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Bickle K, Cesaroni C. Canadian Youth Correctional Officers' Views on Their Work and Relationships With Youth in Their Care. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2024:306624X241246096. [PMID: 38646818 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x241246096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the personal perspectives of youth correctional officers within secure and open custody facilities in Ontario. A multi-methods design allowed for quantitative data collection to assess demographics and scores on a relationship scale and qualitative open-ended survey responses to explore areas of interest regarding officer work. Despite a small sample size (N = 26), results indicated trends in officers' views of their work and relationships with youth. Youth officers report various job duties ranging from supervision/security to cleaning and preparing meals. Results indicate differences in endorsement for relationship development with youth for those who see treatment as part of their role in rehabilitation and those who do not. This exploratory study provides a starting point for understanding the unique experiences and duties of youth correctional officers in Ontario, Canada, and their views on relationship development with youth. Future research will include in-person interviews, facilitating more rich data collection.
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Brandenburg C, Thomas SD, Lincoln C, Somerville A, Heffernan E, Kinner SA, Byrnes J, Gardiner P, Davidson P, Daley N, Green D, Crilly J. Supporting equitable care of patients transferred from police watch-houses to the emergency department: A qualitative study of the perspectives of emergency doctors. Emerg Med Australas 2024. [PMID: 38650377 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People detained in short-term police custody often have complex health conditions that may necessitate emergency care, yet little is known about their management in EDs. The present study aimed to understand ED doctors' experiences and perceptions regarding the appropriateness and management of detainee transfers from police watch-houses to the EDs. METHODS A qualitative descriptive study, using semi-structured interviews undertaken with ED doctors working in five purposively sampled EDs across Queensland, Australia. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS Fifteen ED specialists and trainees participated. Participants reported that their overarching approach was to provide equitable care for watch-house detainees, as they would for any patient. This equitable approach needed to be responsive to complicating factors common to this population, including presence of police guards; restraints; complexity (physical/mental/social) of presentation; reliance on police to transport; ED doctors' often limited understanding of the watch-house environment; justice processes and uncertain legal disposition; communication with the watch-house; and detainees misreporting symptoms. Thresholds for assessment and treatment of detainees were contextualised to the needs of the patient, ED environment, and imperatives of other relevant agencies (e.g. police). Participants often relied on existing strategies to deliver quality care despite challenges, but also identified a need for additional strategies, including education for ED staff; improved communication with watch-houses; standardised paperwork; extended models of watch-house healthcare; and integrated medical records. CONCLUSIONS Providing equitable healthcare to patients transported from watch-houses to the EDs is challenging but essential. Numerous opportunities exist to enhance the delivery of optimal care for this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Brandenburg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Dm Thomas
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathy Lincoln
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annabel Somerville
- Forensic Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Gardiner
- Cairns Watch-House, Far North District, Queensland Police Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Davidson
- Division of Infectious Disease & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nathan Daley
- Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Crilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Marks RB, Moreira N, O'Connell KL, Hearne A, Law KC. Suicide While Locked Up in Texas: Risk Factors for Death by Suicide in Custody. J Interpers Violence 2024:8862605241243366. [PMID: 38591139 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241243366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, suicide is a leading cause of death in prisons and jails, with incarcerated individuals being nine times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. Identifying vulnerabilities at each stage of custody (prebooking, jail, prison) and factors that increase suicide risk can improve prevention efforts. A hierarchical binary logistic regression was conducted on data from the Texas Justice Initiative's Deaths in Custody Report. Variables included race/ethnicity, sex, age at death, days in custody, classification of crime as violent or nonviolent, and custody type of prebooking, jail, or prison. Among main effects, when compared to suicide rates in prison, jail suicide deaths were over three and a half times more likely (OR = 3.61), and the period of prebooking emerged as a period of staggering risk of suicide death, with suicides being over 5,000% more likely than at other stages of custody (OR = 50.86). When interactions were entered, Latinx individuals were at a particularly increased risk of suicide death (OR = 10.46), likelihood of suicide death decreased with each year of age (OR = .89), nonviolent offenders were just under three and a half times more likely to die by suicide when compared to violent offenders (OR = 3.45), and each stage of custody was shown to affect the relationship between age-related rates of suicide in different ways. Results call for further investigation into suicide among understudied populations in corrections, such as Latinx individuals, juveniles in the prison system, and nonviolent offenders, to identify the groups at the highest risk of premature death in correctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Keyne C Law
- Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Chao S, Weber W, Iserson KV, Goett R, Baker EF, McGuire SS, Bissmeyer P, Derse AR, Kumar N, Brenner JM. Best practice guidelines for evaluating patients in custody in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2024; 5:e13143. [PMID: 38524358 PMCID: PMC10960077 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients in custody due to arrest or incarceration are a vulnerable population that present a unique ethical and logistical challenge for emergency physicians (EPs). People incarcerated in the United States have a constitutional right to health care. When caring for these patients, EPs must balance their ethical obligations to the patient with security and safety concerns. They should refer to their institutional policy for guidance and their local, state, and federal laws, when applicable. Hospital legal counsel and risk management also can be helpful resources. EPs should communicate early and openly with law enforcement personnel to ensure security and emergency department staff safety is maintained while meeting the patient's medical needs. Physicians should consider the least restrictive restraints necessary to ensure security while allowing for medical evaluation and treatment. They should also protect patient privacy as much as possible within departmental constraints, promote the patient's autonomous medical decision-making, and be mindful of ways that medical information could interact with the legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Chao
