Safety classification of herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The use of herbal medicines (HMs) for the treatment of hypertension (HTN) is increasing globally, but research on the potential adverse effects and safety of HMs in HTN patients is limited. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine the global prevalence of HM usage among HTN patients and assess the safety of identified herbs based on current scientific evidence.

Methods

The PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched for cross-sectional studies on the use of HM among HTN patients. Our review includes studies published in English up to the year 2023. After extracting and appraising the data from the studies, a meta-analysis was conducted using the Stata version 16.0 to estimate the pooled prevalence of HM use in patients with HTN (PROSPERO: CRD42023405537). The safety classification of the identified HM was done based on the existing scientific literature.

Results

This study analyzed 37 cross-sectional studies from 21 countries and found that 37.8% of HTN patients used HM to manage their health. The prevalence of HM use varied significantly based on publication year and geographical region. Among the 71 identified herbs, Allium sativum L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Olea europaea L. were the most commonly used. However, four herbs were identified as contraindicated, 50 herbs required caution, and only 11 herbs were considered safe for use.

Conclusion

The study highlights the potential risks of toxicities and adverse effects associated with HM use in the treatment of HTN. Ensuring patient safety involves using safe HMs in appropriate doses and avoiding contraindicated HMs. Future research should focus on identifying commonly used herbs, especially in resource-limited countries with poor HTN management, and additional clinical research is required to assess the toxicity and safety of commonly used HMs.

Effects of natural products on polycystic ovary syndrome: From traditional medicine to modern drug discovery

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 6-10 % of women of reproductive age. PCOS is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke in addition to exhibiting signs of hyperandrogenism and anovulation. However, there is no known cure for PCOS, and medications have only ever been used symptomatically, with a variety of adverse effects. Drugs made from natural plant products may help treat PCOS because several plant extracts have been widely recognized to lessen the symptoms of PCOS. In light of this, 72 current studies on natural products with the potential to control PCOS were examined. By controlling the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and decreasing NF-κB and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), certain plant-derived chemicals might reduce inflammation. Other substances altered the HPO axis, which normalized hormones. Additionally, other plant components increased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels to reduce radiation-induced oxidative stress. The other substances prevented autophagy by impairing beclin 1, autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 - II (LC3- II). The main focus of this comprehensive review is the possibility of plant extracts as natural bio-resources of PCOS treatment by regulating inflammation, hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or autophagy.

Effects of TCM on polycystic ovary syndrome and its cellular endocrine mechanism

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive endocrine disease characterized by menstrual disorders, infertility, and obesity, often accompanied by insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. The pathogenesis of PCOS is relatively complex and has a certain relationship with endocrine disorders. The increase of androgen and luteinizing hormone (LH) is the main cause of a series of symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has obvious advantages and significant curative effects in the treatment of this disease. It can effectively reduce the insulin level of PCOS patients, regulate lipid metabolism, and increase ovulation rate and pregnancy rate and has fewer side effects. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbs and other TCM (such as acupuncture) in the treatment of PCOS and its complications in recent years, as well as the effect and mechanism on cellular endocrine, in order to provide a new clinical idea for the treatment of PCOS.

Advancements in lead therapeutic phytochemicals polycystic ovary syndrome: A review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age and features complex pathological symptoms and mechanisms. Existing medical treatments have, to some extent, alleviated the deterioration of PCOS. However, these strategies only temporarily control symptoms, with a few side effects and no preventive effect. Phytochemicals extracted from medicinal herbs and plants are vital for discovering novel drugs. In recent years, many kinds of research have proven that phytochemicals isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and medicinal plants show significant potential in preventing, alleviating, and treating PCOS. Nevertheless, compared to the abundance of experimental literature and minimal specific-topic reviews related to PCOS, there is a lack of systematic reviews to summarize these advancements in this promising field. Under this background, we systematically document the progress of bioactive phytochemicals from TCM and medicinal plants in treating PCOS, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids. According to the literature, these valuable phytochemicals demonstrated therapeutic effects on PCOS supported by in vivo and in vitro experiments, mainly depending on anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, improvement of hormone disorder and insulin resistance (IR), and alleviation of hyperinsulinemia. Based on the current progress, future research directions should emphasize 1) exploring bioactive phytochemicals that potentially mediate bone metabolism for the treatment of PCOS; 2) improving unsatisfactory bioavailability by using advanced drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and antibody-conjugated drugs, as well as a chemical modification; 3) conducting in-depth research on the pathogenesis of PCOS to potentially impact the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the evolution of PCOS; 4) revealing the pharmacological effects of these bioactive phytochemicals on PCOS at the genetic level; and 5) exploring the hypothetical and unprecedented functions in regulating PCOS by serving as proteolysis-targeting chimeras and molecular glues compared with traditional small molecule drugs. In brief, this review aims to provide detailed mechanisms of these bioactive phytochemicals and hopefully practical and reliable insight into clinical applications concerning PCOS.

Phytofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potent Antifungal Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Fungal plant pathogens cause huge losses in agricultural production by decreasing crop yield and quality. To reduce crop loss from fungal damage, various synthetic fungicides are applied indiscriminately in agricultural practice. The majority of synthetic fungicides are non-biodegradable, and several critical human health risks are associated with them. Green synthesis nanotechnology offers an effectual, cost-effective, ecofriendly, and innocuous method for the synthesis of green nanofungicides, an excellent replacement for synthetic chemical fungicides. Origanum majorana is an aromatic herb with immense pharmacological and medicinal properties. In this context, the present study used the leaves of O. majorana to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesized particles showed an absorption peak at 441 nm with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The spectra obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of O. majorana extract and AgNPs showed a myriad of functional groups corresponding to vital biomolecules that act as capping and reducing agents. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spheroidal, and their size measured between 8 nm and 42 nm, as depicted by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX) showed a silver peak at 3 keV. The phytofabricated silver NPs demonstrated robust inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth of A. alternata f sp. lycopersici (87%), followed by Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (85%), Macrophomina phaseolina (78%), and Colletotrichum musae (75%). The minimum inhibitory concentration value for A. alternata. f sp. lycopersici and Pestalotiopsis mangiferae was 2 μg/mL, while the minimum fungicidal concentrations were 4 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the fabricated AgNPs induced severe damaging and destructive effects to the morphology of hyphae and conidia, as witnessed by scanning electron microscopy studies.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine in fertility and gynaecological disorders in Jordan: a mixed-method descriptive study

Objectives

The aim of the study is to assess the extent of CAM use, with emphasis on herbs, in treating gynecological disorders, and their perceived efficacy and safety.

Methods

This was a mixed-method study of two parts (cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative study) of 338 women suffering from gynecological disorders during the last 3 months. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire of three parts: demographics, medical history and the CAM use patterns. Qualitative part was conducted by a 20-min verbal face-to-face interview.

Key findings

During the last 3 months, 232 (68.64%) of participants had used CAM for various gynaecological conditions, of which, 135 (58.19%) used herbal remedies. Almost half of participants have a good awareness about CAM definition, and they mainly used CAM before or concurrently with traditional medicines.

Conclusions

This study provides an overview of various CAM remedies used to treat gynaecological disorders in the Jordanian society, which would draw attention to the necessity of conducting interventional studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAM in treating gynaecological disorders, either as stand-alone or adjuvant treatment.

An update of polycystic ovary syndrome: causes and therapeutics options

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by menstrual irregularities, chronic anovulation, hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, and acne. At diagnosis, patients can with different manifestations according to the disease phenotype, patient’s age, and lifestyle. However, most patients pursue medical care because of the clinical symptoms of PCOS, such as hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities and infertility. Recent studies have shown that PCOS is associated with 80% of anovulatory infertility; however, the precise mechanism of PCOS-induced anovulation is still undetermined. The treatment strategies of PCOS are symptomatic depending mainly on the desired goals and clinical benefits. Life style intervention is still the first line treatment option for overweight females seeking pregnancy. In addition, there are many pharmacological agents that could be added to induce ovulation such as metformin, and clomiphene citrate. Nowadays, many patients preferred to use some herbal medicine that was proved to have potential therapeutic benefits in many studies in the management of PCOS. The purpose of this review was to discuss PCOS-induced infertility and the available therapeutic options as well as the impact of COVID-19 infection on the success of fertility attempts. To address this purpose, Pubmed, Scopus, EMBASE and Google databases were searched for studies discussing PCOS-induced infertility. The literature search revealed the proper therapeutic plans to treat PCOS-induced infertility, and that treatment should be modified according to patient’s complaints, reproductive desires, and disease phenotypes. In conclusion, the use of specific therapeutic agents and patients’ adherence to lifestyle interventions could help patients recover their reproductive and metabolic health.

Effects of Tea Consumption on Anthropometric Parameters, Metabolic Indexes and Hormone Levels of Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective

Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of tea supplements for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

We conducted searches of the published literature in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP database, and Wanfang Database in 1985 to September 2021. Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained to assess the effects of tea versus placebo in women with PCOS. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were pooled using a random-effects model or risks ratios (RRs) using a random-effects model.

