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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Burbank F. Bipedalism and the dawn of uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:454-463. [PMID: 38300232 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence and burden of uterine fibroids in women raises questions about the origin of these benign growths. Here, we propose that fibroids should be understood in the context of human evolution, specifically the advent of bipedal locomotion in the hominin lineage. Over the ≥7 million years since our arboreal ancestors left their trees, skeletal adaptations ensued, affecting the pelvis, limbs, hands, and feet. By 3.2 million years ago, our ancestors were fully bipedal. A key evolutionary advantage of bipedalism was the freedom to use hands to carry and prepare food and create and use tools which, in turn, led to further evolutionary changes such as brain enlargement (encephalization), including a dramatic increase in the size of the neocortex. Pelvic realignment resulted in narrowing and transformation of the birth canal from a simple cylinder to a convoluted structure with misaligned pelvic inlet, mid-pelvis, and pelvic outlet planes. Neonatal head circumference has increased, greatly complicating parturition in early and modern humans, up to and including our own species. To overcome the so-called obstetric dilemma provoked by bipedal locomotion and encephalization, various compensatory adaptations have occurred affecting human neonatal development. These include adaptations limiting neonatal size, namely altricial birth (delivery of infants at an early neurodevelopmental stage, relative to other primates) and mid-gestation skeletal growth deceleration. Another key adaptation was hyperplasia of the myometrium, specifically the neomyometrium (the outer two-thirds of the myometrium, corresponding to 90% of the uterine musculature), allowing the uterus to more forcefully push the baby through the pelvis during a lengthy parturition. We propose that this hyperplasia of smooth muscle tissue set the stage for highly prevalent uterine fibroids. These fibroids are therefore a consequence of the obstetric dilemma and, ultimately, of the evolution of bipedalism in our hominin ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Burbank
- Salt Creek International Women's Health Foundation, San Clemente, CA, USA
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Sau-Gee Lam J, Shere M, Motamedi N, Vilos GA, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos AG. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Access to Fertility Care: A Retrospective Study at a University-Affiliated Fertility Practice. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2021; 44:378-382. [PMID: 34749024 PMCID: PMC8610176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to fertility services. Methods A retrospective quality improvement study was conducted at a university-affiliated fertility practice in southwestern Ontario. Annual procedural volumes for intrauterine and donor inseminations (IUI/DI), in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injections (IVF/ICSI), and frozen embryo transfers (FET) during the COVID-19–affected year were compared with mean annual volumes from the 2 preceding years. In addition, volumes for the same procedures were compared between the first quarter of 2021 and mean first quarter volumes from 2018 to 2019. Piecewise linear regressions were conducted to evaluate whether any changes in monthly procedural volume were attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results In 2020, our fertility practice attained the mean annual volumes of 89.7% for IUI/DI, 69.0% for IVF/ICSI, and 60.6% for FET. In contrast, in 2021, we performed mean first quarter volumes of 130.1% for IUI/DI, 164.3% for IVF/ICSI, and 126.8% for FET. The slopes of the pre- and post–COVID-19 segments of the piecewise linear regressions were significantly different for IUI/DI (P < 0.001) and IVF/ICSI (P = 0.001), but not for FET (P = 0.133). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in decreased annual volumes of medically assisted reproductive procedures at a university-affiliated fertility practice in southwestern Ontario. Impact on monthly procedural volume was confirmed for IUI/DI and IVF/ICSI by linear regression. Local adaptations helped compensate and exceed expected volumes in 2021. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a short-lived limitation in access to fertility care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sau-Gee Lam
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University.
| | - Mahvash Shere
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre - Victoria Hospital, B2-401, London, Ontario, Canada, N6H 5W9
| | - Nickan Motamedi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre - Victoria Hospital, B2-401, London, Ontario, Canada, N6H 5W9
| | - George A Vilos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, P.O. Box 5010, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, P.O. Box 5010, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, P.O. Box 5010, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5W9
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Schaefer J, Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Bhattacharya M, Babwah AV. Uterine kisspeptin receptor critically regulates epithelial estrogen receptor α transcriptional activity at the time of embryo implantation in a mouse model. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaab060. [PMID: 34524460 PMCID: PMC8786495 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation failure is a major cause of infertility in women of reproductive age and a better understanding of uterine factors that regulate implantation is required for developing effective treatments for female infertility. This study investigated the role of the uterine kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) in the molecular regulation of implantation in a mouse model. To conduct this study, a conditional uterine knockout (KO) of Kiss1r was created using the Pgr-Cre (progesterone receptor-CRE recombinase) driver. Reproductive profiling revealed that while KO females exhibited normal ovarian function and mated successfully to stud males, they exhibited significantly fewer implantation sites, reduced litter size and increased neonatal mortality demonstrating that uterine KISS1R is required for embryo implantation and a healthy pregnancy. Strikingly, in the uterus of Kiss1r KO mice on day 4 (D4) of pregnancy, the day of embryo implantation, KO females exhibited aberrantly elevated epithelial ERα (estrogen receptor α) transcriptional activity. This led to the temporal misexpression of several epithelial genes [Cftr (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), Aqp5 (aquaporin 5), Aqp8 (aquaporin 8) and Cldn7 (claudin 7)] that mediate luminal fluid secretion and luminal opening. As a result, on D4 of pregnancy, the lumen remained open disrupting the final acquisition of endometrial receptivity and likely accounting for the reduction in implantation events. Our data clearly show that uterine KISS1R negatively regulates ERα signaling at the time of implantation, in part by inhibiting ERα overexpression and preventing detrimentally high ERα activity. To date, there are no reports on the regulation of ERα by KISS1R; therefore, this study has uncovered an important and powerful regulator of uterine ERα during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schaefer
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Vilos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Laberge PY, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Scattolon S, Leyland N. Corrigendum to 'Guideline No. 412: Laparoscopic Entry for Gynaecological Surgery' [Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 43 (2021) 376-389]. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2021; 43:1120-1121. [PMID: 34481583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Laberge PY, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Scattolon S, Leyland N. Corrigendum dans la « Directive clinique n° 412: Entrée laparoscopique en chirurgie gynécologique » [Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 43 (2021) 390-405.E1]. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2021; 43:1121. [PMID: 34481585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Laberge PY, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Scattolon S, Leyland N. Directive clinique n° 412: Entrée laparoscopique en chirurgie gynécologique. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2020; 43:390-405.e1. [PMID: 33373696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Laberge PY, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Scattolon S, Leyland N. Guideline No. 412: Laparoscopic Entry for Gynaecological Surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2020; 43:376-389.e1. [PMID: 33373697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefits and risks of laparoscopic surgery and provide clinical direction on entry techniques, technologies, and their associated complications in gynaecological surgery. TARGET POPULATION All patients, including pregnant women and women with obesity, undergoing laparoscopic surgery for various gynaecological indications. OPTIONS The laparoscopic entry techniques and technologies reviewed in formulating this guideline included the closed (Veress needle-pneumoperitoneum-trocar) technique, direct trocar insertion, open (Hasson) technique, visual entry systems, and disposable shielded and radially expanding trocars. OUTCOMES Implementation of this guideline should optimize decision-making in the selection of entry technique for laparoscopic surgery. EVIDENCE We searched English-language articles from September 2005 to December 2019 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochrane Library using the following MeSH search terms alone or in combination: laparoscopic entry, laparoscopy access, pneumoperitoneum, Veress needle, open (Hasson), direct trocar, visual entry, shielded trocars, radially expanded trocars, and laparoscopic complications. VALIDATION METHODS The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care approach (Appendix A). INTENDED AUDIENCE Surgeons performing laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. SUMMARY STATEMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS.
