Role of the rs10401670 variant in the resistin gene on the metabolic response after weight loss secondary to a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern

Variants in GHRL, RETN, and PLIN1 are associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, and influence food consumption in adults with obesity

Genetic and environmental factors have important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that genes involved in energy intake, cellular lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory adipokines influence obesity-related metabolic disturbances and food intake. We explored the association of GHRL (rs26311G>C and rs4684677A>T), PLIN1 (rs2289487G>A and rs894160G>A), RETN (rs3745367C>T and rs7408174G>A), and NAMPT (rs1319501T>C) variants with obesity, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and food intake composition. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained from 237 adults. Genomic DNA was extracted and genetic variants were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food intake was assessed in 81 subjects with obesity, who underwent a 9-week nutritional orientation program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted by covariates showed association of GHRL rs26311-G and rs4684677-A alleles with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or metabolic syndrome (P < .05), and RETN rs7408174-C allele with risk of T2D and obesity (P < .05). Covariate-adjusted multivariate linear regression analysis showed association of PLIN1 rs894160-G allele with increased waist-to-hip ratio (P = .003). The nutritional orientation program reduced carbohydrate and total fat intake, in subjects with obesity (P < .05). Analysis of basal data revealed associations of PLIN1 rs894160-G with increased body mass index, PLIN1 rs2289487-A with reduced intake of total fat, monosaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and RETN rs3745367-A with increased intake of protein and saturated fatty acids (P < .05). GHRL rs26311-G was associated with increased postprogram protein intake (P = .044). In conclusion, variants in GHRL, RETN, and PLIN1 are associated with obesity, T2D, metabolic syndrome, and increased waist-to-hip ratio, and influence food consumption in adults with obesity.

Genotype-based precision nutrition strategies for the prediction and clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders. T2DM physiopathology is influenced by complex interrelationships between genetic, metabolic and lifestyle factors (including diet), which differ between populations and geographic regions. In fact, excessive consumptions of high fat/high sugar foods generally increase the risk of developing T2DM, whereas habitual intakes of plant-based healthy diets usually exert a protective effect. Moreover, genomic studies have allowed the characterization of sequence DNA variants across the human genome, some of which may affect gene expression and protein functions relevant for glucose homeostasis. This comprehensive literature review covers the impact of gene-diet interactions on T2DM susceptibility and disease progression, some of which have demonstrated a value as biomarkers of personal responses to certain nutritional interventions. Also, novel genotype-based dietary strategies have been developed for improving T2DM control in comparison to general lifestyle recommendations. Furthermore, progresses in other omics areas (epigenomics, metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are improving current understanding of genetic insights in T2DM clinical outcomes. Although more investigation is still needed, the analysis of the genetic make-up may help to decipher new paradigms in the pathophysiology of T2DM as well as offer further opportunities to personalize the screening, prevention, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of T2DM through precision nutrition.

Association of resistin (rs3138167) gene polymorphism with metabolic response after a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet

BACKGROUND

the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3138167) of resistin (RETN) gene is a polymorphism that has been associated with metabolic disorder in obese subjects and its effect on the metabolic response after a dietary intervention has not been evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

our aim was to analyze the effects of the rs3138167 RETN gene polymorphism on metabolic changes secondary to weight loss with a hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern.

METHOD

one thousand and eight Caucasian obese patients were evaluated. Before and after 12 weeks on a hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern, an anthropometric evaluation and a biochemical analysis were performed. The statistical analysis was performed as a dominant model (CC vs CT + TT).

RESULTS

the values of insulin, HOMA-IR and resistin were higher in T allele carriers than non-T allele carriers in pre- and post-intervention time. In non-T allele carriers, resistin, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and C-reactive protein levels decreased. The improvement was statistically superior in non-T allele carriers; resistin (-1.2 ± 0.2 ng/dl; p = 0.02), triglycerides (-18.3 ± 4.3 mg/dl; p = 0.02), C-reactive protein (-2.6 ± 0.3 mg/dl; p = 0.02), insulin -4.4 ± 1.9 mUI/l; p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (-2.1 ± 0.7; p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

we report an association of rs3138167 with a worse metabolic response (insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride and C-reactive protein) in T allele carriers after weight loss with a hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.

TT Genotype of TLR4 rs1928295 Is a Risk Factor of Overweight/Obesity in Han Chinese Children Aged 7-12 Years and Can Interact with Dietary Patterns to Affect the Incidence of Central Obesity and Lipid Profile, Systolic Blood Pressure Levels

Previous studies have found that TLR4 rs1928295 polymorphism is associated with Body Mass Index in European and American Indian adults. This study evaluates the relationship between this locus polymorphism, obesity-related parameters and dietary patterns in Chinese Han Children. A total of 798 children aged 7-12 years were included in this cross-sectional study. An improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction was used for genotyping. Dietary patterns were identified by principal component factor analysis. The overweight/obesity rate of the TT genotype was greater than those of the CC/CT genotype (p = 0.032 and 0.048 in boys and girls, respectively). Boys of the TT genotype could interact with protein and cholesterol intake to increase low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (p = 0.02, 0.015, respectively), while girls of the TT genotype could interact with total energy intake to increase triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.018) levels. Boys predisposed to a healthy balance dietary pattern (HBDP) and girls predisposed to an egg/fruit/fish dietary pattern (EFDP) were significantly associated with lower rates of central obesity (p = 0.045, 0.028). Boys carrying the TT genotype and predisposed to animal food dietary pattern (AFDP) had a higher level of low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.017) and systolic pressure (p = 0.044). Our results indicated that the TT genotype of TLR4 rs1928295 is a potential risk factor for obesity in Chinese Han children and is associated with dietary patterns.

