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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Burbank F. Bipedalism and the dawn of uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:454-463. [PMID: 38300232 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence and burden of uterine fibroids in women raises questions about the origin of these benign growths. Here, we propose that fibroids should be understood in the context of human evolution, specifically the advent of bipedal locomotion in the hominin lineage. Over the ≥7 million years since our arboreal ancestors left their trees, skeletal adaptations ensued, affecting the pelvis, limbs, hands, and feet. By 3.2 million years ago, our ancestors were fully bipedal. A key evolutionary advantage of bipedalism was the freedom to use hands to carry and prepare food and create and use tools which, in turn, led to further evolutionary changes such as brain enlargement (encephalization), including a dramatic increase in the size of the neocortex. Pelvic realignment resulted in narrowing and transformation of the birth canal from a simple cylinder to a convoluted structure with misaligned pelvic inlet, mid-pelvis, and pelvic outlet planes. Neonatal head circumference has increased, greatly complicating parturition in early and modern humans, up to and including our own species. To overcome the so-called obstetric dilemma provoked by bipedal locomotion and encephalization, various compensatory adaptations have occurred affecting human neonatal development. These include adaptations limiting neonatal size, namely altricial birth (delivery of infants at an early neurodevelopmental stage, relative to other primates) and mid-gestation skeletal growth deceleration. Another key adaptation was hyperplasia of the myometrium, specifically the neomyometrium (the outer two-thirds of the myometrium, corresponding to 90% of the uterine musculature), allowing the uterus to more forcefully push the baby through the pelvis during a lengthy parturition. We propose that this hyperplasia of smooth muscle tissue set the stage for highly prevalent uterine fibroids. These fibroids are therefore a consequence of the obstetric dilemma and, ultimately, of the evolution of bipedalism in our hominin ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Burbank
- Salt Creek International Women's Health Foundation, San Clemente, CA, USA
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2
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Hirata S, Havercamp K, Yamanashi Y, Udono T. Hepatitis C virus infection reduces the lifespan of chimpanzees used in biomedical research. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220048. [PMID: 35946233 PMCID: PMC9364148 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees were used in hepatitis research for over three decades with the aim to identify and develop treatments for the virus, a leading cause of chronic liver disease in humans. We used a dataset of 120 chimpanzees housed at a single institution in Japan, 22 of whom became chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), to examine whether HCV infection results in a reduced lifespan as reported in humans. Survival analysis showed that HCV carriers experienced a higher mortality risk compared with non-carriers. Although no chimpanzee died from hepatic disease, carriers showed higher gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGTP) levels compared with non-carriers suggesting that HCV infection negatively affected their liver condition. These results provide evidence that special attention is necessary to monitor the long-term condition of ex-biomedical primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Uki-shi, Kumamoto 869-3201, Japan
| | - Kristin Havercamp
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamanashi
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Kyoto City Zoo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8333, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Udono
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Uki-shi, Kumamoto 869-3201, Japan
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A 25-Year Retrospective Review of Mortality in Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) in Accredited U.S. Zoos from a Management and Welfare Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151878. [PMID: 35892528 PMCID: PMC9330555 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding causes of death allows adjustment of health management strategies for animals in managed care. From 224 documented chimpanzee deaths occurring from 1995 to 2019 in 42 accredited U.S. zoos, post-mortem records and necropsy reports were analyzed for the primary cause of death, which were available for 214 individuals. In total, 37 cases of stillbirth and neonatal deaths were assessed (16.5%); however, the focus was otherwise placed on the remaining 177 cases in which the death occurred in individuals aged greater than 1 month. There were no sex-related differences in etiology; however, age variation in the cause of death was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Elderly (35 years and older) chimpanzees tended to die of intrinsic, often degenerative, etiologies, whereas infants, juveniles, and adolescents (less than 15 years) were more likely to be involved in fatal trauma. Overall, there were 27 deaths (15.3% of all post-neonatal deaths) related to trauma and 13 of these were directly or indirectly related to conspecific aggression. Understanding causes of mortality and the interrelation with management can benefit managed populations of chimpanzees.