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Vilos GA, AlJasser R, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B. Author's Reply. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27:1647-1648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aljasser R, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists Are Effective in Long-term Treatment of Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Anticoagulant Therapy: Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-020-00276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
To evaluate the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) on anticoagulant therapy.
Recent Findings
Prospective observational case series (Canadian Task Force Classification II-3) at University-affiliated teaching hospital. From January 2002 through December 2019, three premenopausal women on warfarin therapy were identified from our clinical practice. After clinical assessment, including Papanicolaou smear, endometrial biopsy, and pelvic sonography, a GnRHa was used to treat their AUB. Two women were receiving warfarin therapy (5–7 mg/day) for previous venous thromboembolism and one for mechanical heart valve replacement associated with Marfan’s syndrome. All patients had additional comorbid conditions and were at high risk for traditional medical or surgical therapies. After treatment with GnRHa, all women reported menstrual reduction at 3 months and remained amenorrheic for 2 to 11 years, two of whom reached menopause.
Summary
In properly assessed and selected premenopausal women with AUB receiving anticoagulant therapy and at high risk for traditional therapies, long-term GnRHa was an effective treatment in 3 patients.
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de Oliveira V, Schaefer J, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Bhattacharya M, Radovick S, Babwah AV. Uterine aquaporin expression is dynamically regulated by estradiol and progesterone and ovarian stimulation disrupts embryo implantation without affecting luminal closure. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:154-166. [PMID: 31977023 PMCID: PMC7103570 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of normal and supraphysiological (resulting from gonadotropin-dependent ovarian stimulation) levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) on mouse uterine aquaporin gene/protein (Aqp/AQP) expression on Day 1 (D1) and D4 of pregnancy. The study also examined the effect of ovarian stimulation on uterine luminal closure and uterine receptivity on D4 of pregnancy and embryo implantation on D5 and D7 of pregnancy. These analyses revealed that the expression of Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp5 and Aqp8 is induced by E2 while the expression of Aqp1 and Aqp11 is induced by P4. Additionally, P4 inhibits E2 induction of Aqp3 and Aqp4 expression while E2 inhibits Aqp1 and Aqp11 expression. Aqp9, however, is constitutively expressed. Ovarian stimulation disrupts Aqp3, Aqp5 and Aqp8 expression on D4 and AQP1, AQP3 and AQP5 spatial expression on both D1 and D4, strikingly so in the myometrium. Interestingly, while ovarian stimulation has no overt effect on luminal closure and uterine receptivity, it reduces implantation events, likely through a disruption in myometrial activity and embryo development. The wider implication of this study is that ovarian stimulation, which results in supraphysiological levels of E2 and P4 and changes (depending on the degree of stimulation) in the E2:P4 ratio, triggers abnormal expression of uterine AQP during pregnancy, and this is associated with implantation failure. These findings lead us to recognize that abnormal expression would also occur under any pathological state (such as endometriosis) that is associated with changes in the normal E2:P4 ratio. Thus, infertility among these patients might in part be linked to abnormal uterine AQP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer Schaefer
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Vilos GA, Alshankiti H, Vilos AG, Asim Abu-Rafea B, Ternamian A. Complications associated with monopolar resectoscopic surgery. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2020; 12:47-56. [PMID: 32696024 PMCID: PMC7363245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resectoscopic injuries to bowel and/or vessels, although rare, can be catastrophic, resulting in significant patient harm including death and can provoke medicolegal litigation. OBJECTIVE To examine indications, preoperative risk factors, perioperative findings and intervention, and clinical outcomes of resectoscopic injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven cases of resectoscopic complications were reviewed by one author (G.A.V.) for medicolegal purposes. After grouping of the complications, one case for each complication was selected, edited and reconstructed to reflect and highlight all potential complications associated with monopolar resectoscopes (26F, 9-mm) and nonconductive distending medium. Although these cases are reconstructed from actual complications, they do not reflect specific cases of medicolegal opinions and outcomes. Indications for resectoscopic surgery included abnormal uterine bleeding and/or infertility in premenopausal women. RESULTS Injuries were associated with uterine perforation resulting in hemorrhage or bowel injury; urinary bladder injury without uterine perforation; and thermal injuries to lower genital tract and dispersive electrode site. CONCLUSIONS Resectoscopic complications are associated with any one or a combination of trauma during uterine access or intra-operatively, excessive fluid intravasation of distending medium or thermal injuries from applied energy. Uterine perforation in the presence of distorted anatomy (e.g. uterine fibroids) may be considered as a known and accepted complication. Lower genital tract and dispersive electrode site burn occur due to inherent design of monopolar resectoscopes. Appropriate intra- and post-operative intervention minimizes adverse clinical and medicolegal outcomes. Lack of post-operative vigilance and inappropriate delay in investigation and intervention is associated with adverse clinical and, potentially, unfavourable legal outcomes. WHAT IS NEW? Reviewing resectoscopic complications raises awareness; provides insight for avoidance, recognition and timely intervention to minimise adverse clinical and medicolegal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Alshankiti
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - AG Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Asim Abu-Rafea
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Ternamian
- St. Joseph’s Health Toronto, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto
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Jacob GP, Vilos GA, Al Turki F, Bhangav G, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos AG, Ternamian A. Ureteric Injury During Gynaecological Surgery - Lessons from 20 Cases in Canada. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2020; 12:31-42. [PMID: 32696022 PMCID: PMC7363243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureteric injury is a complication of gynaecological surgery that can cause significant morbidity for the patient and is a leading cause of litigation in many countries. OBJECTIVES To determine patient characteristics, peri-operative circumstances and clinical and legal outcomes of ureteral injuries associated with gynaecological surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a retrospective review of 20 cases of ureteric injury during benign gynaecological surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All cases were assessed for the following variables-patient characteristics, indications for surgery, injury, postoperative symptoms and presentation, and clinical and legal outcomes. RESULTS Risk factors associated with ureteric injury included obesity, previous laparotomic pelvic surgery, pelvic adhesions, large pelvic masses and intra-operative bleeding. 70% (14/20) of ureteral injuries were diagnosed after discharge. 50% (10/20) of patients had a complicated post-operative course and 45% (9/20) of cases resulted in unfavourable legal outcomes (settlement or lost at trial) for the surgeon. The conduct of surgery and the failure to act in a timely fashion postoperatively were the most frequent reasons for adverse clinical and unfavourable litigation outcomes for the surgeon. CONCLUSIONS Intra-operative surgical consultation and ureteral identification should be considered if there is concern for ureteral involvement in the surgical field. Ureteric injury may not constitute negligence if it is demonstrated that the surgeon provided reasonable care that would be expected during the peri-operative phases. WHAT IS NEW This review identifies patient characteristics and peri-operative variables that correlate with poor clinical and legal outcomes after ureteric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- GP Jacob
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chatham-Kent Health Alliance, Chatham, Ontario, Canada
| | - GA Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Al Turki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Bhangav
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chatham-Kent Health Alliance, Chatham, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - AG Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Ternamian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vilos GA, Hutson JR, Singh IS, Giannakopoulos F, Rafea BA, Vilos AG. Venous Gas Embolism during Hysteroscopic Endometrial Ablation: Report of 5 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27:748-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Vilos GA, AlJasser R, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B. Author's Reply. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020; 27:236-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Hollett-Caines J, Abu-Rafea B, Jacob GP, Ettler H. Retroperitoneal pelvic tumours in women: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2019; 11:299-306. [PMID: 32322825 PMCID: PMC7162669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynaecologic pelvic tumours are very common and they can present with a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, pathophysiology and histogenesis. Infrequently, some pelvic tumours are found in the retroperitoneal space presenting with similar symptoms. Our objective is to present our experience and review of pertinent literature on miscellaneous retroperitoneal tumours. METHODS Four women with retroperitoneal tumours (one schwannoma, one granulosa cell tumour and two hindgut (tail gut) cysts)) were encountered during routine laparoscopy (3 cases) and laparotomy (one case). Following multidisciplinary consultation and additional imaging, all tumours were removed by laparotomy with one case provoking litigation due to ureteral and bowel injury. RESULTS Using these four cases, and additional cases from the literature, we highlight the potential pitfalls and provide an algorithm to minimize risks and adverse clinical and legal outcomes associated with unexpected retroperitoneal tumours. The algorithm includes resisting the impulse/temptation to remove or biopsy these tumours, requesting intra-operative consultation(s), obtaining additional detailed imaging to characterize these tumours, providing appropriate counselling to patients, obtaining informed consent, and consulting the appropriate surgical teams. At times, an interdisciplinary approach may prove to be the best course of action in order to optimize treatment and ensure patient safety. CONCLUSION If a retroperitoneal tumour is unexpectedly encountered, it is imperative to have intra-operative consultation (if available), to not attempt excision or biopsy, and to subsequently obtain post-operative multidisciplinary consultations, specific imaging, and information gathering in order to treat these heterogeneous masses as safely as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- GA Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - AG Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Hollett-Caines
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - GP Jacob
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chatham-Kent Health Alliance, Chatham, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Ettler
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Wu Y, Vilos AG, Vilos GA. 3012 Lessons Learned from Ten Litigated Cases of Genitourinary and Gastrointestinal Fistulas Post Benign Gynecological Surgeries: A Multi-Center Case Series. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Motamedi N, Vilos AG, Abu Rafea B, Vilos GA. 2735 The Incidence of Abdominal Wall Adhesions at the Time of Laparoscopic Surgery in Women with or without Previous Surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ilnitsky S, Rafea BA, Vilos AG, Vilos GA. Poches Péritonéales Pelviennes : Distribution, Histopathologie et Signification Clinique. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2019; 41:1252-1253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ilnitsky S, Rafea BA, Vilos AG, Vilos GA. Pelvic Peritoneal Pockets: Distribution, Histopathology, and Clinical Significance. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2019; 41:1251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vilos AG, Oraif A, Machado M, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA. Resolution of Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation and Maintenance of Reproduction in 20 Women Treated with a GnRH Agonist Concomitantly with an Aromatase Inhibitor and Tranexamic Acid. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2019; 41:772-781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vilos AG, Zhu C, Abu-Rafea B, Ettler HC, Weir MM, Vilos GA. Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors Identified at Resectoscopic Endometrial Ablation: Report of 2 Cases. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019; 26:105-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Vilos GA, Ternamian A, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Zhu C. Direct Laparoscopic Trocar Insertion: Lessons Learned from Nine Litigated Cases. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017; 24:960-970. [PMID: 28576693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To report circumstances and clinical and medicolegal outcomes of 9 litigated cases associated with direct trocar insertion (DTI) injuries to the bowel (7 cases) and major vessel (2 cases) during primary laparoscopic access. DESIGN A case series from 1990 through 2015 (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2). PATIENTS Nine litigated cases. INTERVENTIONS A retrospective review of medical and legal records of litigated cases in Canada reviewed by the primary author (G.A.V.). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The average and range of age and body mass index of the women were 31 years (range, 14-65 years) and 25 kg/m2 (range, 20-35 kg/m2), respectively. Indications for laparoscopy included diagnostic (4), laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (3), pelvic mass (1), and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (1). DTI was performed with 10-mm trocars (5 shielded, 1 reusable, and 3 unknown). Two complications were experienced by patients of the same male surgeon (cases 2 and 9). Injuries included the small bowel (4 cases), colon (3 cases), and major vessel (2 cases). Vascular injuries resulted in permanent brain damage in 1 and near loss of limb in the other; litigation was favorable to the plaintiff in both cases. All bowel injuries presented with signs and symptoms of peritonitis within 3 postoperative days (PODs) (5 patients on POD 1, 1 patient on POD 2, and 1 patient on POD 3); however, only 2 cases were acted upon and remedied with favorable clinical and medicolegal outcomes. A delayed exploratory laparotomy resulted in significant adverse clinical outcomes (ileostomy/colostomy in 4 patients, multiple surgeries in 7 patients, and 1 death), and in all delayed actions, the medicolegal outcomes were favorable to the plaintiff. CONCLUSION During laparoscopic primary peritoneal access using the DTI technique, inadvertent intra-abdominal injury may be significant when major vessels are involved and when intervention is delayed in bowel injuries. These result in significant adverse clinical complications and may provoke higher litigation with more favorable outcomes for the plaintiff.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Artin Ternamian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Endoscopy, Saint Joseph's Health Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cici Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many women have undergone both resectoscopic and nonresectoscopic (or global) endometrial ablation (EA) during the past 20 years. These women are now approaching their sixth and seventh decades of life, a time frame in which endometrial carcinoma (EC) is most frequently diagnosed. DATABASE In several reports, surgeons have expressed concern that endometrial ablation may leave a sequestered island of EC that may escape detection, possibly delaying its diagnosis or causing it to appear at an advanced stage. Others suggest that EA artifact does not hinder the evaluation and treatment planning in the presence of EC. Data bases used are from Medline and PubMed. DISCUSSION We introduce 6 new cases of postablation endometrial carcinoma (PAEC), 4 of which occurred after the introduction of global endometrial ablation (GEA) techniques. In addition, we examine several key questions regarding the impact of EA on the subsequent development of EC, including the manner in which PAEC presents, the efficacy of traditional diagnostic modalities, the ablation-to-cancer interval, and the stage of PAEC at the time of diagnosis. Finally, we explore the use of reoperative hysteroscopic surgery (RHS) as a diagnostic modality and address the possible role ultrasound surveillance as a screening method for women at risk of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Wortman
- The Center for Menstrual Disorders, Rochester, New York, USA and Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - George A Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- The Fertility Clinic, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Dwyer
- Clinical Instructor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Vilos GA, Rao S, Vilos AG, Abu Rafea B, Oraif A, Abduljabar H. Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Thermal Balloon Endometrial Ablation (Thermablate EAS) with and without Concomitant Use of Levonorgestrel Intra-Uterine System in Women with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Pilot Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Zhu C, Ternamian A. Rethinking Direct Trocar Insertion for Laparoscopic Entry: Lessons from Nine Litigated Cases. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Ternamian A. Evolution of a Safer Laparoscopic Entry Utilizing a Novel Stepwise Closed Technique. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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León S, Fernandois D, Sull A, Sull J, Calder M, Hayashi K, Bhattacharya M, Power S, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Tena-Sempere M, Babwah AV. Erratum: Corrigendum: Beyond the brain-Peripheral kisspeptin signaling is essential for promoting endometrial gland development and function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30954. [PMID: 27541333 PMCID: PMC4991339 DOI: 10.1038/srep30954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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León S, Fernandois D, Sull A, Sull J, Calder M, Hayashi K, Bhattacharya M, Power S, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Tena-Sempere M, Babwah AV. Beyond the brain-Peripheral kisspeptin signaling is essential for promoting endometrial gland development and function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29073. [PMID: 27364226 PMCID: PMC4929565 DOI: 10.1038/srep29073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine growth and endometrial gland formation (adenogenesis) and function, are essential for fertility and are controlled by estrogens and other regulators, whose nature and physiological relevance are yet to be elucidated. Kisspeptin, which signals via Kiss1r, is essential for fertility, primarily through its central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, but also likely through peripheral actions. Using genetically modified mice, we addressed the contributions of central and peripheral kisspeptin signaling in regulating uterine growth and adenogenesis. Global ablation of Kiss1 or Kiss1r dramatically suppressed uterine growth and almost fully prevented adenogenesis. However, while uterine growth was fully rescued by E2 treatment of Kiss1−/− mice and by genetic restoration of kisspeptin signaling in GnRH neurons in Kiss1r−/− mice, functional adenogenesis was only marginally restored. Thus, while uterine growth is largely dependent on ovarian E2-output via central kisspeptin signaling, peripheral kisspeptin signaling is indispensable for endometrial adenogenesis and function, essential aspects of reproductive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofia, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Spain
| | - Daniela Fernandois
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofia, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Spain
| | - Alexandra Sull
- The Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith Sull
- The Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele Calder
- The Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada.,Department of Oncology, London, Ontario University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Stephen Power
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofia, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.,FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Andy V Babwah
