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Pu J, Han J, Yang J, Yu L, Wan H. Anaerobic Glycolysis and Ischemic Stroke: From Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways to Natural Product Therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:3090-3105. [PMID: 39140296 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious condition that results in high rates of illness and death. Anaerobic glycolysis becomes the primary means of providing energy to the brain during periods of low oxygen levels, such as in the aftermath of an ischemic stroke. This process is essential for maintaining vital brain functions and has significant implications for recovery following a stroke. Energy supply by anaerobic glycolysis and acidosis caused by lactic acid accumulation are important pathological processes after ischemic stroke. Numerous natural products regulate glucose and lactate, which in turn modulate anaerobic glycolysis. This article focuses on the relationship between anaerobic glycolysis and ischemic stroke, as well as the associated signaling pathways and natural products that play a therapeutic role. These natural products, which can regulate anaerobic glycolysis, will provide new avenues and perspectives for the treatment of ischemic stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Pu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jin Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Chen J, Li G, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of hexokinase 2 in inflammatory-related diseases and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115986. [PMID: 38011767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a crucial enzyme involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and plays a significant role in glucose metabolism. HK2 can mediate glycolysis, which is linked to the release of inflammatory factors. The over-expression of HK2 increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating the inflammatory reaction. Consequently, HK2 is closely linked to various inflammatory-related diseases affecting multiple systems, including the digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive systems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. HK2 is regarded as a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory-related diseases, and this article provides a comprehensive review of its roles in these conditions. Furthermore, the development of potent HK2 inhibitors has garnered significant attention in recent years. Therefore, this review also presents a summary of potential HK2 inhibitors, offering promising prospects for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guirong Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Chlorpromazine and Promethazine (C+P) Reduce Brain Injury after Ischemic Stroke through the PKC-δ/NOX/MnSOD Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6886752. [PMID: 35873710 PMCID: PMC9307415 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6886752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) incites neurologic damage through a myriad of complex pathophysiological mechanisms, most notably, inflammation and oxidative stress. In I/R injury, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, augmenting ROS production and promoting cell death. Inhibiting ischemia-induced oxidative stress would be beneficial for reducing neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P) induce neuroprotection. This study investigated how C+P minimizes oxidative stress triggered by ischemic injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and subsequent reperfusion. 8 mg/kg of C+P was injected into the rats when reperfusion was initiated. Neurologic damage was evaluated using infarct volumes, neurological deficit scoring, and TUNEL assays. NOX enzymatic activity, ROS production, protein expression of NOX subunits, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and phosphorylation of PKC-δ were assessed. Neural SHSY5Y cells underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and subsequent reoxygenation and C+P treatment. We also evaluated ROS levels and NOX protein subunit expression, MnSOD, and p-PKC-δ/PKC-δ. Additionally, we measured PKC-δ membrane translocation and the level of interaction between NOX subunit (p47phox) and PKC-δ via coimmunoprecipitation. As hypothesized, treatment with C+P therapy decreased levels of neurologic damage. ROS production, NOX subunit expression, NOX activity, and p-PKC-δ/PKC-δ were all significantly decreased in subjects treated with C+P. C+P decreased membrane translocation of PKC-δ and lowered the level of interaction between p47phox and PKC-δ. This study suggests that C+P induces neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke through inhibiting oxidative stress. Our findings also indicate that PKC-δ, NOX, and MnSOD are vital regulators of oxidative processes, suggesting that C+P may serve as an antioxidant.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Pharmacological Hypothermia on Hyperglycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in Rats after Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060851. [PMID: 35740974 PMCID: PMC9220898 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading threat to human life. Metabolic dysfunction of glucose may play a key role in stroke pathophysiology. Pharmacological hypothermia (PH) is a potential neuroprotective strategy for stroke, in which the temperature is decreased safely. The present study determined whether neuroprotective PH with chlorpromazine and promethazine (C + P), plus dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) improved glucose metabolism in acute ischemic stroke. A total of 208 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: sham, stroke, and stroke with various treatments including C + P, DHC, C + P + DHC, phloretin (glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 inhibitor), cytochalasin B (GLUT-3 inhibitor), TZD (thiazolidinedione, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) inhibitor), and apocynin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor). Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 6 or 24 h of reperfusion. Rectal temperature was monitored before, during, and after PH. Infarct volume and neurological deficits were measured to assess the neuroprotective effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX activity, lactate, apoptotic cell death, glucose, and ATP levels were measured. Protein expression of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), PCK1, PCK2, and NOX subunit gp91 was measured with Western blotting. PH with a combination of C + P and DHC induced faster, longer, and deeper hypothermia, as compared to each alone. PH significantly improved every measured outcome as compared to stroke and monotherapy. PH reduced brain infarction, neurological deficits, protein levels of glycolytic enzymes (GLUT-1, GLUT-3, PFK and LDH), gluconeogenic enzymes (PCK1 and PCK2), NOX activity and its subunit gp91, ROS, apoptotic cell death, glucose, and lactate, while raising ATP levels. In conclusion, stroke impaired glucose metabolism by enhancing hyperglycolysis and gluconeogenesis, which led to ischemic injury, all of which were reversed by PH induced by a combination of C + P and DHC.