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Sanchez CR, Hidalgo-Hermoso E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African Apes, What Is Its True Health Impact? Pathogens 2022; 11:484. [PMID: 35631005 PMCID: PMC9145341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the Symposium on Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals held at the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution in 1976, our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) in non-domestic animals has greatly expanded. Throughout the past decades, this knowledge has resulted in improved zoo-habitats and facilities design, stricter biosecurity measures, and advanced diagnostic methods, including molecular techniques, that have significantly decreased the number of clinical disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in apes under human care settings. In the other hand, exponential growth of human populations has led to human encroachment in wildlife habitat which has resulted in increased inter-species contact and recurrent conflict between humans and wild animals. Although it is widely accepted that non-human primates are susceptible to M. tb infection, opinions differ with regard to the susceptibility to develop disease amongst different taxa. Specifically, some authors suggest that African apes are less susceptible to clinical tuberculosis than other species of primates. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current scientific literature to determine the actual health impact of disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and more specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto in African apes. The literature review included literature databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley, Springer and Science direct, without temporal limit and proceedings of annual conferences in the field of wildlife health. Our general inclusion criteria included information about serological, molecular, pathological (macroscopic and/or microscopic), and clinical evidence of TB in African apes; while our, our more stringent inclusion selection criteria required that in addition to a gross pathology, a molecular test confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto as the cause of disease or death. We identified eleven reports of tuberculosis in African apes; of those, only four reports met the more stringent selection criteria that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto in six individuals. All reports that confirmed M. tb sensu stricto originated from zoological collections. Our review suggests that there is little evidence of disease or mortality caused by M. tb in the different species of African apes both under human care and free ranging populations. Additional studies are needed in free-ranging, semi-captive populations (sanctuaries) and animals under human care (zoos and rescue centers) to definitely conclude that this mycobacteria has a limited health effect in African ape species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Sanchez
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221, USA
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Conservation and Research Department, Parque Zoologico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 01730, Chile;
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Smith CK, Ashley AL, Zhu X, Cushing AC. Agreement between oscillometric and direct blood pressure measurements in anesthetized captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:963-969. [PMID: 34727067 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.20.11.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the level of agreement (LOA) between direct and oscillometric blood pressure (BP) measurements and the ability of oscillometric measurements to accurately detect hypotension in anesthetized chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). ANIMALS 8 captive, adult chimpanzees. PROCEDURES During prescheduled annual examinations, each chimpanzee underwent general anesthesia and patient monitoring for their examination, echocardiography for a concurrent study, and measurement of direct BP with the use of tibial artery catheterization and oscillometry with the use of a cuff placed around a brachium and a cuff placed around the second digit of the contralateral forelimb for the present study. Bland-Altman plots were generated to compare results for direct and oscillometric BP measurements. Mean bias and 95% LOAs were calculated for oscillometric measurements of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) for each cuff site. Sensitivity and specificity in detecting hypotension were also determined for each cuff site. RESULTS There were 74 paired direct and brachial oscillometric measurements of each, SAP, MAP, and DAP and 66 paired direct and digit oscillometric measurements of each, SAP, MAP, and DAP. Only brachial oscillometric measurements of MAP had adequate sensitivity (78%) and specificity (95%) to accurately detect hypotension, and this technique also had the least mean bias (0.8 mm Hg; 95% LOA, -29 to 31 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that brachial oscillometric measurement of MAP provided reasonable agreement with tibial arterial direct MAP measurement and performed well in diagnosing hypotension in anesthetized chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Smith
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Smith, Cushing) and Office of Information and Technology (Zhu), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and The Chattanooga Zoo, Chattanooga, TN 37404 (Ashley)
| | - Anthony L Ashley
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Smith, Cushing) and Office of Information and Technology (Zhu), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and The Chattanooga Zoo, Chattanooga, TN 37404 (Ashley)
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Smith, Cushing) and Office of Information and Technology (Zhu), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and The Chattanooga Zoo, Chattanooga, TN 37404 (Ashley)
| | - Andrew C Cushing
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Smith, Cushing) and Office of Information and Technology (Zhu), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and The Chattanooga Zoo, Chattanooga, TN 37404 (Ashley)
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ACUTE NECROTIZING AND EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS IN A CHIMPANZEE ( PAN TROGLODYTES). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:853-857. [PMID: 34130436 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is of importance in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) health. Here we report an eosinophilic and necrotizing myocarditis in a 17-y-old chimpanzee with no previous history of cardiac disease that progressed to death within 48 h. Toxic and infectious causes were ruled out. The chimpanzee had eosinophilia at different occasions in previous years. The animal had a severe, diffuse, and acute monophasic necrotizing myocarditis, with a moderate lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate that was rich in eosinophils. Ante- and postmortem investigations are compatible with an unusual eosinophilic myocarditis with clinical evolution and morphology comparable with human eosinophilic myocarditis secondary to hypereosinophilic syndrome.
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Cavanaugh RP, Karnik P, Corey T. Humeral fracture repair in an African green monkey (
Chlorocebus sabaeus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Patrick Cavanaugh
- Clinical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Priti Karnik
- Clinical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tatiana Corey
- St Kitts Biomedical Research FoundationBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
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Pizzi R, Isabel Pizarro A, Mota J, De Martini C, Martinez Pereira Y, Amarasekaran B. Locking plate femur fracture repair in a juvenile Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in Sierra Leone. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:352-355. [PMID: 32779224 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This case reports the successful management of a traumatic diaphyseal femoral fracture in an infant Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) from a rescue centre in Sierra Leone using a 2.4-mm intramedullary pin and two 2.7-mm String of Pearls™ locking plates. Locking plate use has not been previously described in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Pizzi
- Wildlife Surgery International, Roslin, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Julieta Mota
- Tacaguma Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Díaz-Delgado J, Molina CV, Catão-Dias JL, Kierulff MCM, Pissinatti A, Bueno MG. Spontaneous retroperitoneal liposarcoma in a free-ranging juvenile golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). J Med Primatol 2018; 48:61-64. [PMID: 30230546 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant adipocytic neoplasia is rare among nonhuman primates. We report the gross and microscopic features of a retroperitoneal liposarcoma with myxofibrosarcoma-like dedifferentiation in a free-ranging juvenile golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). To our knowledge, this is the first report of such tumor subtype in New World primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Camila V Molina
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria C M Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, São Mateus, ES, Brasil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente - INEA, Guapimirim, RJ, Brasil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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10
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Díaz-Delgado J, Sanches T, dos Santos-Cirqueira C, Coimbra A, Guerra J, Joppert A, Di Loretto C, Rizardi M, Sansone M, Nagamori F, Gonçalves P, Ressio R, Iglezias S, Fernandes N, Kanamura C, Groch K, Catão-Dias J. Hepatocellular carcinoma in a free-living marmoset (Callithrixsp.) with concomitant biliary trematodiasis. J Med Primatol 2017; 47:128-131. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Díaz-Delgado
- Departamento de Patologia; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brasil
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - T. C. Sanches
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - A. A. C. Coimbra
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - J. M. Guerra
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - A. Joppert
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - C. Di Loretto
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - M. B. Rizardi
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - M. Sansone
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - F. O. Nagamori
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - P. S. Gonçalves
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - R. Ressio
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - S. Iglezias
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - C. Kanamura
- Centro de Patologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - K. R. Groch
- Departamento de Patologia; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - J. L. Catão-Dias
- Departamento de Patologia; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brasil
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