Resistin/uric acid index as a marker of metabolic syndrome in females with obesity

BACKGROUND

The resistin/uric index has been considered a prognostic factor for identifying young people with obesity. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are an important health problem in females.

AIMS

The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship of resistin/acid uric index with Metabolic Syndrome on Caucasian females with obesity.

METHODS

We conducted a cross sectional study in 571 females with obesity. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C reactive protein, uric acid, resistin and prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome were determined. The resistin/uric acid index was calculated.

RESULTS

In total, 249 subjects had MS (43.6%). We detected higher levels in the following parameters (Delta; p values); waist circumference (3.1 ± 0.5 cm; p = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (5.3 ± 3.6 mmHg; p = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (2.3 ± 0.4 mmHg; p = 0.02), glucose levels (7.5 ± 0.9 mg/dL; p = 0.01), insulin levels (2.5 ± 0.3 UI/L; p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (0.7 ± 0.2 units; p = 0.03), uric acid levels (0.9 ± 0.2 mg/dl; p = 0.01), resistin levels (4.1 ± 0.4 ng/dl; p = 0.01) and resistin/uric acid index (0.61 ± 0.01 mg/dl; p = 0.02) in subjects of the high resistin/uric acid index group than low index group. Logistic regression analysis reported a high percentage of hyperglycemia (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.10-2.92; p = 0.02), hypertension (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.36-3.01; p = 0.01), central obesity (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.15-1.84; p = 0.03) and metabolic syndrome percentage (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.22-2.69; p = 0.02) in high resistin/uric acid index group.

CONCLUSIONS

Resistin/uric acid index is related with Metabolic syndrome (MS) risk and criteria of it in a population of Caucasian females with obesity and this index is a correlated with glucose levels, insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Role of resistin (rs7139228) gene polymorphism with metabolic response after a hypocaloric mediterranean diet

BACKGROUND

The SNP (rs7139228) of the RETN gene is a polymorphism that has been associated with metabolic disorder in subjects with obesity, and its effect on metabolic response after dietary intervention has not been evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to analyse the effects of the polymorphism of the RETN gene rs7139228 on metabolic changes secondary to weight loss with a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet.

DESIGN

1000 obese Caucasian patients were evaluated. An anthropometric evaluation and a biochemical analysis were performed before and after 12 weeks of a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet. The statistical analysis was performed as a dominant model (GG vs GA+AA).

RESULTS

Improvements in anthropometric parameters, leptin levels and systolic blood pressure were similar in both genotype groups. In non- A allele carriers, levels of resistin, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and C-reactive protein decreased. The improvements were statistically significant in this group; resistin (-1.3+0.1ng/dL: p=0.02), triglycerides (-22.9+4.9mg/dl: p=0.02), CRP (-2.7+0 0.4mg/dl: p=0.02), insulin -6.5+1.8 mIU/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-2.2+0.8: p=0, 03). In addition, insulin, HOMA-IR and resistin levels were higher in A allele carriers than in non-carriers. Finally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperglycaemia were higher in A allele carriers, and these percentages only decreased after intervention in non-A allele carriers.

CONCLUSION

The A rs7139228 allele is associated with a worse metabolic response (insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and CRP) after weight loss with a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet. A non-significant decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperglycaemia were detected in A allele carriers.

Precision Nutrition: Recent Advances in Obesity

"Precision nutrition" is an emerging area of nutrition research that focuses on understanding metabolic variability within and between individuals and helps develop customized dietary plans and interventions to maintain optimal individual health. It encompasses nutritional genomic (gene-nutrient interactions), epigenetic, microbiome, and environmental factors. Obesity is a complex disease that is affected by genetic and environmental factors and thus a relevant target of precision nutrition-based approaches. Recent studies have shown significant associations between obesity phenotypes (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and central and regional adiposity) and genetic variants, epigenetic factors (DNA methylation and noncoding RNA), microbial species, and environment (sociodemographics and physical activity). Additionally, studies have also shown that the interactions between genetic variants, microbial metabolites, and epigenetic factors affect energy balance and adiposity. These include variants in FTO, MC4R, PPAR, APOA, and FADS genes, DNA methylation in CpG island regions, and specific miRNAs and microbial species such as Firmicutes, Bacteriodes, Clostridiales, etc. Similarly, studies have shown that microbial metabolites, folate, B-vitamins, and short-chain fatty acids interact with miRNAs to influence obesity phenotypes. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and analytical approaches, the advances in precision nutrition have the potential to lead to new paradigms, which can further lead to interventions or customized treatments specific to individuals or susceptible groups of individuals. This review highlights the recent advances in precision nutrition as applied to obesity and projects the importance of precision nutrition in obesity and weight management.