- Department of Emergency MedicineMichigan MedicineAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - William Weber
- Department of Emergency MedicineRush UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kenneth V. Iserson
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Rebecca Goett
- Department of Emergency MedicineRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | | | | | - Paul Bissmeyer
- Department of Emergency MedicineOrange Park HospitalJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Arthur R. Derse
- Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities and Department of Emergency MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nishi Kumar
- College of LawLoyola University New OrleansNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Jay M. Brenner
- Department of Emergency MedicineSUNY‐Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
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Abstract
AIM To report an analysis of the concept of post-separation abuse and its impact on the health of children and adult survivors. DESIGN Concept analysis. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted via PubMed, Cochrane and Embase and identified articles published from 1987 to 2021. METHODS Walker and Avant's (2019) eight stage methodology was used for this concept analysis, including identifying the concept, determining the purpose of analysis, identifying uses of the concept, defining attributes, identifying a model case and contrary case, antecedents and consequences and defining empirical referents. RESULTS Post-separation abuse can be defined as the ongoing, willful pattern of intimidation of a former intimate partner including legal abuse, economic abuse, threats and endangerment to children, isolation and discrediting and harassment and stalking. An analysis of literature identified essential attributes including fear and intimidation; domination, power and control; intrusion and entrapment; omnipresence; and manipulation of systems. Antecedents to post-separation abuse include patriarchal norms, physical separation, children, spatiality and availability, pre-separation IPV and coercive control and perpetrator characteristics. Consequences include lethality, adverse health consequences, institutional violence and betrayal, such as loss of child custody and economic deprivation. CONCLUSION This concept analysis provides a significant contribution to the literature because it advances the science for understanding the phenomenon of post-separation abuse. It will aid in developing risk assessment tools and interventions to improve standards of care for adult and children survivors following separation from an abusive partner. IMPACT This concept analysis of post-separation abuse provides a comprehensive insight into the phenomenon and a theoretical foundation to inform instrument development, future research and intervention. Post-separation abuse is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon that requires differential social, legal and healthcare systems responses to support the health and well-being of survivors and their children.
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Trofimovs J, Dowse L, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN. Impact of post-release community mental health and disability support on reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and serious mental illness in NSW, Australia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e44. [PMID: 36847167 PMCID: PMC10044015 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners with an intellectual disability are overrepresented in custody and more likely to reoffend and be reincarcerated compared with the general prison population. Although prisoners with intellectual disability have many of the same risk factors for recidivism as the general prison population, the high rates of mental illness experienced by this group are key drivers of recidivism. AIMS We aimed to assess the impact of provision of post-release disability and community mental health support on rates of reincarceration in a cohort with identified intellectual disability and serious mental illness diagnosis. METHOD We conducted a historical cohort study using linked administrative data-sets, including data on hospital admissions, community mental health, disability support and corrections custody in New South Wales, Australia (n = 484). To assess the time to return to adult custody, we used survival analysis on multiple failure-time data. RESULTS Over the median follow-up period of 7.4 years, 73.7% (357) received community mental health support, 19.8% (96) received disability support and 18.6% (85) received a combination of supports during a post-release period from prison. Lower hazards of reincarceration in a post-release period were associated with receipt of community mental health support (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, CI 0.49-0.69, P < 0.001), or a combination of community mental health and disability support (HR = 0.46, CI 0.34-0.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High rates of reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and history of serious mental illness may be modifiable by provision of appropriate mental health and disability supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trofimovs
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leanne Dowse
- University of New South Wales School of Social Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Preeyaporn Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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D'Anna T, Puntarello M, Cannella G, Scalzo G, Buscemi R, Zerbo S, Argo A. The Chain of Custody in the Era of Modern Forensics: From the Classic Procedures for Gathering Evidence to the New Challenges Related to Digital Data. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36900637 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to renew the interest and attention for the chain of custody in forensic medicine, its establishment and maintenance, protecting the integrity and validity of evidence as well as to analyze how over time the establishment of the chain of custody and the collection of evidence has evolved also in function of the advent of technology and the use of electronic devices connected to the network. The analysis of the various aspects of the chain of custody demonstrates how necessary it is for the professional figures involved in the phases of the investigation (especially those who manage the evidence and who have, therefore, designated the assignment) to know the procedures to follow, trace the movement and the handling of objects subjected to seizure, also for the purposes of toxicological and/or histological investigations. The knowledge of interferences or complications helps to reduce errors and safeguard the validity of the evidence, assuring the proceeding judicial authority that the evidence is authentic and that it is, in other words, the same evidence seized at the scene of the crime. Furthermore, the issue is particularly felt today, with the recent need to guarantee the originality of digital data. Following a careful review and analysis of the literature currently available in this regard, it is worth adding that further efforts are needed to formulate internationally validated guidelines, harmonizing the different reference criteria in forensic science and medical areas, given the current absence of good international practices valid in the field and applicable both in the case of physical evidence and in the case of seizure of digital evidence.