- The Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to variability in size, number, and location of uterine fibroids (UFs), symptoms can range widely among women. We sought to characterize burden of illness and quality of life (QoL) among women with symptomatic UFs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS An online survey queried the gynecologic health and menstrual cycle of Canadian women aged 20 to 49. Respondents reporting current UFs were assigned an Overall Severity Score based on a validated health-related QoL questionnaire (the UFS-QOL) and were dichotomized as having mild or moderate/severe UF. Subjects with moderate/severe UFs were matched 1:3 to non-UF subjects on age, race, and parity. RESULTS Of 9413 women with complete data, 384 (4.1%) reported physician-diagnosed UFs; of these, 50.6% met criteria for moderate/severe symptoms. Compared with matched non-UF respondents, moderate/severe UF respondents reported significantly greater mean menstrual duration (6.2 vs 5.0 days), more healthcare visits (emergency department, walk-in, family doctor, and specialist; total 10.5 vs 4.9 visits/6 months), and greater use of prescription analgesics (47.7% vs 26.7%) and iron supplements (29.7% vs 12.2%) (P < 0.05 for all). They spent more on feminine hygiene products ($32.0 vs $21.6/month) and reported losing nearly a full day of work/month (mean 7.6 hours) due to UFs. Women with moderate/severe UFs also scored lower on all QoL domains, compared to those with mild UF symptoms. Survey responses consistent with moderate/severe UFs were also identified in women who made no report of physician-diagnosed UFs, some of whom may be experiencing substantial burden due to undiagnosed UFs or other gynecologic conditions with related symptoms. LIMITATIONS All outcomes recorded in this online survey were based on self-report. Therefore, respondents' claims of medical diagnoses, including medical history, UF status and the presence or absence of potentially confounding comorbidities, could not be confirmed clinically. CONCLUSIONS Women experienced significant healthcare utilization, medication use, and financial and QoL burdens as a result of moderate/severe UF symptoms. Prevalence of moderate/severe UFs may be conservatively estimated at 2%, based on this cohort of reproductive-age Canadian women. The extent of UF underdiagnosis in the general population remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Y Laberge
- a a Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology , Laval University , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada
| | - George A Vilos
- b b The Fertility Clinic, LHSC - Victoria Campus, Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- b b The Fertility Clinic, LHSC - Victoria Campus, Western University , London , Ontario , Canada
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Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Yeung G, Oraif A, Abduljabar H, Abu Rafea B. Perioperative Complications Associated With 5249 Primary and 458 Repeat Resectoscopic Endometrial Ablations: Experience of a Single Surgeon. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:S180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.08.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oraif A, Smith J, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abduljabar H, Hollett-Caines J. A Single Injection of Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate (Dmpa) Immediately After Rollerball Endometrial Ablation Significantly Improves Clinical Outcomes in Women With Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:S5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abduljabar H, Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Abu Rafea B, Oraif A. Caudal Displacement of the Umbilicus: A Novel Technique for a Safer Veress Needle Intraperitoneal Placement (VIP) During Laparoscopic Entry. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:S213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.08.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Hollett-Caines J, Garvin G, Kozak R, Abu-Rafea B. Post-uterine artery embolization pain and clinical outcomes for symptomatic myomas using gelfoam pledgets alone versus embospheres plus gelfoam pledgets: a comparative pilot study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 36:983-989. [PMID: 25574675 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy and post-procedural pain associated with uterine artery embolization (UAE) using Gelfoam alone versus Embospheres plus Gelfoam in women with symptomatic uterine fibroids. METHOD We conducted a prospective, non-randomized pilot study. Fluoroscopy-guided trans-femoral artery UAE was performed using Gelfoam pledgets alone or Embospheres (500 to 700 mg) plus Gelfoam under conscious sedation and local anaesthesia. This was followed by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using a morphine pump overnight. Post-procedural pain was assessed by the mean amount of self-administered morphine delivered by PCA pump (mL) from 0 to 19 hours in each group. The mean volumes of the uterus and the dominant fibroid were calculated by ultrasound at baseline, three months, six months, and 12 months. RESULTS A total of 17 women participated in the study. Bilateral uterine artery occlusion was performed in eight women using Gelfoam alone, and in nine women using Embosphere + Gelfoam. One woman in the Embosphere + Gelfoam group developed a puncture-site hematoma requiring further intervention one week later. The mean (SD) amount of morphine self-administered by PCA pump at time 0, 1, and 2 hours was 3.4 mg (3.1), 2.9 mg (2.2), and 2.4 mg (3.3) in the Gelfoam-only group and 6.1 mg (3.0), 9.6 mg (7.1), and 5.3 mg (4.4) in the Embosphere + Gelfoam group, respectively. After three hours, the amount of morphine used was equal in both groups. The mean (SD) total dose of morphine used was 29.5 mg (18.6) in the Gelfoam group and 41.1 mg (19.3) in the Embosphere + Gelfoam group (P = 0.228). At 12 months, the reduction in median total uterine volume and median dominant fibroid volume in each group was equal. CONCLUSION Clinical outcomes were equivalent after uterine artery embolization using Gelfoam alone versus Gelfoam + Embospheres. Although the amount of immediate post-procedure pain may be less with Gelfoam alone, we could not demonstrate this objectively using morphine use as a measure of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London ON
| | - George A Vilos
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London ON
| | - Jackie Hollett-Caines
- The Fertility Clinic, London Health Sciences Centre, London ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London ON
| | - Greg Garvin
- Department of Radiology, Western University, London ON
| | - Roman Kozak
- Department of Radiology, Western University, London ON
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS
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Vilos GA, Allaire C, Laberge PY, Leyland N, Vilos AG, Murji A, Chen I. Prise en charge des léiomyomes utérins. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vilos GA, Oraif A, Vilos AG, Ettler H, Edris F, Abu-Rafea B. Long-term clinical outcomes following resectoscopic endometrial ablation of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014; 22:66-77. [PMID: 25048567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility, efficacy, and long-term clinical outcomes of resectoscopic endometrial ablation as primary treatment of simple endometrial hyperplasia (SH) and complex endometrial hyperplasia (CH) without atypia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). DESIGN Prospective follow-up study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING Teaching hospital. PATIENTS One hundred sixty-one women with hyperplasia, either SH (n = 107) or CH (n = 54). INTERVENTIONS From January 1990 through December 2012, one of us performed 4729 primary resectoscopic endometrial ablation procedures in women with AUB. This group included 161 women with endometrial hyperplasia, identified either at office biopsy (n = 62) or incidentally during routine hysteroscopic endometrial ablation (n = 99). Endometrial tissue obtained at dilation and curettage and/or resected during resectoscopic surgery enabled identification of atypical hyperplasia in 6 patients (4 CH, 2 SH) and 1 patient with adenosarcoma. One patient with atypical CH and the patient with adenosarcoma underwent hysterectomy. The