or 5 h. The suspensions prepared were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation products were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry for the structural elucidation.

RESULTS

In the simple co-suspension with MgO, no significant degradation was observed for atorvastatin or pravastatin, while a significant decrease of the recovery from the co-suspension was observed for rosuvastatin after 5 h. On the other hand, simvastatin and ezetimibe co-suspended with MgO were partially degraded to simvastatin acid and a pyran compound, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A simple co-suspension with MgO is feasible for atorvastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin, although the rosuvastatin tablet should not be left soaking for a long time. Further it is inadvisable to suspend simvastatin or ezetimibe together with MgO because of their partial degradation.

Postoperative pulmonary complications in older patients undergoing elective surgery with a supraglottic airway device or tracheal intubation

The two most commonly used airway management techniques during general anaesthesia are supraglottic airway devices and tracheal tubes. In older patients undergoing elective non-cardiothoracic surgery under general anaesthesia with positive pressure ventilation, we hypothesised that a composite measure of in-hospital postoperative pulmonary complications would be less frequent when a supraglottic airway device was used compared with a tracheal tube. We studied patients aged ≥ 70 years in 17 clinical centres. Patients were allocated randomly to airway management with a supraglottic airway device or a tracheal tube. Between August 2016 and April 2020, 2900 patients were studied, of whom 2751 were included in the primary analysis (1387 with supraglottic airway device and 1364 with a tracheal tube). Pre-operatively, 2431 (88.4%) patients were estimated to have a postoperative pulmonary complication risk index of 1-2. Postoperative pulmonary complications, mostly coughing, occurred in 270 of 1387 patients (19.5%) allocated to a supraglottic airway device and 342 of 1364 patients (25.1%) assigned to a tracheal tube (absolute difference -5.6% (95%CI -8.7 to -2.5), risk ratio 0.78 (95%CI 0.67-0.89); p < 0.001). Among otherwise healthy older patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia with intra-operative positive pressure ventilation of their lungs, there were fewer postoperative pulmonary complications when the airway was managed with a supraglottic airway device compared with a tracheal tube.

Caregiver burden related to feeding process in Alzheimer's disease

Difficulties in the feeding process, such as aversive feeding behaviors and dysphagia, are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can often overload their caregivers. Although dysphagia is already established as a factor contributing to caregiver burden, the impact of aversive behaviors is less studied.

Objectives

Evaluate the relationship between the feeding process in individuals with AD and their caregiver's burden.

Methods

Dyads of individuals with AD and their caregivers were recruited for a cross-sectional study. The Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED) scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), and the Functional Oral Intake scale (FOIS) were performed.

Results

We included 60 AD individuals-caregivers dyads. The median (IQR) age of caregivers was 57 (19-81) years, and the most were females (70%). The individuals with AD had a median MMSE of 12 (6-15), and the disease duration was 4 (2-6) years. The mean (SD) Zarit score was 20.95 (6.51). In the multivariate linear regression, the EdFED score (95% CI 0.368-1.465) and time as a caregiver (95% CI 0.133-1.355) were associated with the caregiver's burden.

Conclusions

Aversive behaviors were associated with the caregiver burden of individuals with AD, even with a short duration of the disease. These findings show the importance of education for caregivers regarding the feeding process, as these measures have great potential to minimize the caregiver's burden.

Recent advances in dosage form design for the elderly: a review

INTRODUCTION

With the increase in the elderly population and the prevalence of multiple medical conditions, medication adherence, and efficacy have become crucial for the effective management of their health. The aging population faces unique challenges that need to be addressed through advancements in drug delivery systems and formulation technologies.

AREAS COVERED

The current review highlights the recent advances in dosage form design for older individuals, with consideration of their specific physiological and cognitive changes. Various dosage forms, such as modified-release tablets/capsules, chewable tablets, and transdermal patches, can be tailored to meet the specific needs of elderly patients. Advancements in drug delivery systems, such as nanotherapeutics, additive manufacturing (three-dimensional printing), and drug-food combinations, improve drug delivery and efficacy and overcome challenges, such as dysphagia and medication adherence.

