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Azizy AH, Thontowi HB. Stigma, Support, and Ideation About Suicide in Indonesian Twitter: A Topic Modelling Study. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241253972. [PMID: 38739857 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241253972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stigma surrounding suicide is a massive problem in Indonesia. Thus, it is important to study how conversations about suicide take place. We take a machine learning approach and study tweets with suicide keywords to understand how people converse about suicide or express suicide ideation. Tweets with suicide-related keywords were extracted from May to June 2023. 20,057 tweets were subject to topic modelling with an 11-topic solution. While most topics contain negative messages, no purely stigmatizing topics emerge, despite prior research suggesting overwhelming stigma. Various kinds of existential, emotional, and social tweets about suicide take place among Indonesian users, indicating that Indonesian Twitter users utilize the platform to express their thoughts and emotions. Notably, religious-spiritual keywords are highly prevalent, suggesting that in a highly religious society, there is a need for policy makers and awareness campaigns to frame their positive messaging within the society's religious context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrizal Hasbi Azizy
- Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Indonesia
| | - Haidar Buldan Thontowi
- Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Indonesia
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Hennipman-Herweijer C, Amerongen-Meeuse JVN, Schaap-Jonker H, Boonstra N. The experiences of living with a suicidal family member, and the impact on daily life: A systematic review and meta-aggregation. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38470095 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because of the pivotal role that family members play in caring for their suicidal relative, insight into their experiences is necessary to develop good support for them. AIM This systematic review aimed to aggregate qualitative research examining the experiences of family members living with their suicidal relative, and their impact on daily life. METHODS Systematic searches, covering the period 2000-2022, were conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Ovid Nursing database and CINAHL. The JBI-QARI meta-aggregation approach and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Six themes were identified: The hard job of managing the risk of suicide; contributing to the relative's survival; struggling with professional care; being in a lonely position; pressure on relationships; and disruption of well-being. DISCUSSION The constant worry of losing their relative and ever-present vigilance dominates their lives in such a way that their well-being may be decreased. Professionals often overlook family members, which leads to feelings of powerlessness and loneliness. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Collaborating with families in treatment, allowing them to share information and supporting them in the care at home may lead to better outcomes for both the family and their suicidal relative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hennipman-Herweijer
- Center for Research and Innovation in Christian Mental Health Care Eleos/de Hoop, Hoevelaken, The Netherlands
- Eleos Mental Health Care, Bosch en Duin, The Netherlands
- Nursing Sciences, Program in Clinical Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joke van Nieuw Amerongen-Meeuse
- Center for Research and Innovation in Christian Mental Health Care Eleos/de Hoop, Hoevelaken, The Netherlands
- Department of Religion and Theology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schaap-Jonker
- Center for Research and Innovation in Christian Mental Health Care Eleos/de Hoop, Hoevelaken, The Netherlands
- Department of Religion and Theology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Boonstra
- Nursing Science in Mental Health Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NHL Stenden University of Applied Science, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- KieN Early Intervention Service, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Metts AV, Sears M, Vargas JH, Marafon T, Couto DD, Niles AN. Perceptions of Helpful and Unhelpful Responses to Disclosures of Suicidality in a Sample of Mobile App Users. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:263-278. [PMID: 36516853 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2152984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment and management of suicide risk is dependent on the individual at risk disclosing their suicidal thoughts. This study analyzed self-reported data collected via Youper, a mental-health app, to explore user experiences with suicide-related disclosure. METHOD 2,952 international users who endorsed suicidal ideation reported on experiences with suicide-related disclosure. Differences in experiences were examined according to age, gender, and symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS Just over half of users (56.17%) shared their suicidal thoughts. The primary reason for not sharing was thinking others would not understand. Of those who had disclosed their suicidal thoughts, 56.31% perceived the listener's response to be helpful, with listening and expressing care identified as most helpful. More severe depression and generalized anxiety symptoms were associated with higher disclosure likelihood, whereas higher borderline-personality and social-anxiety symptoms were associated with lower disclosure likelihood. Perceptions of what users found helpful when they disclosed suicidality varied by gender. Lack of understanding was the most frequently reported unhelpful response universally. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that listening and expressing care should be prioritized to maximize suicidal individuals' experiences of feeling supported. That said, gender and symptoms impact likelihoods of and experiences with disclosure, which should be considered when receiving suicide-related disclosure.HIGHLIGHTSNearly half of users shared suicidal thoughts and found listener responses helpful.Users most often endorsed listening as helpful and not understanding as unhelpful.Symptom severity and gender informed suicide-related disclosure experiences.