remaining 159 women, including 5 with atypical hyperplasia (3 CH, 2 SH), underwent resectoscopic endometrial ablation (102 SH, 52 CH) as primary treatment. Patient median age was 50 years (range, 30-87 years), and body mass index was 32 (range, 17-59). Comorbidities included hypertension in 25 patients, diabetes in 14, cerebrovascular disease in 3, cardiovascular disease in 7, and hypothyroidism in 8. Office biopsy demonstrated proliferative endometrium in 68 patients, SH in 43, CH in 19, and inadequate findings in 13. In 18 women, we were unable to perform biopsy because of cervical stenosis, morbid obesity, or patient intolerance. Endometrium was resected in 120 patients, electrocoagulated in 34, and a combination of procedures in 5, using a 9-mm (26F) resectoscope, 1.5% glycine, and 120W power. Patients were followed up annually. Three patients were lost to follow-up, and 1 died of an unrelated cause 5 years after surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS One uterine perforation occurred, which required no additional treatment. After endometrial ablation, SH was identified in 70 patients, and CH in 35 patients. At a median follow-up of 7 years (range, 1.5-18), 12 patients underwent hysterectomy to treat persistent bleeding (n = 6), benign ovarian cyst (n = 2), pelvic organ prolapse (n = 1), chronic pelvic pain (n = 2), or myomas (n = 1). Uterine histopathology in 11 patients demonstrated no residual endometrial hyperplasia. We were unable to obtain a pathology report for 1 patient. The remaining 138 women were satisfied with the treatment, with no further bleeding or pain in 132 (95.7%). Six patients (4.3%) had monthly spotting. CONCLUSION When performed by surgeons experienced in hysteroscopy, resectoscopic endometrial ablation is feasible, safe, and effective for treatment of SH and CH without atypia in women with AUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ayman Oraif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Ettler
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fawaz Edris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Abu-Rafea
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Rajakumar C, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Marks JL, Ettler HC, Pautler SS. Combined Transurethral and Laparoscopic Partial Cystectomy and Robotically Assisted Bladder Repair for the Treatment of Bladder Endocervicosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2014; 36:141-145. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Marks J, Pollett A. Retroperitoneal pelvic cyst: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013; 35:164-167. [PMID: 23470067 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)31022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retroperitoneal cysts can be asymptomatic or can present with vague symptoms such as abdominal pain or distension. Their clinical implications vary significantly. CASE A 45-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, presented with vague, non-specific pelvic symptomatology. Imaging indicated a right-sided pelvic cyst 5 cm in diameter. At laparoscopy a retroperitoneal cyst was identified, with a normal pelvis and intra-abdominal organs. No attempt was made at laparoscopy to drain, biopsy, or excise the cyst. CT-guided biopsy of the cyst was performed and small intestine mucosa was identified with goblet cells and smooth muscle. Repeat biopsy confirmed areas of tissue necrosis and small intestine mucosa, with additional tissue containing respiratory epithelium. Following laparotomy and excision of the cyst, the final pathologic diagnosis was benign epithelial cyst consistent with a duplication or hindgut cyst. CONCLUSION Although most retroperitoneal cysts are benign, surgical excision is required to rule out malignancy definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London ON
| | - George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London ON
| | - Jennifer Marks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Western University, London ON
| | - Aaron Pollett
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON
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Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Marks J, Chan C. Serous cystadenofibroma of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2012; 34:1017. [PMID: 23231836 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Vilos
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (MIG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON
| | - George A Vilos
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (MIG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON
| | - Jennifer Marks
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (MIG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON
| | - Cynthia Chan
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology (MIG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON
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Vilos GA, Marks J, Ettler HC, Vilos AG, Prefontaine M, Abu-Rafea B. Uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential: diagnostic challenges and therapeutic dilemmas. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012; 19:288-95. [PMID: 22546421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphologically, there exist variants of uterine smooth muscle tumors that cannot be clearly interpreted and classified as benign or malignant. Because their behavior and clinical prognosis is also uncertain, the World Health Organization has termed these "smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential" (STUMP). Herein we describe 2 cases, present a review of the literature, and highlight the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic dilemmas associated with uterine STUMP in myomectomy specimens from women who wish to maintain or enhance their fertility. The clinical course of residual STUMP remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Pun JJ, Vilos GA, Ettler HC, Marks J, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B. Granulosa cells in the uterosacral ligament: case report and review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012; 19:572-4. [PMID: 22863971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Granulosa cells are components of the sex cord-stromal cells in the ovary responsible for steroidogenesis. Uncommonly, extraovarian granulosa cells have been reported to be associated with malignant processes of the ovary. We report a unique case of benign granulosa cells, found during routine laparoscopic evaluation, in the uterosacral ligaments in a 20-year-old patient with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Possible mechanisms include implantation of released granulosa cells from a normal ovary or arising from a focus of müllerianosis. Of note, a focus of endosalpingiosis and endometriosis was also identified within the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochebed Jolie Pun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA, Al-Obeed O, AlSheikh A, Vilos AG, Al-Mandeel H. Monopolar Electrosurgery through Single-Port Laparoscopy: A Potential Hidden Hazard for Bowel Burns. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18:734-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vilos AG, Smithson DS, Vilos GA, Armstrong CE. Ureter in histopathologic specimen: a gynecologist's nightmare. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18:123-5. [PMID: 21195966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.08.