EXPERT OPINION

Regulatory guidelines and considerations are crucial in ensuring the safe utilization of medications among older adults. Important factors to consider include geriatric-specific guidelines, safety considerations, labeling requirements, clinical trial considerations, and adherence and accessibility considerations.

Gustatory stimulus interventions for older adults with dysphagia: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Gustatory stimulus interventions have been shown to improve swallowing function in older adults with dysphagia. However, the optimal intervention strategies as well as their effects and safety remain unclear.

AIMS

To explore current evidence regarding gustatory stimulus interventions for dysphagia in older adults.

METHODS

Nine electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Sinomed) were searched from their inception to August 2022.

RESULTS

This review identified 263 articles, and 15 met the inclusion criteria. The types of gustatory stimulus interventions included spicy (n = 10), sour (n = 3), and mixed (sour-sweet) stimuli (n = 2), with most studies focusing on spicy stimuli. The most frequently reported spicy stimulus was capsaicin. Further, the most commonly reported intervention frequency was thrice a day before meals for 1-4 weeks. The stimuli concentrations and dosages could not be standardized due to the among-study heterogeneity. These studies reported 16 assessment tools and 42 outcomes, which mainly included videofluoroscopy and swallowing response time respectively. More than half of the included studies reported no adverse effects of gustatory stimulus interventions.

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS

Gustatory stimulus interventions improved swallowing function in older adults with dysphagia. However, assessment tools and outcomes for dysphagia should be standardized in the future, and explore personalized interventions based on different diseases and their stages, to determine the most cost-effective interventions, and to prevent its complications.

Presbyphagia: Dysphagia in the elderly

Dysphagia has been classified as a “geriatric syndrome” and can lead to serious complications that result in a tremendous burden on population health and healthcare resources worldwide. A characteristic age-related change in swallowing is defined as “presbyphagia.” Medical imaging has shown some changes that seriously affect the safety and efficacy of swallowing. However, there is a general lack of awareness of the effects of aging on swallowing function and a belief that these changes are part of normal aging. Our review provides an overview of presbyphagia, which has been a neglected health problem for a long time. Attention and awareness of dysphagia in the elderly population should be strengthened, and targeted intervention measures should be actively implemented.

Dysphagia in older patients admitted to a rehabilitation setting after an acute hospitalization: the role of delirium

INTRODUCTION

Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that affects 8% of the world population. However, data are lacking on its prevalence in a heterogeneous group of older patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of dysphagia at admission and at discharge, and its related factors, in particular delirium, in older patients admitted to a rehabilitation setting.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort study of patients 65 years and older admitted to a rehabilitation ward after an acute hospitalization. The presence of dysphagia at admission was screened with the 3OZ Test and confirmed by a speech-therapist. The association between clinical factors and dysphagia was investigated with a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

We included 1040 patients, (65% females, mean age 81.9 ± 7.2 years). The prevalence of dysphagia at admission was 14.8% and 12.8% at discharge, while the prevalence of delirium among patients with dysphagia was of 31.2% vs 6.4% among patients without dysphagia. The severity of dysphagia was moderate. In the multivariate logistic regression, delirium was associated with dysphagia at admission (OR 2.06; Confidence Interval, CI 1.08-3.23) along with a pre-hospital impairment in the Instrumental-Activities-of-Daily-Living (OR-1.26; CI - 1.1; - 1.10), a change in Barthel Index from pre-hospital to hospital admission (OR-1.02; CI - 1.01 to 1.04), comorbidity (OR 1.12; CI 0.94;1.29) and the number of antibiotics (OR-1.63; CI - 1.01;2.62).

CONCLUSION

Delirium was the main factor associated with dysphagia at rehabilitation admission. The study underlines the importance of screening dysphagia in delirious patients and warrants future studies to determine the changes in dysphagia prevalence according to delirium resolution.

Healthy Human Laryngopharyngeal Sensory Innervation Density Correlates with Age

OBJECTIVE

Somatosensory feedback from upper airway structures is essential for swallowing and airway defense but little is known about the identities and distributions of human upper airway neurons. Furthermore, whether sensory innervation modifies with aging is unknown. In this study, we quantify neuronal and chemosensory cell density in upper airway structures and correlate with age.