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Albano GD, Guadagnino D, Midiri M, La Spina C, Tullio V, Argo A, Zerbo S. Torture and Maltreatment in Prison: A Medico-Legal Perspective. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040576. [PMID: 36833110 PMCID: PMC9956078 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The maltreatment and torture of prisoners constitute a global problem. Methods of maltreatment are classified as the psychological and the physical, and physical methods inevitably lead to psychological sequelae. Our review offers an analysis from the medico-legal perspective of the literature on the torture and physical and sexual abuse experienced by prisoners and their psychological sequelae and aims to investigate the medico-legal issues of investigating maltreatment in prison so as to suggest methodologies and updated approaches for dealing with such cases in a forensic context. We performed a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed publications (articles and reviews), research reports, case studies, books, service models, protocols, and institutional documents available online using key electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed) and search engines (Google Scholar) with the following keywords: physical violence, psychological violence, torture, maltreatment, physical abuse, psychological abuse AND prison OR prisoner OR jail OR custody. In the medical literature, most of the publications on torture are based on retrospective studies of torture among survivors and often refer to asylum seekers. Forensic evaluation is crucial for assessing the determinant elements of torture and maltreatment. A multidisciplinary approach and standardized and updated methodologies are needed to support policymakers, national institutions, and public health system initiatives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Davide Albano
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Guadagnino
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Midiri
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Corinne La Spina
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Tullio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Research (CIR) “Migrare” on Migration, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Argo
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Research (CIR) “Migrare” on Migration, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Zerbo
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Research (CIR) “Migrare” on Migration, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Vyshka G, Seferi A, Mana T, Qatipi L. Dementia in custody: A historical and forensic approach. Med Leg J 2023:258172221148529. [PMID: 36752101 DOI: 10.1177/00258172221148529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The constant ageing of the population extends to the population behind bars. We consider and summarise medical, ethical, legal and societal concerns raised when older adults with dementia are charged and put into custody.Dementia in custody is a relatively new concept in forensic science. When you take into account the adversarial nature of the judicial system and the hardship posed by correctional facilities, an older adult with severe cognitive problems will increases the complexity of the situation.The possibility of an octogenarian in cognitive decline being detained in police custody is less remote than it seemed half a century ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Vyshka
- Biomedical and Experimental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine in Tirana, Albania
| | - Arsen Seferi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine in Tirana, Albania
| | - Tedi Mana
- Service of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center "Mother Theresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Ledia Qatipi
- Biomedical and Experimental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine in Tirana, Albania
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Ding C. Chinese legal response to the shared motherhood model in lesbians' family-making. J Law Biosci 2023; 10:lsad015. [PMID: 37361135 PMCID: PMC10284678 DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the non-recognition of same-sex relationships or marriage by the law, lesbian motherhood has become an emerging socio-legal issue in China. To fulfil their desires to reproduce and make a family, some Chinese lesbian couples adopt a `shared motherhood model' where one lesbian contributes an egg while her partner becomes pregnant through embryo transfer following artificial insemination with a donor's sperm. Because the shared motherhood model intentionally divides the roles of biological mother and gestational mother between lesbian couples, this has allowed legal controversies to emerge associated with the parenthood of the conceived child as well as custody, support of, and visitation of the child. There are two pending judicial cases involving a shared motherhood arrangement reported in the country. The courts have appeared reluctant to rule on them because Chinese law has not provided clear legal solutions to these controversial issues. They are highly cautious about delivering a decision not in line with the current legal position of non-recognition of same-sex marriage. Given little literature discussing Chinese legal responses to the shared motherhood model, this article aims to fill the gap by investigating the basis of parenthood under Chinese law and analysing the parentage issue concerning the different types of relationships between lesbians and children born of a shared motherhood arrangement.
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Parsons A, Hoadley B, Hitzeman C, Parkin S, Kasinathan J. A six-session group-based pilot intervention for alcohol and other drug use in hospitalised mentally ill young offenders. Australas Psychiatry 2022; 30:509-512. [PMID: 35073775 DOI: 10.1177/10398562211065289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate a group-based intervention for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use offered to incarcerated youth hospitalised with mental illness. METHODS A six-session group-based intervention for AOD use was offered to young offenders with mental illness, hospitalised in the Adolescent Unit of the Forensic Hospital, Sydney, between June 2015 and May 2017. Pre- and post-intervention measures were collected using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Treatment Entry Questionnaire, Drug-Related Locus of Control (DRLOC) and Drug-Taking Confidence Questionnaire, short version. RESULTS Pre- and post-intervention measures were compared utilising paired t-tests. Following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in the severity of psychiatric symptoms rated using the BPRS and a significant difference in DRLOC measures, reflecting increased internal locus of control. CONCLUSIONS Improved internal drivers for reducing AOD use and improvement in symptoms of mental illness suggest similar interventions may be beneficial and may not impact recovery even during episodes of acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Parsons
- 161777Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - Benjamin Hoadley
- The University of Sydney and 7800The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cortney Hitzeman
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - Sarah Parkin
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - John Kasinathan
- 161777Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