Results

Six RCTs (235 participants) were included in our systematic review. Tea supplements as adjuvant therapy led to greater improvement in body weight (WMD -2.71, 95% CI -4.95 to -0.46, P = 0.02, I2 = 0%), fasting blood glucose (FBG: WMD -0.40, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.20, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%) and fasting insulin (FINS: WMD -3.40, 95% CI -4.76 to -2.03, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%) when compared with placebo. There were no significant differences of body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat rate, total testosterone, free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone or follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) between the two groups. In addition, subgroup analysis suggested that green tea was effective on body weight, FINS, FBG, FT, and FSH, and herbal tea can also reduce FT levels, tea supplements had a significant impact on FBG and FSH in trials with intervention duration ≥ 3 months, and intervention lasting less than 3 months can improve FINS. Tea had significant effect on reducing WHR, FBG and FSH in Asian PCOS patients, but not in Caucasians. And there was no statistically significant effect of tea on weight and FINS in Asians, but it was effective for Caucasian participants. Compared with placebo, tea supplements did not cause significant adverse reactions (RR 1.45, 95% CI 0.30 to 6.90, P = 0.65, I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that consumption of tea supplementation in women with PCOS could significantly decrease the levels of FBG and FINS as well as reduce body weight. Especially green tea, not only has the above effects, but also has a significant effect on improving a variety of reproductive hormone indexes. Furthermore, tea supplementation is a relatively safe therapy for PCOS patients.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=212755, identifier CRD42021249196.

Origanum majorana L.: A Nutritional Supplement With Immunomodulatory Effects

Origanum majorana L. is an aromatic herb that has been grown in several Mediterranean countries since ancient times, but became popular during the Middle Ages as a medicinal plant and seasoning ingredient. O. majorana has many pharmacological effects, but its immunoreactive components and mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, four compounds were isolated and identified from O. majorana by a spectral analysis, including ¹H and ¹³C-NMR. They were 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (1), (+)-laricresol (2), (+)-isolaricresol (3), and procumboside B (4, pB), which were isolated for the first time in O. majorana. The immunomodulatory effects of the four compounds were screened, and pB had good immunomodulatory activity on RAW 264.7 cells. The immunomodulatory mechanism of pB was proved, in which pB could increase the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and simultaneously upregulate the expression of CD80 and CD86 on the cell surface. These results suggested that the mechanism of pB may be related to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-signaling pathways. O. majorana is rich in nutrients and is commonly used in diets, so it can be used as a nutritional supplement with immunomodulatory effects.

The effect of Origanum majorana tea on motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled pilot study

AIMS

The effect of Origanum majorana tea consumption on motor and non-motor symptoms was investigated in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, measured by validated tools.

METHODS

Sixty patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and under conventional medication were enrolled voluntarily in the study. All participants were randomized on double-blind to placebo or Origanum majorana. Clinical assessment with validated tools (UPDRSIII, NMSS, and BDI) was done before Origanum majorana or placebo consumption (Day 0) and at the end of the experiment (Day 30).

RESULTS

The treatment groups were similar at baseline on demographic and clinical variables. During the course of study, nine participants withdrew for reasons of noncompliance and inability to follow-up. Fifty-one participants completed the study. Upon completion of 30 days of treatment, Origanum majorana tea consumption did not decrease the UPDRSIII score ([UPDRSIII^] D0 = 18.76 ± 8.58, D30 = 16.52 ± 7.96, p = 0.069) at the p value was 0.07. However, a statistically significant improvement was noted in NMSS and BDI scores (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Assessment of the UPDRSIII, NMSS and BDI scores of the patients did not reflect any improvement with placebo. No side effect was detected during the study^. CONCLUSION: These findings show improvement of depressive and non-motor signs in patients with Parkinson's disease in the group that consumed Origanum majorana tea in combination with conventional therapy. Improvement of motor signs may need an extended treatment period. However, more research with a large number of participants and lasting longer than 1 month is needed to argue these findings.

Nutrition Strategy and Life Style in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Narrative Review

Here we present an extensive narrative review of the broadly understood modifications to the lifestyles of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The PubMed database was analyzed, combining PCOS entries with causes, diseases, diet supplementation, lifestyle, physical activity, and use of herbs. The metabolic pathways leading to disturbances in lipid, carbohydrate, and hormonal metabolism in targeted patients are described. The article refers to sleep disorders, changes in mental health parameters, and causes of oxidative stress and inflammation. These conditions consistently lead to the occurrence of severe diseases in patients suffering from diabetes, the fatty degeneration of internal organs, infertility, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, dysbiosis, and cancer. The modification of lifestyles, diet patterns and proper selection of nutrients, pharmacological and natural supplementation in the form of herbs, and physical activity have been proposed. The progress and consequences of PCOS are largely modifiable and depend on the patient’s approach, although we have to take into account also the genetic determinants.