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Clark KA, Blosnich JR. Sexual Orientation and Disclosure of Suicidal Thoughts Before Suicide Mortality. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:953-963. [PMID: 37429387 PMCID: PMC10772205 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors represents an opportunity to intervene before suicide mortality, representing a cornerstone for suicide prevention. Sexual minority (e.g., lesbian/gay, bisexual) people experience sharply elevated suicide risk, yet there is scant research on patterns of disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors before suicide that might uncover missed opportunities for suicide prevention. Thus, authors leveraged postmortem suicide data to evaluate associations among sexual orientation, sex, and disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the month preceding death. METHODS Data on suicides from the 2013-2019 National Violent Death Reporting System (N=155,516) were classified for sexual orientation and denoted disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and to whom suicidal thoughts and behaviors were disclosed in the month preceding death. Logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates assessed the associations between sexual orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors disclosure. Analyses were conducted from October 2022 to February 2023. RESULTS Among females, sexual minority decedents were 65% more likely to disclose suicidal thoughts and behaviors than heterosexual decedents (95% CI=37%, 99%, p<0.001). No difference in suicidal thoughts and behaviors disclosure was observed between sexual minority and heterosexual men. Of decedents who disclosed suicidal thoughts and behaviors, one in five sexual minority decedents disclosed to a friend/colleague, whereas fewer than 5% disclosed to a healthcare professional. Among sexual minority females, younger age, intimate partner problems, and physical health problems were positively associated with disclosing suicidal thoughts and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reducing suicide mortality in sexual minority populations will require considering contexts beyond the healthcare system, including engaging peer networks. Gatekeeper training for suicide prevention may be an especially promising approach for reducing suicide among sexual minority women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A Clark
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - John R Blosnich
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Hu CS, Zhang H, Short LA, Liu M, Huang C, Liang Z, Yang Y, Huang M, Xie D. Learning of a Classmate's Suicide Ideation Affects Emotions When Advising the Classmate and the Helpfulness of the Advice Provided. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37970867 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2280227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide ideation (SI) is prevalent among college students, and suicide disclosure (SD) is critical for crisis intervention. However, students with SI may worry about stigmatizing responses to their disclosure. To better understand the mechanism of stigmatizing responses to SD, we investigated the effects of a hypothetical classmate's SD on college students' emotions and reasoning when providing advice to a distressed classmate. METHOD In a randomized controlled experiment, students wrote advice to a hypothetical classmate who recently failed in his pursuit of a romantic relationship with a peer. The experimental/control group also learned he wanted to either commit suicide/quit school. When typing the advice, participants' facial expressions were recorded and analyzed by Facereader7.1. After advising, participants reported their sadness, joy, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust when advising. Finally, trained coders coded the common themes of their advice and rated the wise reasoning involved. Additionally, two experts in suicide prevention rated the helpfulness of their advice for the classmate. RESULTS The experimental group showed significantly fewer facial expressions of happiness, reported higher sadness and fear, provided less helpful advice, and mentioned "confronting reality" less during advising. The difference in disgust and wise reasoning was nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Learning of a classmate's SI may increase fear and sadness among recipients and reduce the helpfulness of their advice. Increased psychoeducation for students that focuses on improving emotional regulation (especially facial expressions) during SI may reduce the stigma surrounding SI and prevent perceived burdensomeness among individuals with SI after SD.