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Souverein F, Hales H, Anderson P, Argent SE, Bartlett A, Blower A, Delmage E, Enell S, Eske Henriksen A, Koomen K, Oostermeijer S. Mental health, welfare or justice: An introductory global overview of differences between countries in the scale and approach to secure placements of children and young people. Crim Behav Ment Health 2022; 32:238-247. [PMID: 35419900 PMCID: PMC9544918 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates suggest that over a million children per year are deprived of their liberty across the world. Little is known about the types, ethos or distribution of secure beds in which they are detained. AIM This study aims to provide quantitative data with background information, to explore similarities and differences across jurisdictions, and to inform critical inquiry into key concepts and practices. METHODS Data was obtained using an opportunistic sample of affluent countries, derived from an emerging academic/practice network of senior professionals. Depending on jurisdiction, data was already in the public domain or specifically requested. Data requests were related to the nature and size of health, welfare and criminal justice elements of secure beds and recent occupancy. Key professionals working in child secure settings, within jurisdictions, provided commentary on local approaches. RESULTS Data was incomplete but allowed for comparisons between 10 jurisdictions. The proportions of the populations of children and young people detained varied by jurisdiction as did their distribution across variations of secure settings. Not all jurisdictions had all three kinds of secure settings. Definitions of secure beds varied depending on the use of relational, procedural or physical security. CONCLUSION Findings are tentative but suggestion solely considering numerical descriptions of children's detention is misleading; our study highlights ways in which comparative studies may be improved. Within reported jurisdictions, the framework of health, welfare and justice was meaningful but this may not hold true with a wider international application of this method. Open interrogation of this data would be enhanced by the inclusion of children's perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Souverein
- Department of child and adolescent psychiatrieAmsterdam University Medical School, Locatie VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Annie Bartlett
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical EducationSt. George's UniversityLondonUK
| | | | | | - Sofia Enell
- Department of Social WorkLinnaeus UniversityVäxjöSweden
| | | | | | - Sanne Oostermeijer
- School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Kasinathan J, Haysom L, Andriotis H, Wheaton M, Lloyd T, Langstaff R, McClelland R, Whiting N, Southgate S, Vita M, McGrath C, Palmai M, Armstrong C, O'Donovan C, Oyan M, Woodward J, Wilson C. Keeping COVID out: a collaborative approach to COVID-19 is associated with a significant reduction in self-harm in young people in custody. Australas Psychiatry 2021; 29:412-416. [PMID: 33847166 DOI: 10.1177/10398562211006125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the collaboration between Youth Justice New South Wales (YJNSW) and Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network (JHFMHN) during the early COVID-19 Response (CR) across the six Youth Justice centres in NSW, and the reduced incidence of self-harm noted over this period. METHODS Narrative article with analysis of self-harm incident data during the initial CR period of March to May 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. RESULTS During the initial CR period (March to May 2020), there was a highly significant, four-fold reduction in self-harming incidents recorded by both YJNSW and JHFMHN compared with the equivalent time period in 2019 (p < .00001). CONCLUSION The greater than four-fold reduction in self-harm by young people during the early CR may relate to the 'interagency response', with an increase in positive interactions between staff, and between staff and young people. The reduction in self-harm and improvements in mental health will be further explored through standardised interviews with the young people and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kasinathan
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh Haysom
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Andriotis
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Wheaton
- Youth Justice New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Trisha Lloyd
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohan Langstaff
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee McClelland
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Whiting
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Southgate
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Vita
- Youth Justice New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colette McGrath
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Marlene Palmai
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine Armstrong
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Connie O'Donovan
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcus Oyan
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Woodward
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy Wilson
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
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14
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Dhaliwal KK, Hirst SP, King-Shier KM, Kent-Wilkinson A. The implementation of correctional nursing practice-Caring behind bars: A grounded theory study. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:2407-2416. [PMID: 33591594 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To understand how registered nurses implement their nursing practice in correctional institutions with healthcare governance by a health authority (e.g. Ministry of Health). DESIGN Straussian grounded theory. METHODS Simultaneous data collection and analysis were undertaken using theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing. Thirteen registered nurses engaged in semi-structured telephone interviews about implementing their correctional nursing practice including, providing direct care to adult offenders. Data were collected (December 2018 to October 2019) until saturation occurred. Analytic coding (open, axial and final theoretical integration) was performed to identify the core category and subcategories around which the substantive theory was developed. RESULTS The theory of Caring Behind Bars refers to the process of how registered nurses implemented their correctional nursing practice to care for offenders. The core category of Caring Behind Bars is comprised of five subcategories: tension between custody and caring, adaptability and advocacy, offender population, provision of care, and challenging and positive elements. CONCLUSION Caring Behind Bars required registered nurses to address tension between custody and caring by adapting and advocating to access offenders. The provision of care required registered nurses to use assessment skills and numerous resources to provide a variety of patient focused care to offenders. The consequences of Caring Behind Bars had challenging and positive elements. IMPACT The tension provides purposeful space to continue improving teamwork among correctional officers and registered nurses. More research is required about the impact of correctional healthcare governance models on professional practice and health outcomes. Frontline registered nurses can use the theory to make informed choices when providing care. Registered nurses practising in other domains of correctional nursing (i.e. administration, education and research) can also use this theory to advance and inform practice with the goal of promoting offender health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra P Hirst
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn M King-Shier