METHODS

Participants underwent biopsies from base of tongue, lateral and midline pharyngeal wall, epiglottis, and arytenoids (N = 25 13 female/12 male; 20-80 years, mean 51.4 years without clinical diagnosis of dysphagia or clinical indication for biopsy). Tissue sections were labeled with antibodies for all neurons, myelinated neurons, and chemosensory cells. Densities of lamina propria innervation, epithelial innervation, solitary chemosensory cells, and taste buds were calculated and correlated with age.

RESULTS

Arytenoid had the highest density of innervation and chemosensory cells across all measures compared to other sites. Taste buds were frequently observed in arytenoid and epiglottis. Base of tongue, lateral pharynx, and midline posterior pharynx had minimal innervation and few chemosensory cells. Epithelial innervation was present primarily in close proximity to chemosensory cells and taste buds. Overall innervation and myelinated fibers in the arytenoid lamina propria decline with aging.

CONCLUSION

Findings establish the architecture of healthy adult sensory innervation and demonstrate the varied distribution of laryngopharyngeal innervation, necessary steps toward understanding the sensory basis for swallowing and airway defense. We also document age-related decline in arytenoid innervation density. These findings suggest that sensory afferent denervation of the upper airway may be a contributing factor to presbyphagia.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

NA Laryngoscope, 133:773-784, 2023.

Dysphagia after cervical spine surgery: a review of risk factors and preventative measures

Dysphagia is a regular occurrence after cervical spine surgery, and the development of dysphagia postoperatively is associated with worsened quality of life for patients. Despite the frequency and negative implications of this adverse outcome, there is no clear consensus for defining dysphagia within the spinal literature. Numerous patient-reported outcomes questionnaires are currently used to elucidate the presence and severity of postoperative dysphagia, several of which are not validated instruments. This variability in reporting creates difficulty when trying to determine the prevalence of dysphagia and any potential mitigating factors. In the current review, the authors discuss the causes of postoperative dysphagia after cervical spine surgery, metrics for evaluating postoperative dysphagia, risk factors for the development of this adverse outcome, and strategies for preventing its development. Readers will be able to use this information to improve patient outcomes after cervical spine surgery.

Dehydration and hospital-associated disability in acute hospitalized older adults

PURPOSE

Dehydration is highly prevalent in hospitalized older adults and has been linked to poor outcomes. It is considered a modifiable factor, so early identification and intervention may avoid adverse events and improve quality of life after discharge. Hospital-associated disability (HAD) is known to be a poor prognostic factor and can be categorized into mobility impairment and self-care impairment in setting goals for management. Few studies have directly examined the association between dehydration and HAD and therefore here we examined whether dehydration is a predictor of HAD categorized into mobility and self-care impairment among acute hospitalized older adults.

METHODS

Patients aged 65 years or older who were admitted to the geriatric ward of an acute hospital were recruited for this prospective cohort study. Estimated serum osmolarity > 300 mOsm/kg was defined as current dehydration. HAD was assessed between baseline and discharge and at 3 months after discharge, and was evaluated separately for mobility and self-care impairments.

RESULTS

In total, 192 patients (mean age, 84.7 years; male, 41.1%; dehydration, 31.3%) were analyzed. The occurrence of HAD was significantly higher in the dehydrated group than in the non-dehydrated group (42.4% vs 26.5%) from baseline to 3 months after discharge. In multiple logistic regression analysis, dehydration was significantly associated with HAD in self-care from baseline to 3 months after discharge (odds ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Dehydration could predict the occurrence of HAD in acute hospitalized older adults. A multifaceted approach may be necessary to improve the management of dehydration in these patients.