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An 18-year-old woman presented with a large right-sided ovarian cyst. After further evaluation and counselling, the patient underwent laparotomy and oophorectomy. The pathology report described a large mature cystic teratoma with a tubular structure consistent with a cross-section of ureter. Subsequent evaluation of the urinary tract system was normal indicating that the ureter was an element of the mature cystic teratoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Health Care and London Health Sciences Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Vilos GA, Marks J, Tureanu V, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos AG. The Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System Is an Effective Treatment in Selected Obese Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011; 18:75-80. [PMID: 21195957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Hollett-Caines J, Nikkhah-Abyaneh Z, Edris F. Three simple steps during closed laparoscopic entry may minimize major injuries. Surg Endosc 2008; 23:758-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Hollett-Caines J, Al-Omran M. Effect of body habitus and parity on insufflated CO2 volume at various intraabdominal pressures during laparoscopic access in women. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13:205-10. [PMID: 16698526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2005] [Revised: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine height, weight, body mass index (BMI), parity, and age effect on the volume of CO2 pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic access in women. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING University-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS From January through June 2004, 100 healthy women underwent operative laparoscopic surgery consecutively by the senior author (GAV). Indications were: chronic pelvic pain (CPP, n = 66), pelvic mass (n = 7), CPP and pelvic mass (n = 4), infertility (n = 23). Median (range) height, weight, BMI, parity and age were 1.65 m (1.45-1.85 m), 70 kg (43-118 kg), 25.5 kg/m2 (17-39 kg/m2), 1.1 (0-5), and 34 years (19-58 years), respectively. INTERVENTIONS While in supine position, patients received general endotracheal anesthesia and muscle relaxants. Pneumoperitoneum was established by reusable Veres needle. The insufflated CO2 volume was serially recorded at intraperitoneal insufflation pressures (IPIPs) of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm Hg. The primary 10-mm trocar was introduced at IPIP of 30 mm Hg. Upon entering the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal contents were visualized with the laparoscope to ensure there was no injury, and the IPIP was immediately reduced back to the operating pressure of 15 mm Hg before switching the patient to the Trendelenburg position. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The mean (SD) insufflated CO2 volumes at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm Hg were 1.7 (0.74) L, 3.1 (0.9) L, 3.96 (1.05) L, 4.42 (1.1) L and 4.72 (1.14) L, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, we demonstrated that at 20 to 30 mm Hg the insufflated CO2 volume correlated positively with the height, weight and BMI of women. Parity correlated positively at all pressures. There was no correlation with age at any pressure. CONCLUSIONS Higher CO2 volume is required to establish appropriate pneumoperitoneum in tall, overweight, and parous women at 20 to 30 mm Hg. Setting the IPIP at 20 to 30 mm Hg before primary trocar insertion eliminates the need to monitor CO2 insufflated volume regardless of women's age, parity, and body habitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim Abu-Rafea
- St. Joseph's Health Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Abu-Rafea B, Pron G, Kozak R, Garvin G. Administration of goserelin acetate after uterine artery embolization does not change the reduction rate and volume of uterine myomas. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:1478-83. [PMID: 16579996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if goserelin immediately after uterine artery embolization (UAE) affected myoma reduction. DESIGN Randomized pilot study (level 1). SETTING Teaching hospital. PATIENT(S) Twenty-six women. INTERVENTION(S) All patients underwent UAE, and then 12 patients received 10.8 mg of goserelin 24 hours later. The treatment group was 5 years older: 43 versus 37.7 years. Uterine and myoma volumes were measured by ultrasound 2 weeks before UAE and at 3, 6, and 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Uterine and fibroid volumes. RESULT(S) Pretreatment uterine volume was 477 versus 556 cm3, and dominant fibroid volume was 257 versus 225 cm3 in the control versus goserelin groups. Analysis of variance measurements indicated that the change over time did not significantly differ between the two groups. By 12 months, the control group had a mean uterine volume reduction of 58%, while the goserelin group had a reduction of 45%. Dominant fibroid changes over time did not differ between the two groups. At 12 months, the mean fibroid volume had decreased by 86% and 58% in the control and goserelin groups, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) The addition of goserelin therapy to UAE did not alter the reduction rate or volume of uterine myomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Vilos AG, Vilos GA, Abu-Rafea B, Hollett-Caines J, Al-Omran M. Effect of body habitus and parity on the initial Veres intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation pressure during laparoscopic access in women. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13:108-13. [PMID: 16527712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Since most gynecologists use the Veres/trocar entry, and because the Veres intraperitoneal (VIP) pressure appears to be the most reliable indicator of correct Veres needle placement, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), parity, and age on the initial Veres intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation pressure during laparoscopic access in women. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING University affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS We prospectively collected data on 356 women undergoing laparoscopy for a variety of indications by the senior author (G.A.V.). The median and (range) for height, weight, BMI, parity, and age were 1.64 m (1.45-1.85 m), 65 kg (40-120 kg), 24.3 kg/m2 (16-47 kg/m2), 1 (0-5) and 34 years (18-87 yrs), respectively. INTERVENTION Under general endotracheal anesthesia including muscle relaxants and with the patient in appropriate stirrups in the horizontal position, a nondisposable Veres needle was inserted at the umbilicus or left upper quadrant (Palmer's point) with CO2 flowing at 1 L/min. The initial Veres intraperitoneal insufflation pressure was recorded once the Veres needle was believed to be in the peritoneal cavity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The mode and the median VIP pressure was 4 mm Hg with a range of 2 to 10 mm Hg. With multivariate analysis, the VIP pressure correlated positively with the weight (r = 0.518, p <.001) and BMI (r = 0.545, p <.001) and negatively with the parity (r = -0.179, p <.001) of women. The correlation of the VIP pressure with height and age was r = 0.029 (p = .591) and r = -0.044 (p = .411), respectively. CONCLUSION A VIP pressure < or =10 mm Hg indicates intraperitoneal placement of the Veres needle. The VIP pressure correlates positively with the weight and BMI and negatively with the parity of women. There is no correlation of the VIP pressure with women's height and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Vilos