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Mayer L, Puschner N, Votruba N, Rüsch N, Oexle N. Social Reactions After Disclosing Suicide Loss Among Women. CRISIS 2023; 44:451-457. [PMID: 35801538 PMCID: PMC10658635 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Suicide loss is often concealed. While initial evidence suggests that disclosure is important for healthy grieving, observed beneficial effects may depend on social reactions. Aim: The current study aimed to identify social reactions and associated consequences experienced by persons who lost a loved one to suicide (i.e., suicide loss survivors). Method: We conducted qualitative interviews with 22 female adult suicide loss survivors focusing on social reactions after suicide loss. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: When talking about their loss with others, suicide loss survivors experienced a broad range of social reactions including compassionate and supportive responses, speechlessness and insecurity, curiosity and gossip, stigmatization, and grieving expectations. Depending on these social reactions, disclosing suicide loss was associated with both negative and positive long-term effects. Limitations: The findings are limited to the current female sample. Conclusion: Interventions that help suicide loss survivors in finding supportive confidants, combined with public interventions to decrease public suicide stigma and improve the public's readiness to provide helpful support to suicide loss survivors, could improve grieving outcomes among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Puschner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Votruba
- Centre for Implementation Science and Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
- The George Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Oexle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
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Lindsay BL, Szeto ACH. The Influence of Media on the Stigma of Suicide when a Postsecondary Student Dies by Suicide. Arch Suicide Res 2023; 27:1278-1295. [PMID: 36106828 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether media articles from a postsecondary institution could influence students' stigma toward suicide after a student dies by suicide. Undergraduate participants (N = 425) read a fictitious scenario about a student suicide and were randomly assigned to a control article (no mention of the suicide) or one of three intervention articles that acknowledged the suicide and included a discussion with a psychologist, a friend of the decedent, or a suicide survivor. The stigma toward suicide survivors, particularly stereotypes, was significantly less after the three intervention articles compared to the control. No differences were found between the intervention articles or regarding the stigma toward suicide decedents. Reduced stigma toward survivors indicates that acknowledging a suicide, when possible, should be considered.
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Sukmak V, Sripola S, Sriphoungpherd L, Jundeekrayom S, Compapong K. A narrative inquiry into caregivers' experiences and management after a relative's suicide attempt in a rural community in Northeast Thailand. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2023; 45:124-130. [PMID: 37544686 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Suicide attempts have long-term negative consequences for families. This study reports a narrative inquiry using a social constructionist perspective to investigate how caregivers in rural northeast Thailand describe their experiences and management strategies following a family member's suicide attempt. From thematic analysis, three themes emerged: (1) distress and embarrassment, (2) managing to prevent re-attempts, and (3) letting go and moving on with my life. The implications discussed for mental health professionals include recognizing caregivers' experiences and developing more effective ways to manage the risk of future attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatinee Sukmak
- Independent Scholar in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Thailand.
| | - Sirirat Sripola
- Department of Maternity-Newborn & Midwifery Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Lila Sriphoungpherd
- Experienced Level, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Kosumphisai Hospital, Kosumphisai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Surada Jundeekrayom
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.
| | - Khanittha Compapong
- Experienced Level, KhonKaen Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital, KhonKaen Province, Thailand
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Ammerman BA, Park Y, O'Loughlin CM. Disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors: The impact of suicide event type. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2456-2469. [PMID: 35466401 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite its importance, limited work has investigated the nuances of suicidal thoughts and behavior self-disclosure. The present study aimed to examine potential differences in self-disclosure based on whether an individual has disclosed suicidal thinking versus behavior. METHODS Two hundred and four participants having disclosed their suicidal thoughts or behaviors completed a battery of online questionnaires assessing several key aspects of disclosure (i.e., disclosure recipient, perceived helpfulness of disclosure, impact on treatment seeking), as it pertained to both one's first and overall disclosure experiences. RESULTS Individuals who disclosed a suicide attempt, versus ideation, were more likely to have disclosed to a formal support (i.e., health professional) and to seek professional help following disclosure. No significant group differences in perceived helpfulness of experiences were found. CONCLUSION It may be beneficial to increase opportunities for disclosure of suicidal thinking. Overall, disclosures were perceived as helpful and may not impede future help-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Ammerman
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonsoo Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Under the Surface: The Role of Covert Cues in Peer Suicide Risk Referrals. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 14:125-135. [PMID: 35273652 PMCID: PMC8903059 DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are highly prevalent among adolescents, and peers are often the first, and sometimes only, people to know about youth suicidality. Since many adolescents do not directly disclose suicidal thoughts, school-based suicide prevention programs aim to train youth to recognize warning signs of suicide in their peers that serve as "cues" to refer at-risk peers to an appropriate adult. However, peer-presented cues vary widely in presentation, and adolescents are more likely to recognize overt (i.e., obvious or explicit) as opposed to covert (i.e., hidden or implied) cues. The type of cue exhibited may, in turn, affect whether adolescents make a referral to an adult. The current study examined whether training suicide prevention influences referral intentions for overt and covert suicide cues. Participants included 244 high school students (54% female; M age = 16.21) in the Southeastern United States who received suicide prevention training (SOS; Signs of Suicide) as part of their health curriculum. Prior to training, students endorsed higher referral intentions for peers exhibiting overt compared to covert cues. Training was associated with increased intentions to refer peers across cue type, but referral intentions for covert cues improved significantly from pre to post-training while those for overt cues remained high and stable. Findings suggest that suicide prevention training might differentially improve students' ability to detect and respond appropriately to less obvious indicators of suicide risk. These findings may inform the adaptation and development of future, more nuanced school-based suicide prevention programming.