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Haysom L, Epi MC, Canessa J, Kasinathan J, Blomgren D. Neutropenia in Incarcerated Adolescents Secondary to Intranasal Quetiapine Misuse. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:617-619. [PMID: 33026836 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Between April 2015 and May 2016, a number of young males incarcerated at a Youth Justice center in New South Wales, Australia, were noted to have unexplained and significant neutropenia. None of the adolescents were prescribed quetiapine; however, it was prescribed for other young people in the center for this time period. The authors undertook a case series review to investigate the cause of this neutropenia. Methods: Case series review, including review of all pathology, electrocardiograms, medication charts, and medical file notes. Results: Quetiapine was used in the center; however, none of the young people with neutropenia were prescribed quetiapine (or any other medication causing neutropenia). During the assessments of these young people, it was found that the administration of quetiapine had changed during this time period to using pulverized quetiapine powder, administered after hours to young people when there were no health center staff available to supervise. On questioning, two neutropenic young people admitted to "snorting" diverted quetiapine powder. All instances of neutropenia resolved once the medication was removed from the center. Conclusions: Quetiapine has a high potential for abuse, especially in custodial settings. Quetiapine should never be crushed as this increases the potential for diversion, misuse, and serious side effects. Quetiapine misuse should be considered part of the differential diagnosis of unexplained neutropenia, especially in a setting where the drug is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Haysom
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - MClin Epi
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Canessa
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - John Kasinathan
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - Donna Blomgren
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, Australia
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rapidly growing number of people in prison in Australia, combined with the high prevalence of mental disorder in this population, results in high demand for mental health services in prison settings. Despite their critical role as part of a national mental health response, prison mental health services (PMHS) in Australia have been poorly characterised. In this paper, we describe findings of the first national survey of PMHS in Australia. METHODS We distributed a survey to key representatives of PMHS in all Australian states and territories in 2016. RESULTS Our method constitutes a replicable process for quantifying and comparing PMHS in Australia. We describe the structure, governance and staffing models in seven jurisdictions. When compared against international recommendations, only one Australian jurisdiction (the ACT) is funded to provide services at a level equivalent to mental health services provided in the community. CONCLUSION Prison mental health services in Australia are delivered by a complex mix of government, private sector and non-government services. Services appear to be severely under-resourced when compared with the available benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Davidson
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Metro North Mental Health Services, Australia.,NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Offender Health, UNSW, Australia
| | - Bobbie Clugston
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia.,Mental Health Alcohol and Other Drugs Branch, Clinical Excellence Division, Queensland Health, Australia
| | - Michelle Perrin
- Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Metro North Mental Health Services, Australia
| | - Megan Williams
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Metro North Mental Health Services, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia.,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Australia
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17
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Nelson CA, Stanton KE, Bowers SM, Park EM. Addressing Child Custody Concerns of Parents with Life-Limiting Illness. J Palliat Med 2019; 23:1134-1138. [PMID: 31816258 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Custody concerns are a major source of psychosocial distress among single parents with life-limiting illness. Although children are increasingly living in diverse household structures, the current health care system is not designed to meet the unique needs of single parents or nontraditional families. Patients with unaddressed custody concerns can experience psychological suffering during treatment and at the end of life. Lack of clarity and resolution regarding guardianship may also result in additional hardship for their grieving children. Case Description: We present the case of a 36-year-old-female with metastatic breast cancer, who was the single mother of four children. Despite significant concerns about her children's well-being, the patient did not complete legal guardianship processes. She experienced immense distress at the end of her life due to an unresolved custody plan. Discussion: This case demonstrates the need for addressing custody and guardianship concerns with seriously ill patients early in the illness trajectory. While clinicians need not become experts on custody and guardianship themselves, understanding the impact of custody concerns-and the barriers to their resolution-can substantially improve end-of-life care for patients and better equip surviving family for the changes that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kate E Stanton
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Savannah M Bowers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eliza M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Haysom L, Cross M, Anastasas R, Hampton S, Harris M, Sneddon K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in young people in custody in New South Wales. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:224-228. [PMID: 30161281 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are problematic for incarcerated adolescents but have not been previously researched. METHODS This was a 2-year prospective study of all New South Wales Juvenile Custodial Centres involving incarcerated youth aged 12-20 years. The main outcomes measured were MRSA SSTIs, MRSA molecular subtypes and associations with MRSA infection. Variables included age, gender, SSTI site and type, Indigenous status, incarceration time, lifetime incarcerations, intravenous drug use, overweight/obesity, recent antibiotic use and health centre presentations. RESULTS From February 2013 to January 2015, there were 77 SSTIs (92.2% male, 59.2% Indigenous, mean age 16.9 years). The majority (77.9%) were collections, mostly on the lower limb (44.2%), and 33 (42.9%) isolates were MRSA; 94% were Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive. This represents 11 SSTIs per 1000 custodial admissions, and 4.7 MRSA SSTIs per 1000 custodial admissions. Independent associations with MRSA SSTI (vs. non-MRSA SSTI) were Indigenous status (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 5.92, P < 0.001), presenting with a collection (AOR 18.29, P < 0.001) and recent antibiotic use (AOR 3.62, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated Australian youth have high rates of MRSA SSTIs, comparable to rates in US adult inmates, but with different molecular subtypes. At particular risk of MRSA infection are Indigenous youth, those with recent antibiotic use and those presenting with a collection. Many MRSA infections present at custodial admission, making surveillance and containment important, along with avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics and hand hygiene. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive MRSA predominates and is known for causing flu-associated necrotising pneumonia. Albeit a rare outcome, the seasonal influenza vaccination should be mandatory for youth in custody and custodial staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Haysom