Chinese herbal medicine for subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by both metabolic and reproductive disorders, and affects 5% to 15% of women of reproductive age. Different western medicines have been proposed for PCOS-related subfertility, such as oral contraceptives, insulin sensitisers and laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD). Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have also been used for subfertility caused by PCOS for decades, and are expected to become an alternative treatment for subfertile women with PCOS.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and six other databases, from inception to 2 June 2020. In addition, we searched three trials registries, the reference lists of included trials and contacted experts in the field to locate trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CHM versus placebo, no treatment or conventional (western) therapies for the treatment of subfertile women with PCOS.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently screened trials for inclusion, assessed the risk of bias in included studies and extracted data. We contacted primary study authors for additional information. We conducted meta-analyses. We used the odds ratios (ORs) to report dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methods.

MAIN RESULTS

We included eight RCTs with 609 participants. The comparisons in the included trials were as follows: CHM versus clomiphene, CHM plus clomiphene versus clomiphene (with or without ethinyloestradiol cyproterone acetate (EE/CPA)), CHM plus follicle aspiration plus ovulation induction versus follicle aspiration plus ovulation induction alone, and CHM plus laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) versus LOD alone. The overall certainty of the evidence for most comparisons was very low. None of the included studies reported the primary outcome, live birth rate. Most studies reported the secondary outcomes, and only one study reported data on adverse events. In trials that compared CHM to clomiphene (with or without LOD in both study arms), we are uncertain of the effect of CHM on pregnancy rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63 to 3.19; I² = 28%; 3 studies, 140 participants; very low certainty evidence). Results suggest that if the chance of pregnancy following clomiphene is assumed to be 21.5%, the chance following CHM would vary between 14.7% and 46.7%. No study reported data on adverse events. When CHM plus clomiphene was compared to clomiphene (with or without EE/CPA), there was low certainty evidence of a higher pregnancy rate in the CHM plus clomiphene group (OR 3.06, 95% CI 2.05 to 4.55; I² = 10%; 6 studies, 470 participants; low certainty evidence). Results suggest that if the chance of pregnancy following clomiphene is assumed to be 31.5%, the chance following CHM plus clomiphene would vary between 48.5% and 67.7%. No data were reported on adverse events. In trials that compared CHM plus follicle aspiration and ovulation induction to follicle aspiration and ovulation induction alone, we are uncertain of the effect of CHM on pregnancy rates (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.46 to 5.68; 1 study, 44 women; very low certainty evidence). Results suggest that if the chance of pregnancy following follicle aspiration and ovulation induction is assumed to be 29.2%, the chance following CHM with follicle aspiration and ovulation induction would vary between 15.9% and 70%. Reported adverse events included severe luteinised unruptured follicle syndrome (LUFS) (Peto OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.06 to 6.14; 1 study, 44 women; very low certainty evidence), ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (Peto OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.00 to 8.19; 1 study, 44 women; very low certainty evidence) or multiple pregnancy (Peto OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.06 to 6.14; 1 study, 44 women; very low certainty evidence). These results suggest that if the chances of LUFS, OHSS, and multiple pregnancy following follicle aspiration and ovulation induction are assumed to be 8.3%, 4.2%, and 8.3% respectively, the chances following CHM with follicle aspiration and ovulation induction would be 0.5% to 35.8%, 0% to 26.3% and 0.5% to 35.8% respectively.  In trials that compared CHM plus LOD to LOD alone, we are uncertain if CHM improves pregnancy rates (OR 3.50, 95% CI 0.72 to 17.09; 1 study, 30 women; very low certainty evidence). Results suggest that if the chance of pregnancy following LOD is assumed to be 40%, the chance following CHM with LOD would vary between 32.4% and 91.9%. No data were reported on adverse events. We are uncertain of the results in the comparison groups for all outcomes. The certainty of the evidence for all other comparisons and outcomes was very low. The main limitations in the evidence were failure to report live birth or adverse events, failure to describe study methods in adequate detail and imprecision due to very low event rates and wide CIs.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of CHM for subfertile women with PCOS. No data are available on live birth. We are uncertain of the effect of CHM on pregnancy rates for there is no consistent evidence to indicate that CHM influences fertility outcomes. However, we find that the addition of CHM to clomiphene may improve pregnancy rates, but there is very limited, low certainty evidence for this outcome. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence on adverse effects to indicate whether CHM is safe. In the future, well-designed, carefully conducted RCTs are needed, with a particular focus on the live birth rate and other safety indexes.