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Zheng Y, Zhang H, Fan Q. Discordance between family report and clinical assessment of suicide attempts: a prospective study from the emergency department. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 34:e100576. [PMID: 34970640 PMCID: PMC8666883 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing accurate identification methods for individuals with suicide attempts and providing them with follow-up care and supports can be a vital component of all comprehensive suicide prevention strategies. However, because of the difficulties concerning one’s intentions behind injurious behaviour, identifying suicide attempts is a challenge for families and clinicians. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between family report and clinical assessment for suicide attempts in the emergency department (ED). Methods A total of 148 patients with suspected suicide attempts (SSAs) and 148 family caregivers in the ED were enrolled. The suicide risk module of the Chinese version of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the self-report measure were used to assess those with SSA’s suicidal behaviours. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales and semi-structured interviews were used to investigate the characteristics of suicide risk and demographics of patients with SSA, as well as the rate and influencing factors of omitted suicide attempts reported by family caregivers. Results The underreporting rate for family reported suicide attempts in the ED was 69.0%. The suicide attempts group indicated lower mean scores on perceptions of family resources, adaptability and cohesion. Patients' suicide risk rating (OR=0.152, 95% CI: 0.037 to 0.620, p=0.009), adult-children relationship (OR=5.037, 95% CI: 1.478 to 17.167, p=0.010) and caregiver’s age (OR=0.279, 95% CI: 0.103 to 0.757, p=0.012) might be associated with underreporting by families. If patients committed suicide attempts through a falling injury or medication overdose, their families may have misreported the suicide attempt. Conclusions The discordance of suicide attempt records between family report and clinical assessment reveals the limitations of family self-reports when identifying suicide attempts. Interviews and observations, together with information from certain diagnoses, should be combined to accurately identify suicide attempters in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyin Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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Sheehan L, Oexle N, Armas SA, Wan HT, Bushman M, Glover L, Lewy S, Laique A. The context of disclosing suicidality: An exploration with attempt survivors. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Sheehan
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Nathalie Oexle
- Department of Psychiatry II University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg Ulm Baden‐Württemberg Germany
| | - Silvia A. Armas
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Hoi Ting Wan
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Michael Bushman
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
| | - LaToya Glover
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Stanley Lewy
- Suicide Prevention Association Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Aamir Laique
- Department of Psychology Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois USA
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van Alphen RHB, Schout G, Koudstaal AJ, de Vreugd M, Abma T, Vermeiren RRJM. Family group conferences for suicidal adolescents: Promising results from naturalistic case study research. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:2445-2455. [PMID: 34549666 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1967514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Can thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, risk factors for suicidal adolescents, be turned around by family group conferences? In this case study on Nick, a 17-year-old who undertook six suicide attempts, we (including Nick) share insights and learning opportunities on how family group conferences can be used. The thematic analysis suggests that family group conferences might be a promising intervention for suicidal adolescents. For Nick, the conference was a turning point in his life, correcting perceptions of being a burden, pushing back passiveness, and boosting connection with and support from the broad social network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn H B van Alphen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center-Curium, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schout
- Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agaath J Koudstaal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center-Curium, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin de Vreugd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center-Curium, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Abma
- Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center-Curium, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Stallman HM. Online needs‐based and strengths‐focused suicide prevention training: Evaluation of Care · Collaborate · Connect. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Stallman
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
- Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woodville South, South Australia, Australia,
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Maple M, Frey LM, McKay K, Coker S, Grey S. "Nobody Hears a Silent Cry for Help": Suicide Attempt Survivors' Experiences of Disclosing During and After a Crisis. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:498-516. [PMID: 31507236 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1658671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Suicide remains an important public health issue across the globe. Until recently the medically dominated field of suicide prevention has neglected first-hand accounts of suicidal thoughts and behaviors from those who have survived prior suicide attempts. This qualitative research provides insight into the experience of suicide attempt, highlighting difficulties with disclosure of suicidal thinking prior to, and after, suicide attempts. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 31 adult suicide attempt survivors. The focus of the interviews was to explore their experience of suicide attempt and recovery. This paper reports on the complexity involved in disclosing suicidal thoughts or behavior prior to, at the time, or post attempt; the role that help seeking has when someone is acutely suicidal; and the challenges people have in finding their voice at these critical junctures. These factors are both inter- and intra-personal, and are influenced by stigma and lack of understanding of the suicidal state.