New horizons in understanding oral health and swallowing function within the context of frailty

Frailty is a complex and multidimensional condition wherein declines in physiologic reserve and function place individuals in a state of heightened vulnerability and decreased resiliency. There has been growing interest in both research and clinical settings to understand how to best define, assess and characterise frailty in older adults. To this end, various models and clinical assessment tools have been used to define and measure frailty. While differences exist among these models and tools, a common unifying theme is a focus on physical function and activity. Notably absent across many available conceptual models and clinical tools are items directly related to oral and swallowing function. This is an important oversight as widespread changes to both oral and swallowing function are evident in older adults. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests many of the functional domains affected in frail older adults, such as nutrition and sarcopenia, have cyclical relationships with impairments in oral (oral hypofunction) and swallowing function (dysphagia) as well. The increasing appreciation for the interrelationships among oral hypofunction, dysphagia and frailty provides an opportunity for refinement of frailty assessment and characterisation in older adults to incorporate metrics specific to oral and swallowing function.

The Safety of Oral Rehydration Solution Jelly for Water and Electrolyte Intake in Patients with Dysphagia

Purpose

Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) are effective in replacing fluids and electrolytes and are widely used. OS-1 Jelly (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Tokushima, Japan) is a jelly drink corresponding to code 2-1 of the 2021 Japanese Dysphagia Diet. Although jelly drinks are less likely to be aspirated than liquids, their physical properties vary depending on the product. Therefore, the severity of dysphagia may affect intake status. This study aimed to investigate the association between the intake status of ORS jelly and swallowing function.

Patients and Methods

Thirty-six patients with dysphagia who required videoendoscopic swallowing evaluation at our university hospital were enrolled. Videoendoscopic swallowing evaluation was performed, and each participant swallowed 5 mL of OS-1 Jelly or thickened water modified to International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) level 2 three times. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the difference in the number of swallows, time until the swallowing reflex, position for inducing the swallowing reflex, presence of pharyngeal residue, penetration, or aspiration between ORS jelly and thickened water.

Results

The time until the swallowing reflex was induced and the position of the swallowing reflex triggered were significantly earlier for ORS jelly (p=0.012, p=0.001). The incidence of pharyngeal residue was significantly lower with ORS jelly (p=0.002). The Penetration-Aspiration Scale score was similar for both samples (p=0.062), and no aspiration was observed in either sample.

Conclusion

Patients with dysphagia who can swallow thickened water modified to IDDSI level 2 can consume ORS jelly. ORS jelly, which requires no thickening and can be easily and safely consumed, is effective for water and electrolyte intake in patients with dysphagia.

The Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids and the Timed Water Swallow Test: Reliability, associations, age and gender effects, and normative data

BACKGROUND

Quantitative measures can increase precision in describing swallowing function, improve interrater and test-retest reliability, and advance clinical decision-making. The Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS) and the Timed Water Swallow Test (TWST) are functional tests for swallowing that provide quantitative results.

AIMS

To explore the relationship between TOMASS and TWST; evaluate test-retest and interrater reliability; explore age and gender effects; and gather normative data.

METHODS & PROCEDURES

Healthy community dwelling participants (n = 298, ≥ 20 years old) were recruited. Of those, 126 were included in the reliability study. Participants completed the TWST and TOMASS.

OUTCOMES & RESULTS

Associations between TWST and TOMASS measures were found using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Age was positively associated with an increase in the number of bites (n = 292, r = 0.15, p = 0.009), masticatory cycles (n = 291, r = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and duration (n = 292, r = 0.32, p < 0.0001) for the TOMASS. For the TWST, age was positively associated with an increase in duration (n = 296, r = 0.23, p < 0.0001), and negatively associated with volume (n = 296, r = -0.205, p < 0.0001), and swallowing capacity (n = 296, r = -0.24, p < 0.0001). Females required more bites, masticatory cycles, swallows and longer time than males in TOMASS. In TWST, females required more swallows, longer time, and had lower volume per swallow and reduced swallowing capacity than males. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed good test-retest reliability and moderate to excellent interrater reliability.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS

This study provides support for the validity of the TOMASS and TWST. Reduced efficiency in one of the tests might indicate a need to evaluate performance in the other. Extended chewing time and increased number of masticatory cycles might be compensatory behaviours for reduced oral processing abilities that are motor, sensory and/or mechanical.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS

The TOMASS and TWST are functional tests of swallowing that provide quantitative results. They are easy to incorporate as part of the clinical evaluation of swallowing due to low cost and quick administration. Age and gender effects were found for the TWST and TOMASS, but they were only tested on relative measures rather than absolute measures. Different types of crackers used for TOMASS led to differences in performance and in normative values. What is already known on the subject Associations between performance during TWST and TOMASS were found: time, number of swallows and time per swallow were correlated, meaning that need for more time and more swallows is reflected in both drinking and chewing. The study provides further support for age and gender effects in TWST and TOMASS, on both relative and also on absolute measures, which were not investigated previously. Longer durations in TOMASS and TWST with an increase in age, are likely to be the result of compensatory behaviours to allow safe swallowing. Normative data for a country-specific cracker are presented (Israel). What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Reduced efficiency in one of the tests might indicate a need to evaluate performance in the other. Establishing country specific norms for commonly available crackers is necessary, since crackers size and ingredients, such as fat content and moisture, influence chewing and swallowing. There is a balancing act between safety and efficiency in older adults' swallowing behaviour. Reducing pace in eating and drinking probably supports safer swallowing.

Videofluoroscopy dysphagia severity scale is predictive of subsequent remote pneumonia in dysphagia patients

Introduction: Dysphagia-associated pneumonia is a critical health issue especially in the elders and stroke patients which carries a poorer prognosis. Therefore, we aim to identify methods with the potentials to predict subsequent pneumonia in dysphagia patients, which will be of great value in the prevention and early management of pneumonia. Methods: One-hundred dysphagia patients were enrolled and measurements including Dysphagia Severity Scale (DSS), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Ohkuma Questionnaire, and Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) were assessed by either videofluoroscopy (VF), videoendoscopy (VE), or the study nurse. The patients were categorized into mild or severe groups based on each screening method. All the patients were assessed for pneumonia at 1, 3, 6, and 20 months after the examinations. Results: VF-DSS (p=0.001) is the only measurement being significantly associated with subsequent pneumonia with sensitivity and specificity of 0.857 and 0.486. The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that significant differences between the mild/severe groups start to emerge 3 months after VF-DSS (p=0.013). Cox regression models used for adjusted hazard ratio of severe VF-DSS in association with subsequent pneumonia of different timepoints after controlling the important covariates showed the following results: 3 months, p=0.026, HR=5.341, 95%CI=1.219-23.405; 6 months, p=0.015, HR=4.557, 95%CI=1.338-15.522; 20 months, p=0.004, HR=4.832, 95%CI=1.670-13.984. Conclusions: Dysphagia severity evaluated by VE-DSS, VE-FOIS, VF-FOIS, Ohkuma Questionnaire, and EAT-10 is not associated with subsequent pneumonia. Only VF-DSS is associated with both short-term and long-term subsequent pneumonia. In patients with dysphagia, VF-DSS is predictive of subsequent pneumonia.

Nutrition, Food and Diet in Health and Longevity: We Eat What We Are

Nutrition generally refers to the macro- and micro-nutrients essential for survival, but we do not simply eat nutrition. Instead, we eat animal- and plant-based foods without always being conscious of its nutritional value. Furthermore, various cultural factors influence and shape our taste, preferences, taboos and practices towards preparing and consuming food as a meal and diet. Biogerontological understanding of ageing has identified food as one of the three foundational pillars of health and survival. Here we address the issues of nutrition, food and diet by analyzing the biological importance of macro- and micro-nutrients including hormetins, discussing the health claims for various types of food, and by reviewing the general principles of healthy dietary patterns, including meal timing, caloric restriction, and intermittent fasting. We also present our views about the need for refining our approaches and strategies for future research on nutrition, food and diet by incorporating the molecular, physiological, cultural and personal aspects of this crucial pillar of health, healthy ageing and longevity.

Comparison Between Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and Nasogastric Feeding in 160 Patients with Swallowing Disturbances: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study

Purpose

We retrospectively compared the complications, blood biochemical indexes and outcomes in patients with swallowing disturbances receiving nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding and percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG).