The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Associated Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a touchy clinical and public health problem worldwide, which adversely affects women's health and health-related comorbidities for lifetime, and represents a tremendous burden for both the family of the patient and for society. According to the diagnostic criteria used and the population studied, the prevalence rate of PCOS is between 6% and 21%. However, current conventional modern medicines for PCOS are only moderately effective at controlling the signs and symptoms, while they are not thoroughly able to prevent complications. Therefore, many patients have turned to complementary and alternative medical (CAM) treatments. CAM use is wide spread among patients with PCOS, and more than 70% of patients use CAM at one point during their diseases. The patients' primary motivations include dissatisfaction with available medications, perceive higher risk of drug side effects and crushing health burden and economic costs, desire for symptom relief, pursuit of shortening the course of disease, and the belief that CAM therapy is in accordance with the patients' values and beliefs. At present, several CAM methods have been used in women with PCOS, which has achieved obvious effects. However, biologically plausible mechanisms of the action of traditional Chinese medicine- (TCM-) associated CAM for PCOS have not been systematically reviewed. This review briefly summarizes the current progress of the impact of herbal medicine on the outcomes of PCOS and introduces the mechanisms.

Exploring Phytotherapeutic Alternatives for Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus

At present, the pathologic spectrum of obesity-insulin resistance (IR)-diabetes mellitus (DM) represents not only a pressing matter in public health but also a paramount object of study in biomedical research, as they constitute major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Phytotherapy, the use of medicinal herbs (MH) with treatment purposes, offers a wide array of opportunities for innovation in the management of these disorders; mainly as pharmacological research on small molecules accumulates. Several MH has displayed varied mechanisms of action relevant to the pathogenesis of obesity, IR and DM, including immunological and endocrine modulation, reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), regulation of appetite, thermogenesis and energy homeostasis, sensitisation to insulin function and potentiation of insulin release, among many others. However, the clinical correlates of these molecular phenomena remain relatively uncertain, with only a handful of MH boasting convincing clinical evidence in this regard. This review comprises an exploration of currently available preclinical and clinical research on the role of MH in the management of obesity, IR, and DM.

The Role of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Hirsutism

Probiotics and synbiotics are known to have beneficial effects on human health and disease. Hirsutism, a disorder that is characterised by the presence of coarse terminal hairs in a male-like pattern, is usually caused by elevated androgen levels in blood plasma. This disorder is usually observed in PCOS women and it is linked to insulin resistance (IR). Although idiopathic hirsutism (IH) is not shown to have excess androgen production from the ovarian and adrenal glands, increased 5α-reductase in peripheral tissues and insulin resistance are common observations. The effect of probiotics and synbiotics have been recently studied on PCOS women; androgens were also included in the hormonal groups that were investigated. Only a few studies focus on hirsutism and the potential effect of the beneficial microbes mentioned, whereas the increasing interest on insulin resistance and synbiotics indicate a potential beneficial effect on hirsutism through the management of insulin resistance.

The ameliorative effects of marjoram in dehydroepiandrosterone induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats

AIMS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread chronic reproductive disorder that is associated with metabolic disturbances. Traditionally, the marjoram plant is well-known to restore hormonal balance and regulate the menstrual cycle. We aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of marjoram extract on hormonal profiles, body and ovaries weight, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a rat model of PCOS.

MAIN METHODS

A 75 postpubertal (42 days old) female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (control, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced-PCOS model, marjoram-treated PCOS rats, metformin-treated PCOS rats and the combination of marjoram+metfomin treated PCOS model). PCOS induction was performed by subcutaneous injection of DHEA 60 mg/kg daily for 24 days. Ovaries weight, adiponectin, hormonal levels, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarker levels were measured at the end of the treatment period using ELISA assay.

KEY FINDINGS

The current study showed that marjoram significantly decreased ovaries' weight and the estradiol levels (P-value<0.05) compared to the DHEA group. Interestingly, marjoram improved insulin sensitivity as manifested by a significant increase in the adiponectin serum levels (P-value<0.05). Marjoram alone or in combination with metformin prominently decreased the IL-6 level and improved the levels of ovarian SOD and GPx enzymes (P-value<0.05). Additionally, the group treated with the combination of marjoram and metformin remarkably decreased the level of TBARS (P-value<0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

The present study established the beneficial effects of marjoram administration on DHEA-induced PCOS in female Wistar rats. The mechanistic effect includes improvement in the hormonal levels, ovaries weight, insulin sensitivity, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory parameters.