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McClay MM, Brausch AM, O'Connor SS. Social Support Mediates the Association between Disclosure of Suicide Attempt and Depression, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Thwarted Belongingness. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:884-898. [PMID: 32053246 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior research has found disclosure of concealable stigmatized statuses, including suicide attempt survivorship, to be associated with positive mental health outcomes. This study sought to test the mediating effect of self-reported social support on the association between disclosure of suicide attempt and suicide risk factors in a sample of undergraduate college students. METHOD Data were analyzed from 149 undergraduate college students with a history of one or more suicide attempts. Three parallel mediation analyses tested the simultaneous mediating effect of family social support and peer social support on the association between suicide attempt disclosure and suicide risk factors. RESULTS Significant total indirect effects in all models indicated family social support and peer social support simultaneously mediated the association between disclosure of suicide attempt and depression, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness. The indirect effect on thwarted belongingness via peer social support was stronger than the indirect effect via family social support. CONCLUSIONS Disclosure of suicide attempt was associated with higher social support, which was associated with lower suicide risk factors. In a therapeutic context, it is important to consider social support when discussing disclosure of suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M McClay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Amy M Brausch
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Stephen S O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Fulginiti A, Frey LM. Are the "Right" People Selected for First Disclosures About Suicidal Thoughts? Exploring What We Know About Advance Care Planning in the Context of Safety Planning. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:174-185. [PMID: 31512079 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nominating primary confidants (i.e., safety plan nominees) is central to safety planning for suicide but there is a dearth of research about such confidants-a serious oversight given their high-leverage position to affect pathways into clinical care. Informed by advance care planning (ACP) work, this study examined differences between social network members who were and were not identified as primary confidants on attributes that could impact their effectiveness in a helping role. Using social network methodology, information was collected from 41 individuals with affective disorders about the 332 people and relationships in their networks. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being perceived as capable of managing stress and prioritizing the participant's best interests over one's own increased the odds of being a primary confidant. Clinicians working with suicidal individuals may benefit from integrating ACP principles-which recognize the thoughtful selection of nominees based on specific attributes-into their safety planning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fulginiti
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St., Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Laura M Frey
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, 136 Burhans Hall, Shelby Campus, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Shaw JL, Beans JA, Comtois KA, Hiratsuka VY. Lived Experiences of Suicide Risk and Resilience among Alaska Native and American Indian People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3953. [PMID: 31627325 PMCID: PMC6843805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the lived experiences of suicidality and help-seeking for suicide prevention among Alaska Native and American Indian (AN/AI) people in a tribal health system. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used to analyze semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 individuals (ages 15-56) with self-reported histories of suicide ideation and/or attempt. Several factors were found to be central to acquiring resilience to suicide risk among AN/AI people across a wide age range: meaningful and consistent social connection, awareness about how one's suicide would negatively effect loved ones, and knowledge and utilization of available health services. Findings highlight the mutable nature of suicide risk and resilience, as well as the importance of interpersonal factors in suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Shaw
- Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Julie A Beans
- Research Department, Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Katherine Anne Comtois
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box 359911, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Sheehan L, Oexle N, Bushman M, Fulginiti A, Frey LM. Suicide-related disclosure: implications for inclusion and recovery. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/jpmh-01-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
People who have lived experiences with suicide often struggle with concealable stigmatized identities that threaten their inclusion and recovery. While disclosure of a stigmatized identity can promote support and recovery and therefore prevent suicide, it may also present distinct risks. The purpose of this paper is to summarize key issues in suicide-related disclosure, suggest theoretical models for describing suicide-related disclosure and identify research needs.
Design/methodology/approach
This conceptual paper discusses the existing literature on disclosure of concealable stigmatized identities, then explores research on disclosure of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and suicide loss. Theoretical models (disclosure processes model and interpersonal theory of suicide) that can be employed in understanding suicide-related disclosure are explored. Finally, the paper suggests areas for future research, including longitudinal research to identify strategic disclosure practices that can lead to greater inclusion and recovery.