Methods

Among 160 patients, 72 cases received PEG and 88 cases received NGT. All patients were followed up for two years. We collected their clinical data from the medical records. Indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB), complications, including recurrent aspiration pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, reflux esophagitis, and outcomes (survival or death) were compared between the two groups semi-annually.

Results

SAt both six months and one year after receiving treatment, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in indicators, complications and outcomes, with all P >0.05. It can be seen that, when the patients were followed up for one and a half years18 months, ALB was lower in the NGT group (33.81±0.46) compared with the PEG group (36.14±0.50) (P <0.05). After two years of follow-up, differences between the NGT and PEG group could be seen in a variety of indicators, including BMI (20.08±0.27 vs 21.03±0.25), WBC (9.12±0.56 vs 7.08±0.29), ALB (33.11±0.43 vs 35.75±0.49), creatinine (55.07±1.83 vs 63.21±2.94), and the complications, such as aspiration pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, reflux esophagitis, and electrolyte disorder, in the PEG group were significantly reduced compared to the NGT groupthan that in its counterpart, P <0.05. In the two-year follow-up period, there were 13 and 22 patients died in the PEG group and NGT group, respectively.

Conclusion

Both techniques are safe and effective in the short term. However, on a longer-term basis, PEG is shown to be superior to NGT feeding in improving nutrition and preventing common complications for patients with swallowing disturbances.

Buccal films: A review of therapeutic opportunities, formulations & relevant evaluation approaches

The potential of the mucoadhesive film technology is hard to ignore, owing to perceived superior patient acceptability versus buccal tablets, and significant therapeutic opportunities compared to conventional oral drug delivery systems, especially for those who suffer from dysphagia. In spite of this, current translation from published literature into the commercial marketplace is virtually non-existent, with no authorised mucoadhesive buccal films available in the UK and very few available in the USA. This review seeks to provide an overview of the mucoadhesive buccal film technology and identify key areas upon which to focus scientific efforts to facilitate the wider adoption of this patient-centric dosage form. Several indications and opportunities for development were identified, while discussing the patient-related factors influencing the use of these dosage forms. In addition, an overview of the technologies behind the manufacturing of these films was provided, highlighting manufacturing methods like solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, inkjet printing and three-dimensional printing. Over thirty mucoadhesive polymers were identified as being used in film formulations, with details surrounding their mucoadhesive capabilities as well as their inclusion alongside other key formulation constituents provided. Lastly, the importance of physiologically relevant in vitro evaluation methodologies was emphasised, which seek to improve in vivo correlations, potentially leading to better translation of mucoadhesive buccal films from the literature into the commercial marketplace.

Effects of Food and Liquid Properties on Swallowing Physiology and Function in Adults

Foods and liquids have properties that are often modified as part of clinical dysphagia management to promote safe and efficient swallowing. However, recent studies have questioned whether this practice is supported by the evidence. To address this, a scoping review was conducted to answer the question: "Can properties of food and liquids modify swallowing physiology and function in adults?" Online search in six databases yielded a set of 4235 non-duplicate articles. Using COVIDENCE software, two independent reviewers screened the articles by title and abstract, and 229 full-text articles were selected for full-text review. One-hundred eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and assessment of risk of bias. Three randomized controlled trials and 108 non-randomized studies were analyzed. Large amounts of variability in instrumental assessment, properties of food and liquids, and swallowing measures were found across studies. Sour, sweet, and salty taste, odor, carbonation, capsaicin, viscosity, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness were reported to modify the oral and pharyngeal phase of swallowing in both healthy participants and patients with dysphagia. Main swallow measures modified by properties of food and liquids were penetration/aspiration, oral transit time, lingual pressures, submental muscle contraction, oral and pharyngeal residue, hyoid and laryngeal movement, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter pressures, and total swallow duration. The evidence pooled in this review supports the clinical practice of food texture and liquid consistency modification in the management of dysphagia with the caveat that all clinical endeavors must be undertaken with a clear rationale and patient-specific evidence that modifying food or liquid benefits swallow safety and efficiency while maintaining quality of life.