Phytochemical constituents, biological activities, and health-promoting effects of the genus Origanum

Origanum species are mostly distributed around the Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, and Iran-Siberian regions. Since time immemorial, the genus has popularly been used in Southern Europe, as well as on the American continent as a spice now known all over the world under the name "oregano" or "pizza-spice." Origanum plants are also employed to prepare bitter tinctures, wines, vermouths, beer, and kvass. The major components of Origanum essential oil are various terpenes, phenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids with predominant occurrence of carvacrol and thymol (with reasonable amounts of p-cymen and -terpinene) or of terpinene-4-ol, linalool, and sabinene hydrate. Many species of Origanum genus are used to treat kidney, digestive, nervous, and respiratory disorders, spasms, sore throat, diabetes, lean menstruation, hypertension, cold, insomnia, toothache, headache, epilepsy, urinary tract infections, etc. Origanum essential oil showed potent bioactivities owing to its major constituents' carvacrol, thymol, and monoterpenes. Several preclinical studies evidenced its pharmacological potential as antiproliferative or anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, renoprotective, antiinflammatory, vasoprotective, cardioprotective, antinociceptive, insecticidal, and hepatoprotective properties. Its nanotechnological applications as a promising pharmaceutical in order to enhance the solubility, physicochemical stability, and the accumulation rate of its essential oils have been investigated. However, Origanum has been reported causing angioedema, perioral dermatitis, allergic reaction, inhibition of platelet aggregation, hypoglycemia, and abortion. Conclusive evidences are still required for its clinical applications against human medical conditions. Toxicity analyses and risk assessment will aid to its safe and efficacious application. In addition, elaborate structure-activity studies are needed to explore the potential use of Origanum-derived phytochemicals as promising drug candidates.

A comprehensive review of clinical studies with herbal medicine on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent medical condition characterized by both metabolic and reproductive disorders. Different pharmaceutical treatments have been proposed for PCOS. However, side effects of long-term treatments and their probable low efficacy have made complementary and alternative treatments a valuable option. Recent reports have indicated the increased use of complementary treatments. Herbal medicine, as part of complementary medicine, was find introduced in traditional Persian and Chinese medicine. Medicinal herbs have used for a long time in the treatment of gynecological and infertility problems of PCOS patients. In this study, we aimed to review herbal medicines used for PCOS worldwide.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched for clinical trials and Randomized Controlled Trials based on related keywords. Data were collected from 1990 to 2019.

RESULTS

According to a multitude of studies, a wide spectrum of herbs can be used to improve various aspects of PCOS. Herbs such as Cinnamomum verum, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., and Vitex agnus-castus can impact on menstrual and ovulatory dysfunctions, obesity, insulin resistance, lipid-metabolism dysfunction, and androgen excess-related conditions.

CONCLUSION

Some plants as natural remedies may have beneficial effects on improving different aspects of PCOS; but further studies are needed to investigate their mechanisms and safety.

Therapeutic Mechanisms of Herbal Medicines Against Insulin Resistance: A Review

Insulin resistance is a condition in which insulin sensitivity is reduced and the insulin signaling pathway is impaired. Although often expressed as an increase in insulin concentration, the disease is characterized by a decrease in insulin action. This increased workload of the pancreas and the consequent decompensation are not only the main mechanisms for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also exacerbate the damage of metabolic diseases, including obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and others. Many clinical trials have suggested the potential role of herbs in the treatment of insulin resistance, although most of the clinical trials included in this review have certain flaws and bias risks in their methodological design, including the generation of randomization, the concealment of allocation, blinding, and inadequate reporting of sample size estimates. These studies involve not only the single-flavored herbs, but also herbal formulas, extracts, and active ingredients. Numerous of in vitro and in vivo studies have pointed out that the role of herbal medicine in improving insulin resistance is related to interventions in various aspects of the insulin signaling pathway. The targets involved in these studies include insulin receptor substrate, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, glucose transporter, AMP-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Improved insulin sensitivity upon treatment with herbal medicine provides considerable prospects for treating insulin resistance. This article reviews studies of the target mechanisms of herbal treatments for insulin resistance.

Herbal Medicine for Oligomenorrhea and Amenorrhea: A Systematic Review of Ancient and Conventional Medicine

Introduction

Menstrual bleeding cessation is one of the most frequent gynecologic disorders among women in reproductive age. The treatment is based on hormone therapy. Due to the increasing request for alternative medicine remedies in the field of women's diseases, in present study, it was tried to overview medicinal plants used to treat oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea according to the pharmaceutical textbooks of traditional Persian medicine (TPM) and review the evidence in the conventional medicine.

