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Lunsky Y, Matheson FI, Kouyoumdjian F, Whittingham L, Lin E, Durbin A, Calzavara A, Moser A, Dastoori P, Sirotich F, Volpe T. Intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ontario's criminal justice and forensic mental health systems: Using data to tell the story. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2024; 34:197-207. [PMID: 38264949 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International studies show that adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice and forensic mental health systems; however, it is difficult to capture their involvement across systems in any one jurisdiction. AIMS The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IDD across different parts of the criminal justice and forensic mental health systems in Ontario and to describe the demographic and clinical profiles of these individuals relative to their counterparts without IDD. METHODS This project utilised administrative data to identify and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of adults with IDD and criminal justice or forensic involvement across four sectors: federal correctional facilities, provincial correctional facilities, forensic inpatient mental health care and community mental health programmes. Questions were driven by and results were contextualised by a project advisory group and people with lived experience from the different sectors studied, resulting in a series of recommendations. RESULTS Adults with IDD were over-represented in each of the four settings, ranging from 2.1% in federal corrections to 16.7% in forensic inpatient care. Between 20% (forensic inpatient) and 38.4% (provincial corrections) were under the age of 25 and between 34.5% (forensic inpatient) and 41.8% (provincial corrections) resided in the lowest income neighbourhoods. Medical complexity and rates of co-occurring mental health conditions were higher for people with IDD than those without IDD in federal and provincial corrections. CONCLUSIONS Establishing a population-based understanding of people with IDD within these sectors is an essential first step towards understanding and addressing service and care needs. Building on the perspectives of people who work in and use these systems, this paper concludes with intervention recommendations before, during and after justice involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flora I Matheson
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Whittingham
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lin
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Office of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Durbin
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrea Moser
- Research Branch, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parisa Dastoori
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Sirotich
- Canadian Mental Health Association, Toronto Branch, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiziana Volpe
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Okamura M, Okada T, Okumura Y. Recidivism among prisoners with severe mental disorders. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17007. [PMID: 37484360 PMCID: PMC10361118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental disorders are common among prison inmates, with a high rate of recidivism found among those with severe mental disorders. In Japan, the number of inmates with mental disorders has been increasing with the increasing rate of recidivism. Prisoners need an uninterrupted connection to post-release support to prevent them from being incarcerated again. This study identified inmates diagnosed with mental disorders whose recidivism had recently increased to investigate recidivism among inmates with severe mental disorders and the risk factors for reincarceration. Methods This study included 148 prisoners released from the Medical Correction Center in East Japan. Clinical diagnoses were coded using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Risk factors focusing on the central eight items were categorized, and recidivism within 3 years of release was investigated. Result Overall, the recidivism rate was 29.7%, with the risk of recidivism increasing by 170% in inmates with multiple incarcerations. A diagnosis of intellectual disability increased the risk of recidivism by 176%. Patients with schizophrenia were consistently less likely to recidivate than patients with other disorders. Conclusion Intellectual disability was identified as a risk factor for recidivism, as was multiple incarcerations. These prisoners may not be connected to medical and social services and thus may not be receiving appropriate assistance. Patients with schizophrenia might be more likely to be connected to medical care and receive support after release. Further research should be conducted using these findings to prevent recidivism among inmates with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Okamura
- Medical Correction Center in East Japan, 2-1-9, Mokuseinomori, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 1968560, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okada
- Medical Correction Center in East Japan, 2-1-9, Mokuseinomori, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 1968560, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
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Trofimovs J, Dowse L, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN. Impact of post-release community mental health and disability support on reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and serious mental illness in NSW, Australia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e44. [PMID: 36847167 PMCID: PMC10044015 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners with an intellectual disability are overrepresented in custody and more likely to reoffend and be reincarcerated compared with the general prison population. Although prisoners with intellectual disability have many of the same risk factors for recidivism as the general prison population, the high rates of mental illness experienced by this group are key drivers of recidivism. AIMS We aimed to assess the impact of provision of post-release disability and community mental health support on rates of reincarceration in a cohort with identified intellectual disability and serious mental illness diagnosis. METHOD We conducted a historical cohort study using linked administrative data-sets, including data on hospital admissions, community mental health, disability support and corrections custody in New South Wales, Australia (n = 484). To assess the time to return to adult custody, we used survival analysis on multiple failure-time data. RESULTS Over the median follow-up period of 7.4 years, 73.7% (357) received community mental health support, 19.8% (96) received disability support and 18.6% (85) received a combination of supports during a post-release period from prison. Lower hazards of reincarceration in a post-release period were associated with receipt of community mental health support (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, CI 0.49-0.69, P < 0.001), or a combination of community mental health and disability support (HR = 0.46, CI 0.34-0.