Findings
Research on suicide-related disclosure should differentiate between disclosure of past and current suicidality, incorporate theoretical frameworks and examine approaches for preparing potential confidants and disclosers for the disclosure process.
Originality/value
This paper highlights issues unique to the disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and to suicide loss.
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May AM, Crenshaw AO, Leifker F, Bryan CJ, Baucom BR. Knowledge of suicide history, current depressive symptoms, and future suicide risk within couples. Behav Res Ther 2019; 120:103394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krychiw JK, Ward-Ciesielski EF. Factors related to suicide's unpredictability: a qualitative study of adults with lived experience of suicide attempts. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2019; 14:1650585. [PMID: 31401937 PMCID: PMC6713178 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2019.1650585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In recent decades, suicide prevention initiatives have increased substantially, yet the suicide rate has continued to rise, and suicide deaths are still generally perceived as unexpected. This study sought to identify factors that might account for this discrepancy by focusing on the exhibition of suicide warning signs. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 adults [mean age = 36 (SD = 14), 93% female] who had attempted suicide at least once in their lifetime. Results: A disconnect between participants and their environment emerged as a central theme. Many expressed ambivalence about whether they wanted others to intervene before their attempts, resulting in either expression or inhibition of warning signs. Regardless of whether they wanted their attempt to be predictable, most participants expressed disappointment if they perceived a lack of intervention before their attempt. In some cases, this disappointment exacerbated distress and may have contributed to the attempt itself. Participants also expressed difficulty disclosing their suicidal ideation to others. Thus, even if they wanted help, participants were unsure how to effectively attain it. Conclusions: Findings underscore the complexity of predicting and preventing suicide; however, engaging individuals with lived experience in these efforts facilitates greater understanding toward outreach and intervention approaches.
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Asare-Doku W, Osafo J, Akotia CS. Comparing the reasons for suicide from attempt survivors and their families in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:412. [PMID: 30991998 PMCID: PMC6469126 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family members are key in detecting early suicide warning signs. This study compared the reasons for suicidality as reported by attempt survivors with their family folks in Ghana. Methods A qualitative design was used to select a sample size of 20 (10 family members and 10 suicide attempt survivors). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results Analysis of the data showed two major themes: 1) Similar Reasons (where both families and attempt survivors consistently reported similar reasons for suicidality and 2) Different Reasons (where there were sharp divergences). Conclusions Findings from this study help to understand the readiness of attempt survivor family members to intervene early during suicidal crisis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6743-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred Asare-Doku
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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Sheehan L, Oexle N, Armas SA, Wan HT, Bushman M, Glover L, Lewy SA. Benefits and risks of suicide disclosure. Soc Sci Med 2019; 223:16-23. [PMID: 30690334 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals who attempt suicide are often subject to stigma and may feel ashamed to talk openly about their experiences with suicide. However, failure to disclose could interfere with care-seeking, increase distress, and limit social support. While research on other concealable stigmatized conditions (e.g. mental illness and HIV) has identified the complexities of disclosure decisions, little is known about disclosure for suicide attempt survivors. OBJECTIVE Given the lack of research in this area, this study aimed to explore suicide attempt survivor perspectives on risks and benefits of suicide disclosure. METHODS Academic researchers partnered with a community-based participatory research team to develop and conduct the research. The team conducted group and individual interviews with U.S. suicide attempt survivors (n = 40), using thematic analysis to code responses into themes for benefits (n = 12) and risks/barriers (n = 10) of disclosing. RESULTS Participants collectively identified how disclosure could benefit them (n = 9) through enhanced social support, strengthening of personal relationships, access to treatment, and opportunities for self-reflection. Participants described how disclosure could benefit others (n = 3) by reducing stigma, allowing attempt survivors to help peers who are currently struggling with suicidal ideation, and by providing psychoeducation on suicidality. Participants also described ways that disclosure could put them at risk (n = 8), in terms of stigma, unsupportive reactions, unwanted treatment, or loss of privacy. Participants were concerned that disclosure could put confidants at risk (n = 2) of being overburdened or triggered. CONCLUSION While the study methodology did not allow for an exploration of which benefits or risks may be most salient for suicide attempt survivors, this study lays groundwork for future research on disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Furthermore, these results can be used by service providers to support suicide attempt survivors in strategic disclosure decisions that maximize benefits and reduce risks.