Methods

This systematic review was designed and performed in 2017 in order to gather information regarding herbal medications of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in TPM and conventional medicine. This study had several steps as searching Iranian traditional medicine literature and extracting the emmenagogue plants, classifying the plants, searching the electronic databases, and finding evidences. To search traditional Persian medicine references, Noor digital library was used, which includes several ancient traditional medical references. The classification of plants was done based on the repetition and potency of the plants in the ancient literatures. The required data was gathered using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and web of knowledge.

Results

In present study of all 198 emmenagogue medicinal plants found in TPM, 87 cases were specified to be more effective in treating oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. In second part of present study, where a search of conventional medicine was performed, 12 studies were found, which had 8 plants investigated: Vitex agnus-castus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Foeniculum vulgare, Cinnamomum verum, Paeonia lactiflora, Sesamum indicum, Mentha longifolia, and Urtica dioica. Conclusion. Traditional Persian medicine has proposed many different medicinal plants for treatment of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Although just few plants have been proven to be effective for treatment of menstrual irregularities, the results and the classification in present study can be used as an outline for future studies and treatment.

Actein ameliorates hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in high fat diet-induced NAFLD by regulation of insulin and leptin resistant

Insulin and leptin resistance are highly involved in metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Presently, no approved treatment is available. Actein is isolated from the rthizomes of Cimicifuga foetida, a triterpene glycoside, exhibiting important biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant activity. However, its effects on metabolic syndrome are poorly understood. The aims of the study were mainly to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating insulin and leptin resistance, and lipogenic action of actein in high fat diet-fed mice. Our data indicated that actein-treated mice displayed lower body weight, epididymal and subcutaneous fat mass, as well as serum lipid levels. Also, improved insulin and leptin resistance were observed in actein-treated groups. Liver inflammation and fibrosis triggered by high fat diet were decreased for actein administration. Moreover, hepatic lipid accumulation was also reduced by actein along with reductions of hepatic de novo lipogenesis-linked signals in actein-treated rodents with high fat diet. High fat diet-induced activation of insulin receptor substrate 1/Forkhead box protein O1 (IRS1/FOXO1), Janus kinase 2 gene/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK2/STAT3) and Protein Kinase B/Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (AKT/GSK3β) pathways in liver was inhibited by actein, a potential mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptindemia and dyslipidemia were attenuated. Thus, the findings above might be of nutritional and therapeutic importance for the treatment of NAFLD.

Beneficial effects of Heqi san on rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome through the PI3K/AKT pathway

BACKGROUND

Heqi San, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been reported to regulate hormone levels in patients with metabolic disease, suggesting a potential clinical application. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of Heqi San on rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHOD

PCOS model was established in female SD rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control, untreated PCOS model, Heqi San treated PCOS model (8.1 g/kg) and metformin (MET) treated PCOS model (135 mg/kg) groups. All animals were subcutaneously injected with 6 mg/100 g dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the neck once a day for 20 consecutive days. The serum hormone levels were measured by ELISA. The ovarian tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to undergo pathological examination. The expression levels of GLTU4 and PTEN mRNA were examined by real time PCR. The crucial proteins in the PI3K/APT pathway were analyzed by western blotting. Then, the functions of the target genes were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches.

RESULTS

We found that Heqi San was able to recover the serum hormone levels and improve insulin resistance in PCOS rat model. A morphological lesion of the ovary was also restored with the Heqi San treatment. More importantly, we discovered a correlation between the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the beneficial effects of Heqi San, demonstrating that its application could alter the expression levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, IRS-1, PTEN and GLTU4, all key factors in the PI3K/APT pathway. Through a bioinformatical analysis, we predicted the related gene function and pathway of the pathological mechanism of PCOS and found miRNAs that are likely to be critical in PCOS occurrence, including rno-miR-144-3p, rno-miR-30c-2-3p, rno-miR-486, rno-miR-3586-3p and rno-miR-146b-5p.

CONCLUSION

The beneficial effects of Heqi on PCOS, including alter serum hormone levels, recover ovary morphological lesions and improve insulin resistance, which is mediated through the PI3K/AKT pathway. The potential role of miRNA-144-3p in PCOS pathogenesis.