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High rates of reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and history of serious mental illness may be modifiable by provision of appropriate mental health and disability supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trofimovs
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leanne Dowse
- University of New South Wales School of Social Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Preeyaporn Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Svae GB, Hassel B, Søndenaa E. People with intellectual disabilities and harmful sexual behaviour: Professionals' views on the barriers to prevent harm. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 36:176-185. [PMID: 36385724 PMCID: PMC10100188 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities can be exposed to sexual abuse and they can display harmful sexual behaviour. This study aimed to identify barriers to preventing harmful sexual behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities within the support sector and the justice system. METHOD We conducted focus group interviews with 20 participants from hospital-based habilitation centres, community residences, schools and the criminal justice system. RESULTS The interviews identified a lack of education and guidelines for stakeholders or carers on regulating the sexual behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities. The criminal justice system faces challenges related to prioritising, understanding and communicating. People with intellectual disabilities may lack an understanding of the concepts of sexual consent and acceptable sexual behaviour. CONCLUSION There is a need to improve knowledge about intellectual disability and how to prevent harmful sexual behaviour for professional caregivers in the support sector and the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøril Brevik Svae
- Department of Neurohabilitation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Innovation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- St. Olav's Hospital Centre for Research & Education in Forensic Psychiatry Trondheim Norway
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Yu Y, Bradley CC, Boan AD, Charles JM, Carpenter LA. Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Criminal Justice System. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3624-3636. [PMID: 33386554 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes charges, outcomes, and recidivism in both the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems (CJS) for young adults aged 17 to 23 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 606). Results are compared to individuals with ID (n = 1271) and a population control group (n = 2973). About 3% of individuals with ASD were charged with at least one offense by the time they reached young adulthood. Few differences were found in CJS involvement across groups. Young adults with ASD were not over represented in the CJS in general, and were less likely to be involved in the adult justice system than their peers. They received similar charges and outcomes and were as likely to reoffend as their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Catherine C Bradley
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Andrea D Boan
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jane M Charles
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Laura A Carpenter
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Gulati G, Cusack A, Kelly BD, Kilcommins S, Dunne CP. Experiences of people with intellectual disabilities encountering law enforcement officials as the suspects of crime - A narrative systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101609. [PMID: 32768112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well established internationally that there is a high prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) among people in police custody. Some people with ID may face particular challenges in negotiating the forensic formalities adopted by police at the pre-trial stage of the criminal process. These challenges need to be acknowledged and mitigated through appropriate procedural safeguards in order to, at once, preserve the fact-finding accuracy of criminal investigations and minimise the risk of securing a wrongful conviction. And yet, despite the formative role which pre-trial procedures exert over the trajectory of proceedings, little is known about the experiences of people with ID during their initial interaction with law enforcement officers. In an attempt to address this research lacuna, we reviewed six databases systematically to identify studies that explore such experiences. Seven studies with a total of 1199 participants were identified. Frequently, participants with ID describe challenges in police custody, experiencing particular difficulties in understanding and communicating information. They report a paucity of appropriate supports generally in this setting and an unmet need for the provision of procedural and emotional supports. Consistent implementation of legal safeguards is necessary, along with consistent availability of accessible practical measures to support people with ID within the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Gulati
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Ireland; School of Law, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Alan Cusack