- St. Joseph's Health Care Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Vilos GA, Newton DW, Odell RC, Abu-Rafea B, Vilos AG. Characterization and mitigation of stray radiofrequency currents during monopolar resectoscopic electrosurgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13:134-40. [PMID: 16527716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine patterns and range of stray radiofrequency (RF) currents flowing through the working element of monopolar resectoscopes during routine endometrial rollerball ablation or resection; and to determine whether straightforward modifications of the uterine resectoscope and the application of RF monitoring could provide a safe pathway for such currents. DESIGN Prospective in vivo measurements (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING University-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS Twelve women undergoing resectoscopic surgery. INTERVENTIONS During routine resectoscopic surgery using 1.5% glycine irrigant solution, three modified 26F Storz resectoscope working elements (model 27070E) were adapted to be continuously monitored with an Encision AEM device for excessive capacitive coupling and other stray currents from insulation failure. Active electrodes used were 3 mm and 5 mm rollberballs and 8 mm-diameter cutting loops powered by ERBE or Valleylab generators at 120 W. Active and working element currents were monitored by Pearson current transformers followed by root-mean-squared detectors based on the Analog Devices AD-637 integrated circuit. Data were recorded using a Fluke 199C oscilloscope, then serially transferred to a notebook computer and analyzed using Flukeview, Excel, and Minitab software. RESULTS Typical values of working element currents ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 A. Active electrode currents were typically in the range of 0.50 to 1.10 A. Frequently, the working element current exceeded the typical values and ranged up to 0.60 A. These current surges produced a heat factor (I(2)t) of 0.45 A(2).sec in a 10-second period. CONCLUSIONS During resectoscopic electrosurgery, baseline, most likely capacitive coupled, currents were always present. In addition, high values of working element currents occurred frequently, and they surged up to 0.60 A for significant periods of time. Without the modification of the resectoscopic device, these currents have the capability of flowing through the patient's genital tract and causing burns. Since monopolar electrosurgery remains an integral part of most hysteroscopic procedures, active electrode monitoring may offer a solution in protecting the patient and the surgeon from stray electrosurgical burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abu-Rafea B, Vilos GA, Vilos AG, Ahmad R, Hollett-Caines J, Al-Omran M. High-pressure laparoscopic entry does not adversely affect cardiopulmonary function in healthy women. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005; 12:475-9. [PMID: 16337573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2005.07.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine hemodynamic and pulmonary compliance changes during laparoscopic entry using transient hyperinsufflated pneumoperitoneum. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING University-affiliated teaching hospital. SUBJECTS From January through June 2004 one hundred healthy women underwent operative laparoscopy consecutively. Indications included chronic pelvic pain (CPP, N=66), pelvic mass (N=7), CPP and pelvic mass (N=4), primary or secondary infertility (N=23). The mean age was 34 years (range, 19-58) and the mean BMI 25.5 kg/m2 (range, 17.1-39.4). INTERVENTIONS With the patients under general anesthesia, muscle relaxants, and in supine position, pneumoperitoneum was established using a Veres needle. The following information was prospectively collected at different intraperitoneal insufflation pressures (IPIP): CO2 volume, heart rate, blood pressure, and pulmonary compliance. At IPIP of 30 mm Hg the primary trocar was inserted and the IPIP was immediately reduced back to the operating pressure of 15 mm Hg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The mean initial IPIP was 4.7 mm Hg (range, 2-9 mm Hg). The mean volume of CO2 at IPIP of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm Hg was 1.7, 3.1, 4, 4.4, and 4.7 L, respectively. There was no statistically significant change in the heart rate or pulse pressure between IPIP of 15 and 30 mm Hg. The difference in CO2 volume (1.6 L) required to achieve IPIP of 15 and 30 mm Hg was statistically significant (p<0.0001). A statistically significant increase of 7 mm Hg in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was found between IPIP of 15 & 30 mm Hg (p<0.0001). The additional 21% drop in pulmonary compliance from IPIP 15 to 30 mm Hg was statistically significant (p<0.0001). This decrease in pulmonary compliance was well tolerated by the patients, and the oxygen saturation remained above 92% in all cases. The elevated MAP was not clinically significant. CONCLUSION The use of transient hyperinsufflated pneumoperitoneum caused minor hemodynamic alterations which were not clinically significant. The alterations in pulmonary compliance were statistically significant; however, they had no clinical significance and were tolerated well by healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim Abu-Rafea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Joseph's Health Care, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Vilos GA, Vilos AG. Safe laparoscopic entry guided by Veress needle CO2 insufflation pressure. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003; 10:415-20. [PMID: 14567827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopy was performed in 259 women. Under general anesthesia, after administering muscle relaxants, and with the patient in stirrups and horizontal position, a nondisposable Veress needle was inserted at the umbilicus or left upper quadrant site with carbon dioxide (CO2) flowing at 1 L/minute. We measured initial intraabdominal pressure in the first 52 women (group 1), pneumoperitoneum pressure (up to 15 mm Hg) at 1-L intervals in the next 102 women (group 2), and CO2 volume required for pressures of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Hg in the final 102 women (group 3). In three patients the procedure was abandoned. The primary trocar and laparoscope were introduced at pressure of 25 mm Hg and the entry site and abdominal contents were inspected before desufflation to 15 mm Hg and Trendelenburg position. Medians and means of initial intraabdominal pressure were 4 and 4.09 mm Hg (SD 1.34 mm Hg, range 2-8 mm Hg). This was always below interstitial pressures measured in the abdominal wall and during inadvertent insertion into omentum (5) and colon (2). Correlation between initial intraperitoneal pressure and patients' parity, weight, and body mass index was minimal. Mean CO2 volumes at 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Hg were 3.7, 5.1, 5.9, and 6.5 L, respectively. No major complications were encountered. An initial intraabdominal pressure of 8 mm Hg or below always indicates correct placement of the Veress needle regardless of the patient's body habitus. Pressures greater than 8 mm Hg indicate interstitial placement including colon. Adequate pneumoperitoneum is determined by CO2 insufflation to a pressure of 25 mm Hg and not by a preconceived volume of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Vilos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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