- Adolescent Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Cross
- Health Studies Unit, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Anastasas
- Health Studies Unit, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Hampton
- Adolescent Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marilyn Harris
- Adolescent Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kimberley Sneddon
- Adolescent Health, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Bergström M, Fransson E, Wells MB, Köhler L, Hjern A. Children with two homes: Psychological problems in relation to living arrangements in Nordic 2- to 9-year-olds. Scand J Public Health 2018; 47:137-145. [PMID: 29644929 DOI: 10.1177/1403494818769173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Joint physical custody, children spending equal time in each parents' respective home after a parental divorce, is particularly common in Nordic compared with other Western countries. Older children have been shown to fare well in this practice but for young children there are few existing studies. The aim of this paper is to study psychological problems in 2- to 9-year-old Nordic children in different family forms. METHODS Total symptom score according to the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as well as scores showing externalizing problems were compared among 152 children in joint physical custody, 303 in single care and 3207 in nuclear families through multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS Children in single care had more psychological symptoms than those in joint physical custody (B = 1.08; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.67) and those in nuclear families had the least reported symptoms (B = -0.53; 95% CI -0.89 to -0.17). Externalizing problems were also lower in nuclear families (B = -0.28, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.04) compared with joint physical custody after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Young children with non-cohabiting parents suffered from more psychological problems than those in intact families. Children in joint physical custody had a lower total problem score than those in single care after adjusting for covariates. Longitudinal studies with information on family factors before the separation are needed to inform policy of young children's post-separation living arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Bergström
- 1 Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.,3 Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Emma Fransson
- 1 Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Michael B Wells
- 2 Prevention, Intervention, and Mechanisms in Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Lennart Köhler
- 4 Nordic School of Public Health, Sweden.,5 Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hjern
- 1 Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.,3 Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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20
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Baggio S, Gétaz L, Tran NT, Peigné N, Chacowry Pala K, Golay D, Heller P, Bodenmann P, Wolff H. Association of Overcrowding and Turnover with Self-Harm in a Swiss Pre-Trial Prison. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15040601. [PMID: 29584625 PMCID: PMC5923643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-harm is a common issue in detention and includes both suicidal and non-suicidal behaviours. Beyond well-known individual risk factors, institutional factors such as overcrowding (i.e., when the prison population exceeds its capacity) and turnover (i.e., the rate at which the prison population is renewed), may also increase the risk of self-harm. However, these factors are understudied or previous studies reported inconsistent findings. This study investigated the association of self-harm with overcrowding and turnover in the largest pre-trial Swiss prison in Geneva. Data were collected yearly between 2011 and 2017. Measures included self-harm (all kinds of self-injuring acts requiring medical attention, including self-strangulations and self-hangings). We performed meta-regressions to analyse the relationships between self-harm and institutional factors. Self-harm events were frequent, with a prevalence estimate of 26.4%. Overcrowding and turnover were high (average occupation rate of 177% and average turnover of 73%, respectively). Overcrowding and turnover were significantly associated with self-harm (respectively b = 0.068, p < 0.001 and (b = 1.257, p < 0.001). In both cases, self-harm was higher when overcrowding and turnover increased. Overcrowding and turnover raise important human rights concerns and have damaging effects on the health of people living in detention. Identification of and care for this vulnerable population at risk of self-harm are needed and institutional factors should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Life Course and Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Australian Centre for Public Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, 2007 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nicolas Peigné
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Komal Chacowry Pala
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Diane Golay
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Bodenmann
- Vulnerable Population Center, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital & University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland.
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21
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Greiner MV, Beal SJ, Allen A, Patel V, Meinzen-Derr J, Antommaria AHM. Who Speaks for Me? Addressing Variability in Informed Consent Practices for Minimal Risk Research Involving Foster Youth. J Health Dispar Res Pract 2018; 11:111-131. [PMID: 34377600 PMCID: PMC8351591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth in protective custody (e.g.. foster care) are at higher risk for poorer physical and mental health outcomes compared with those who are not in custody. These differences may be due in part to the lack of research on the population to create evidence-based recommendations for health care delivery. A potential contributor to this lack of research is difficulties in obtaining informed consent for empirical studies in this population. The objective of this study was to describe the approaches to obtaining informed consent in minimal risk studies of foster youth and provide recommendations for future requirements. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature to characterize the informed consent approaches in published minimal risk research involving youth in foster care. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Embase, ERIC, Scopus, and EBMR. Inclusion criteria were: studies conducted in the United States, included current foster youth, minimal risk, peer reviewed, and published in English. Full text was reviewed, and individuals required to consent and assent were extracted. RESULTS Forty-nine publications from 33 studies were identified. Studies required 0 to 3 individuals to consent. Individuals required to give consent included case workers (16, 48%), foster caregivers (12, 36%), biological parents (7, 21%), judges (5, 15%), and guardian ad litems (2, 6%). Twenty-nine (88%) studies required the youth's assent. The studies used 14 different combinations of individuals. One (3%) study utilized a waiver of consent. CONCLUSIONS There is no consistent approach for obtaining informed consent for foster youth to participate in minimal risk research. Consent should ideally involve individuals with legal authority and knowledge of the individual youth's interests and should not be burdensome. Consensus regarding consent requirements may facilitate research involving foster youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Greiner