Traditional Persian Medicine and management of metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Its cause is unknown and it remains the most enigmatic of reproductive disorders. The extant written documents of Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) - with holistic approaches towards human health - contain remedies used for centuries. Before further experimental research on any of these treatments, it is appropriate to study current related scientific evidence on their possible pharmacological actions. This work aims to study PCOS and its treatments in TPM. To collect data from medieval medicinal texts, six of the most famous manuscripts of Persian medicine were studied. Medicinal treatments for a problem similar to PCOS were searched for in these books. The plants were listed and their authentications were confirmed in accordance with botanical books. PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched for related mechanisms of action or pharmacological activities of the medicinal plants reported. From numerous articles, the current work tried to cite the latest publications with regard to each reported plant and PCOS-related mechanisms of action. We studied herbal treatments recommended by ancient Persians to treat a condition called Habs-e-tams, which had the same symptoms of PCOS. It could be concluded that ancient physicians not only wanted to treat the irregular menstrual cycle-which is the most obvious symptom of PCOS-but also their treatment options were aimed at ameliorating the related underlying metabolic dysfunctions. The recommended herbs, which have the most scientific proof for their related actions, can be studied further in experimental analyses.

Chinese herbal medicine for subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive endocrinology abnormalities, and affects 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age. Western medicines, such as oral contraceptives, insulin sensitizers and laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), have been used to treat PCOS. Recently, many studies have been published that consider Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) as an alternative treatment for women with PCOS.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the efficacy and safety of CHM for subfertile women with PCOS.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched sources, including the following databases, from inception to 9 June 2016: the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), PsycINFO, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wanfang and trial registries. In addition, we searched the reference lists of included trials and contacted experts in the field to locate trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that considered the use of CHM for the treatment of subfertile women with PCOS.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently screened appropriate trials for inclusion, assessed the risk of bias in included studies and extracted data. We contacted primary study authors for additional information. We conducted meta-analyses. We used the odds ratios (ORs) to report dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methods.

MAIN RESULTS

We included five RCTs with 414 participants. The comparisons in the included trials were as follows: CHM versus clomiphene, CHM plus clomiphene versus clomiphene (with or without ethinyloestradiol cyproterone acetate (CEA)), CHM plus follicle aspiration plus ovulation induction versus follicle aspiration plus ovulation induction alone, and CHM plus laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) versus LOD alone. The overall quality of the evidence for most comparisons was very low.None of the included studies reported live birth rate, and only one study reported data on adverse events.When CHM was compared with clomiphene (with or without LOD in both arms), there was no evidence of a difference between the groups in pregnancy rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 5.06; two studies, 90 participants, I² statistic = 0%, very low quality evidence). No study reported data on adverse events. When CHM plus clomiphene was compared with clomiphene (with or without CEA), there was low quality evidence of a higher pregnancy rate in the CHM plus clomiphene group (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.65 to 4.14; three RCTs, 300 women, I² statistic = 0%,low quality evidence). No data were reported on adverse events.When CHM with follicle aspiration and ovulation induction was compared with follicle aspiration and ovulation induction alone, there was no evidence of a difference between the groups in pregnancy rates (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.46 to 5.52; one study, 44 women, very low quality evidence), severe luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUFS) (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.06 to 6.14; one study, 44 women, very low quality evidence), ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.00 to 8.19; one study, 44 women, very low quality evidence) or multiple pregnancy (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.06 to 6.14; one study, 44 women, very low quality evidence).When CHM with LOD was compared with LOD alone, there was no evidence of a difference between the groups in rates of pregnancy (OR 3.50, 95% CI 0.72 to 17.09; one study, 30 women, very low quality evidence), No data were reported on adverse events.There was no evidence of a difference between any of the comparison groups for any other outcomes. The quality of the evidence for all other comparisons and outcomes was very low. The main limitations in the evidence were failure to report live birth or adverse events, failure to describe study methods in adequate detail and imprecision due to very low event rates and wide CIs.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of CHM for women with PCOS and subfertility. No data are available on live birth, and there is no consistent evidence to indicate that CHM influences fertility outcomes. However there is very limited low quality evidence to suggest that the addition of CHM to clomiphene may improve pregnancy rates. There is insufficient evidence on adverse effects to indicate whether CHM is safe.

Sweet Marjoram: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities

Origanum majorana L. commonly known as sweet marjoram has been used for variety of diseases in traditional and folklore medicines, including gastrointestinal, ocular, nasopharyngeal, respiratory, cardiac, rheumatologic, and neurological disorders. Essential oil containing monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes as well as phenolic compounds are chemical constituents isolated and detected in O majorana Wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-platelet, gastroprotective, antibacterial and antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiatherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antitumor, antiulcer, and anticholinesterase inhibitory activities have been reported from this plant in modern medicine. This article summarizes comprehensive information concerning traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of sweet marjoram.