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Zhao X, Shi C. The Relationship Between Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy and Core Self-Evaluation of College Students: The Mediation Effects of Suicidal Attitude. Front Psychol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 29740378 PMCID: PMC5928748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the mediation effect of a suicidal attitude from regulatory emotional self-efficacy to core self-evaluation. A measurement study was conducted among 438 college students using the Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale, the Core Self-Evaluation Scale, and the Suicide Attitude Questionnaire. Results from the plug-in process in SPSS and the bootstrap method showed that the attitude toward suicidal behavior and the attitude toward family members of an individual who has committed suicide played a double-mediation role, from perceived self-efficacy in managing happiness to core self-evaluation. The results also showed that the attitude toward a person who committed suicide or attempted suicide played a mediation effect from perceived self-efficacy in managing curiousness to core self-evaluation. This research has great significance for improving the understanding of college students' sense of happiness and prevention for self-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhao
- School of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Changxiu Shi
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Each year, approximately 1.3 million Americans survive a suicide attempt. While stigma has been reported by suicide attempt survivors, limited research has examined how suicide stigma may differ from the stigma of mental illness. U.S. adults (n = 440) completed an online survey in which they were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes. Vignettes depicted a target individual with either past depression, past suicide attempt, death by suicide, or no information on suicide or mental illness (control). Participants completed a general measure of stigma, a suicide-specific stigma measure, and were surveyed on the recovery potential of individuals with mental illness and suicide attempt. While the general stigma measure failed to distinguish between groups, significant differences on the suicide stigma scale (SSAS-44) emerged between participants assigned in the depression and suicide conditions, especially for stereotype and prejudice subscales. Across conditions, participants believed that recovery was more realistic for someone described as having a mental illness than it was for someone described as having attempted suicide. These findings suggest that individuals who have attempted suicide are subject to differential stigma content from those with depression. Implications are discussed for combating stigma for suicide attempt survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Sheehan
- Psychology Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rachel Dubke
- Psychology Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick W Corrigan
- Psychology Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Frey LM, Fulginiti A. Talking about suicide may not be enough: family reaction as a mediator between disclosure and interpersonal needs. J Ment Health 2017; 26:366-372. [PMID: 28675074 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2017.1340592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most people who make an attempt do not die, attempt survivors remain at particularly elevated risk for suicide in the short- and long-term. Moreover, the research on suicide-related disclosure and subsequent family reactions on risk factors for the development of suicidal desire is limited. AIMS This study examined the relationships between disclosure, family reaction and two interpersonal needs connected to the development of suicidal desire. METHODS Data from 74 attempt survivors who participated in a larger study were analyzed to assess the relationships between degree of suicide-related disclosure, quality of family reaction and thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. RESULTS Results indicated that higher rates of disclosure predicted more positive family reactions, which in turn predicted lower levels of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Although there was no direct relationship between disclosure and the outcome variables, bootstrapping analyses indicated that family reaction mediated the relationship between disclosure and both belongingness and burdensomeness. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the need for more family interventions that promote healthy reactions following suicide-related disclosure in order to facilitate the recovery and treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frey
- a Couple and Family Therapy Program, Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA and
| | - Anthony Fulginiti
- b Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver , Denver , CO , USA
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Asare-Doku W, Osafo J, Akotia CS. The experiences of attempt survivor families and how they cope after a suicide attempt in Ghana: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:178. [PMID: 28490324 PMCID: PMC5426021 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghana's socio-cultural landscape proscribes suicidal behaviour, and this has serious ramifications for attempt survivors and their families. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the experiences of the families of attempt survivors and how they cope with the aftermath of the attempt. METHODS Ten families with attempted suicides agreed to participate in the study, hence they were interviewed. The information gathered was manually analyzed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) resulting in three major thematic areas. RESULTS Three major themes emerged two of which addressed negative experiences and reactions towards the attempts: Experiencing shame and stigma, and Reactive affect. The third theme addressed the coping resources of these informants under the theme: Surviving the stress of attempt. The specific coping resources included personalized spiritual coping, social support, and avoidance. CONCLUSIONS Family systems theory is used to explain some of the findings of this study, and the implication for clinical practice and designing postvention programs for families after a suicide attempt are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred Asare-Doku
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Post Office Box LG84, Legon, Accra Ghana
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joseph Osafo
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Post Office Box LG84, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Charity S. Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Post Office Box LG84, Legon, Accra Ghana
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