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Sarah J Beal
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | | | - Jareen Meinzen-Derr
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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22
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Sridhar S, Cornish R, Fazel S. The Costs of Healthcare in Prison and Custody: Systematic Review of Current Estimates and Proposed Guidelines for Future Reporting. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:716. [PMID: 30618885 PMCID: PMC6306428 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: We aimed to review prison healthcare expenditure internationally. Objectives: To systematically review healthcare spending on prisoners worldwide, examine comparability between countries, and develop guidelines to improve reporting. Methods: Five bibliographic indexes (International Monetary Fund, ProQuest: Statistical Abstracts of the World, PubMed, Google Scholar, and JSTOR) were searched for the costs of prison and prison healthcare, supplemented with country-specific searches for the 20 countries with the highest prison populations. Information on overall healthcare costs, their breakdown by categories, and their proportion to overall prison expenditure was extracted. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results: Prison healthcare expenditure data was identified for 10 countries, and overall operating costs were reported for 12 countries. The most commonly reported healthcare cost was for primary medical care. Healthcare costs reporting varied widely, and few countries were comparable. We developed a set of guidelines for consistent and transparent reporting of healthcare costs. Conclusions: Few countries report the costs of healthcare services in prison. When reported, there is a lack of clarity and consistency as to what is included. Using the proposed reporting guidelines would enable national trends and international comparisons to be investigated, and any recommended benchmarks to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivpriya Sridhar
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert Cornish
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Yang SM, Cheng YB. [Forensic Analysis of 63 Cases of Non-violent Death Occurred in Custody]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 33:509-513. [PMID: 29275557 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To collect cases of non-violent death occurred in custody for analyzing the forensic characteristics and related influencing factors. METHODS Sixty-three cases of non-violent death among detainees in custody that handled by a forensic science center from 2000 to 2015 were collected. The type, onset season, medical history, clinical manifestation, treatment and duration of related fatal diseases were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS The deaths due to diseases in custody were common in male, and with a high incidence in middle aged adults. The most common cause of death was cardiac death (50.8%). Chronic inflammatory diseases such as gastrointestinal perforation, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, hepatitis and pancreatitis, were common. There was a peak incidence in summer. The acute symptoms included sudden onset during sleep and sudden apsychia, and emesis, abdominal pain, fatigue, chest tightness, shortness of breath, fever and anorexia were the most common chronic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The management system, custody condition, medical level and rescue rudiment of custody still need improvements. It should be pay more attention to collecting the information of medical history, autopsy, histological examination and toxicological analysis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yang
- Detachment of Criminal Investigation, Dengfeng Public Security Bureau, Zhengzhou 452470, China
| | - Y B Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
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24
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Abstract
Correctional nurses are trained to care for prisoners in a controlled security environment; however, when a convict is transferred to a noncorrectional health care facility, the nurses there are often unfamiliar with custody requirements or how to safely care for these patients. The care of prisoners outside of prison has not been adequately investigated, and a gap exists between research and nursing education and practice. Nurses rarely have to consider how providing care for a prisoner in custody affects their practice, the potential dissonance between routine nursing care and the requirements to maintain security, or that care of prisoners in unsecured clinical areas places the nurse and other personnel at risk for physical assault or prisoner escape. Educating perioperative nurses in the care of prisoners in a public hospital environment is important for the provision of safe care and prevention of physical and emotional repercussions to personnel.
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25
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Yang SM, Li ZY. [Forensic Analysis of 25 Cases of Unnatural Death in Custody]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 32:346-349. [PMID: 29205003 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To screen and collect the cases of unnatural death in custody and analyze the influences and forensic characteristics. METHODS Total 25 cases of unnatural death in detainees in custody form 2000 to 2015 were collected. Some forensic characteristics such as gender, age, yearly incidence, causes of death, manner of death were analyzed. The public security custodies were also compared with the prisons. RESULTS All dead involved were male, mostly were young and middle-aged adults. It showed that the number of cases tended to decrease year by year. The incidence of the injury cases were higher in public security custodies (64.7%) than that in the prisons (12.5%). However, there was a higher suicide rate in prisons (62.5%) than that in public security custodies (23.5%). The mainly cause of death were injury and asphyxia, there were also some cases died from intoxication and electricity. CONCLUSIONS The cases of unnatural death in custody expose some problems such as the imperfectness of law enforcement standardization, supervision loopholes and poor medical standards. A comprehensive and detailed autopsy has important implications for the identification of cause of death in custody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yang
- Criminal Investigation Team, Dengfeng Public Security Bureau, Zhengzhou 452470, China
| | - Z Y Li
- Criminal Investigation Branch, Rongcheng Public Security Bureau, Rongcheng 264300, China
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26