Relationship between Oral Health Status and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Older People: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this review is to investigate the relationship between oral health status and oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in older people and to collect a list of oral health indicators that can enable carers and health professionals to screen for risk of dysphagia in older people during oral examinations. A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P 2015) guidelines. The analysis methods and inclusion criteria were documented in a protocol published in the Prospective International Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD42020140458. A total of 19 articles published between 2002 and 2020 were retained by the search criteria for the qualitative synthesis. Eighteen studies demonstrated at least one positive association between an oral health component (dental, salivary and/or muscular) and dysphagia. This review highlights that oral health and OD are associated but was not able to determine causality. The lack of scientific evidence could be explained by the observational approach of the majority of the studies and the irrelevant choice of oral health indicators. A relationship may exist between oral health and dysphagia, but this review highlights the lack of valid and standardized oral health indicators that would be needed to assess the impact of oral health on the overall health status of individuals.

Quality of life in stroke patients with dysphagia: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Dysphagia is a common disorder among stroke patients. Dysphagia can lead to consequences that can negatively impact the quality of life (QoL) in stroke patients.

AIM

To investigate the impact of dysphagia on the QoL in stroke patients.

METHODS

Relevant types of literature were searched from PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases from inception to July 2022. Peerreviewed studies that aimed to determine the impact of dysphagia on the QoL in stroke patients were included regardless of the year of publication. The National Institutes of Health tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. In addition, data analysis was conducted using qualitative methodology with narrative synthesis.

RESULTS

A total of 6 studies met the inclusion criteria with a total number of 381 participants. Only one study has good methodological quality while other studies have fair methodological quality. Dysphagia negatively impacts the QoL in stroke patients, especially those with severe dysphagia. However, after treatment, changes were evident through improved QoL and decreased severity of dysphagia. Moreover, the research found that patients with a higher educational level have a better QoL.

CONCLUSION

Dysphagia has a negative impact on the QoL in stroke patients, so dysphagia in stroke patients should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible to avoid poor QoL.

Prevalence and management of dysphagia in nursing home residents in Europe and Israel: the SHELTER Project

Background

Dysphagia is a frequent condition in older nursing home residents (NHRs) which may cause malnutrition and death. Nevertheless, its prevalence is still underestimated and there is still debate about the appropriateness and efficacy of artificial nutrition (AN) in subjects with severe dysphagia. The aim is to assess the prevalence of dysphagia in European and Israeli NHRs, its association with mortality, and the relationship of different nutritional interventions, i.e. texture modified diets and AN—with weight loss and mortality.

Methods

A prospective observational study of 3451 European and Israeli NHRs older than 65 years, participating in the SHELTER study from 2009 to 2011, at baseline and after 12 months. All residents underwent a standardized comprehensive evaluation using the interRAI Long Term Care Facility (LTCF). Cognitive status was assessed using the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS), functional status using Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Hierarchy scale. Trained staff assessed dysphagia at baseline by clinical observation. Data on weight loss were collected for all participants at baseline and after 12 months. Deaths were registered by NH staff.

Results

The prevalence of dysphagia was 30.3%. During the one-year follow-up, the mortality rate in subjects with dysphagia was significantly higher compared with that of non-dysphagic subjects (31.3% vs 17.0%,p = 0,001). The multivariate analysis showed that NHRs with dysphagia had 58.0% higher risk of death within 1 year compared with non-dysphagic subjects (OR 1.58, 95% CI, 1.31–1.91). The majority of NHRs with dysphagia were prescribed texture modified diets (90.6%), while AN was used in less than 10% of subjects. No statistically significant difference was found concerning weight loss and mortality after 12 months following the two different nutritional treatments.

Conclusions

Dysphagia is prevalent among NHRs and it is associated with increased mortality, independent of the nutritional intervention used. Noticeably, after 12 months of nutritional intervention, NHRs treated with AN had similar mortality and weight loss compared to those who were treated with texture modified diets, despite the clinical conditions of patients on AN were more compromised.