- School of Law, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Chiu P, Triantafyllopoulou P, Murphy G. Life after release from prison: The experience of ex-offenders with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:686-701. [PMID: 31441582 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the UK, little is known about the experience of ex-prisoners with intellectual disabilities. METHOD A qualitative study was therefore conducted to investigate what life is like for ten men with intellectual disabilities who left prison at least 9 months previously. Semi-structured interviews were employed to explore the men's views of post-prison life, including opportunities/challenges and support received from services. RESULTS Through interpretative phenomenological analysis, four over-arching themes were constructed: the nature of support and services, the difficulty of staying out of trouble, the importance of family and the need to act the "tough guy". The participants reported being extremely under-supported. They were often hostile about staff who they felt were too focused on their previous crime. CONCLUSIONS In general, men were very under-supported and the upheavals of post-prison lives appeared to be "normalized" by them. Better understanding of their lives within their social context would benefit their community re-entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Chiu
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, London, UK
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Murphy D, Allely C. Autism spectrum disorders in high secure psychiatric care: a review of literature, future research and clinical directions. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-10-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review available literature targeting the assessment and management of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) admitted to high secure psychiatric care (HSPC). Key areas of examination include the prevalence of ASD in HSPC, how individuals with an ASD differ from other patient groups in clinical and cognitive characteristics, the views of staff regarding patients with an ASD, an exploration of the experiences and quality of life of patients with an ASD, as well as treatment and interventions.
Design/methodology/approach
A review of the published literature.
Findings
Although individuals with an ASD comprise a relatively small proportion of the total HSPC cohort, they appear to be over represented relative to the general population prevalence. Several research projects suggest that individuals with an ASD present with difficulties and needs different to other patient groups, as well as being viewed by staff as potentially vulnerable and requiring a different care approach. Individuals with an ASD report both positive and negative aspects to life in HSPC.
Practical implications
Suggestions are made with regard to how individuals with an ASD might be better managed in HSPC. Following the spirit of various pieces of government legislation such as the Autism Act (2009) and the Equalities Act (2010) the role of a specialist ASD HSPC service is proposed.
Originality/value
This paper provides a detailed review of the research to date exploring the assessment and management of individuals with an ASD detained in HSPC. It outlines key research findings, highlights limitations with it and provides a personal perspective on future research and clinical targets.
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Young JT, Davis FJ, Wardale S, Vassos M, van Dooren K, Nankervis K, Lennox NG. Severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations about fitness to stand trial. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:126-139. [PMID: 29349929 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the socio-demographic, clinical and legal determinants of mental health court decisions of unsoundness of mind and unfitness to stand trial for people with cognitive disability. We aimed to estimate the association between severity of cognitive disability and mental health court determinations of unsoundness or unfitness and describe the socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors that predict these determinations. METHODS Case file data were extracted on 92 individuals who had a criminal case referred to the Queensland Mental Health Court between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014 due to cognitive disability. We fit a modified multivariable Poisson regression model to estimate the association between severity of cognitive impairment and mental health court determination, controlling for socio-demographic, clinical and legal factors. RESULTS Adjusting for covariate effects, severity of cognitive impairment was positively associated with being found unfit to stand trial (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 2.33; P = 0.023), and comorbid psychotic disorder predicted an increased risk of being found unsound of mind at the time of offence (adjusted prevalence risk ratio = 3.63; 95% confidence interval: 1.38, 9.54; P = 0.009) by the Queensland Mental Health Court. CONCLUSIONS Severity of cognitive disability is associated with determinations of unfitness but does not predict determinations of unsoundness in the Queensland Mental Health Court. Psychiatric assessments of cognitive impairment play a pivotal role in mental health court determinations for people with cognitive disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, West Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, West Australia, Australia
| | - F J Davis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Lifestyle Solutions, Logan, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Wardale
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Vassos
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Endeavour Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K van Dooren
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Nankervis
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Innovation and Behaviour Support, Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services, Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N G Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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