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Zuzak TJ, Kameda G, Schütze T, Kaatsch P, Seifert G, Bailey R, Längler A. Contributing factors and outcomes of treatment refusal in pediatric oncology in Germany. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1800-5. [PMID: 27348500 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany, about 1,800 new cases of pediatric cancer under 15 years of age are diagnosed each year and survival rates approach 80%. Although treatment is covered by health insurance and is thus available for all patients at no cost, treatment refusal and treatment discontinuation have been observed. However, no data providing numbers and outcomes for developed countries have been published thus far. PROCEDURE A questionnaire-based survey was performed among German pediatric oncology centers to ascertain the number of treatment refusals among pediatric patients who were diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2009 in Germany. RESULTS Questionnaires from 70 of 73 centers were available, and of these 13 centers reported a total of 15 cases of treatment refusal or discontinuation within this 2-year period. Five of the 15 patients died, 7 of 15 were still alive, and the current status of 3 of 15 patients was unknown. Diseases were heterogeneous. Six of the 15 parents refused treatment for their children initially, 8 of 15 discontinued during the course of treatment. Five patients were treated after parental custody had been withdrawn due to the lack of compliance. All these five patients survived. Parents' reasons given for refusal or discontinuation of treatment were related to personal health beliefs and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment refusal or discontinuation is rare, it is accompanied by a high mortality rate. Parents' personal health beliefs play a primary role in treatment refusal or discontinuation in Germany. This emphasizes the importance of sustaining a functioning and mutually communicative physician-parent-patient relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho Jan Zuzak
- Department of Integrative Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Genn Kameda
- Department of Integrative Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Germany
| | - Tim Schütze
- Faculty of Health, Professorship for Integrative Pediatrics Centre for Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR), Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bailey
- Department of Integrative Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Germany.,Faculty of Health, Professorship for Integrative Pediatrics Centre for Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Alfred Längler
- Department of Integrative Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, Germany.,Faculty of Health, Professorship for Integrative Pediatrics Centre for Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
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Hopkin G, Samele C, Singh K, Craig T, Valmaggia L, Forrester A. Prison Mental Health In-reach: The Effect of Open Referral Pathways. Psychiatr Psychol Law 2016; 24:152-158. [PMID: 31983946 PMCID: PMC6818432 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2016.1197813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In England and Wales, mental health in-reach teams manage high levels of mental disorder in prisons, but problems with reception screening and referral triage have been identified. As one potential solution, we examined the effect of an open referral pathway upon one in-reach team by evaluating its referrals and caseload across two time periods (in 2008 and 2011). There was a doubling of team referrals (from 101 to 203) with significantly improved identification of people with no mental health history. There was further evidence for a lowering of thresholds for referral and assessment, an approach that can be seen as helpful within a system that is known to under-identify mental health problems. Despite limitations, this evaluation offers some evidence for the effectiveness of open referral systems. It also raises questions about the potential effects of liaison and diversion services that are presently being piloted for national introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Hopkin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Chiara Samele
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Karan Singh
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, Maidstone, UK
| | - Tom Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Thompson C. IVF global histories, USA: between Rock and a marketplace. Reprod Biomed Soc Online 2016; 2:128-135. [PMID: 29892725 PMCID: PMC5991883 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The USA has played, and continues to play, a distinctive and significant part in the history of IVF and assisted reproductive technology worldwide. American IVF emerged in the scientific context of contraceptive and fertility research, in the social context of a wealthy nation without universal healthcare, and in the political context of the abortion debate and its impact on federal versus state funding and regulation. IVF had its first clinical success in the USA in 1981. Since then, IVF in the USA has become known for procedures involving third, fourth and fifth parties as gamete donors and surrogates. The USA has also been one of the pioneers in domestic and transnational deployment of IVF for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) parenthood, and a pioneer of the social egg-freezing revolution. US IVF has been marked by professional and patient advocacy for such things as the honest reporting of success rates, recognition of the risks of postponed childbearing, and the need for insurance coverage. Certain landmark legal custody disputes over IVF embryos and offspring, as well as media attention to gendered, racialized, and class-based access to and pricing of assisted reproductive technology, have also driven the development of IVF in the USA.
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Abstract
Background: Suicide is the leading cause of death in Swiss prisons. The Federal Statistics Office provides numbers but no further details. Previous studies worldwide have focused on identifying suicide risk factors in prisoners, but very few have looked at the methods used in relation to prevention strategies. Aims: To obtain details of Swiss prison suicides, determine new findings in an international context, and establish prevention strategies based on the information acquired. Method: Retrospective data analysis of prison suicides extracted from the database of all suicides investigated by Swiss institutes of legal medicine between 2000 and 2010, using a standardized assessment sheet. Results: Out of 4,885 suicides investigated in the institutes of legal medicine in Switzerland, we identified 50 (1.02%) inmate suicides. Most were unmarried Swiss men, with a median age of 32 years. The two most common methods used were hanging and tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Two died due to self-immolation. Conclusion: Swiss prison suicides do not differ from those in other countries regarding sociodemographic details and the most common method of hanging. Anchoring devices, even low ones, should be avoided to prevent hanging and medication intake should be monitored. As prisoners use tricyclic antidepressants to die by suicide, we recommend the general monitoring of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Gauthier
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies conducted in several countries have found an increase in suicide rates in custody than the general population. AIMS The aim was to assess the trends of suicide in custody and to identify characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined all available files of the death of people in custody through 2001 to 2010. Information collected included age, sex, type of custody, place of death, presence of any associated disease, history of any psychiatric illness, substance abuse, and cause of death. RESULTS A total 173 autopsies was performed out of which 14 cases were of suicide. The mean age was 31.71 years. 71.42% deaths were noted in police lock-ups while 28.57% were recorded in prison. Hanging was the common method of suicide followed by poisoning. CONCLUSION Suicide in custodial setting is preventable problem in India. Preventing suicide in custody needs cooperation and coordination from various agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh V Bardale
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep G Dixit
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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