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Pang R, Han HJ, Meehan C, Golay X, Miller SL, Robertson NJ. Efficacy of melatonin in term neonatal models of perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:795-809. [PMID: 35413154 PMCID: PMC9186150 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is an important cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is an effective therapy, however not all babies benefit. Novel agents are urgently needed to improve outcomes. Melatonin in preclinical studies has promising neuroprotective properties. This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of melatonin in term animal models of NE on cerebral infarct size, neurobehavioural tests and cell death. METHODS A literature search was carried out using Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science (31 May 2021). We identified 14 studies and performed a meta-analysis with a random effects model using standardised mean difference (SMD) as the effect size. The risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation tool and publication bias was assessed with funnel plots, and adjusted using trim and fill analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to assess the effects of study design variables. RESULTS We observed significant reduction in brain infarct size (SMD -2.05, 95% CI [-2.93, -1.16]), improved neurobehavioural outcomes (SMD -0.86, 95% CI [-1.23, -0.53]) and reduction in cell death (SMD -0.60, 95% CI [-1.06, -0.14]) favouring treatment with melatonin. Neuroprotection was evident as a single therapy and combined with HT. Subgroup analysis showed greater efficacy with melatonin given before or immediately after injury and with ethanol excipients. The overall effect size remained robust even after adjustment for publication bias. INTERPRETATION These studies demonstrate a significant neuroprotective efficacy of melatonin in term neonatal models of hypoxia-ischaemia, and suggest melatonin is a strong candidate for translation to clinical trials in babies with moderate-severe NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymand Pang
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hyun Jee Han
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, Queen's Square, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Translational Research Facility, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Guo S, Wehbe A, Syed S, Wills M, Guan L, Lv S, Li F, Geng X, Ding Y. Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Potential Effects on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Stroke. Aging Dis 2022; 14:450-467. [PMID: 37008060 PMCID: PMC10017147 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an extremely common pathology with strikingly high morbidity and mortality rates. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary organelle responsible for conducting protein synthesis and trafficking as well as preserving intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Mounting evidence shows that ER stress contributes to stroke pathophysiology. Moreover, insufficient circulation to the brain after stroke causes suppression of ATP production. Glucose metabolism disorder is an important pathological process after stroke. Here, we discuss the relationship between ER stress and stroke and treatment and intervention of ER stress after stroke. We also discuss the role of glucose metabolism, particularly glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, post-stroke. Based on recent studies, we speculate about the potential relationship and crosstalk between glucose metabolism and ER stress. In conclusion, we describe ER stress, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis in the context of stroke and explore how the interplay between ER stress and glucose metabolism contributes to the pathophysiology of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Guo
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alexandra Wehbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Shabber Syed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Melissa Wills
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Shuyu Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Xiaokun Geng, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Yuchuan Ding, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. E-mail:
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Xiaokun Geng, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ; Dr. Yuchuan Ding, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. E-mail:
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Reducing Radicals to Refine Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101616. [PMID: 34679751 PMCID: PMC8533157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 70% of patients survive >5-years following diagnosis, however, for those that fail upfront therapies, survival is poor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in a range of cancers and are emerging as significant contributors to the leukaemogenesis of ALL. ROS modulate the function of signalling proteins through oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as promote genomic instability by damaging DNA, to promote chemotherapy resistance. Current therapeutic approaches exploit the pro-oxidant intracellular environment of malignant B and T lymphoblasts to cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, however these strategies impact normal haematopoiesis and lead to long lasting side-effects. Therapies suppressing ROS production, especially those targeting ROS producing enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), are emerging alternatives to treat cancers and may be exploited to improve the ALL treatment. Here, we discuss the roles that ROS play in normal haematopoiesis and in ALL. We explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning overproduction of ROS in ALL, and their roles in disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we examine strategies to target ROS production, with a specific focus on the NOX enzymes, to improve the treatment of ALL.
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Zeng S, Zhao Z, Zheng S, Wu M, Song X, Li Y, Zheng Y, Liu B, Chen L, Gao C, Liu H. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 is involved in cerebral ischemic injury by promoting degradation of TIGAR. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102058. [PMID: 34218200 PMCID: PMC8260875 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) 31 has been implicated in diverse biological and pathological conditions. However, whether TRIM31 plays a role in ischemic stroke progression is not clarified. Here we demonstrated that TRIM31 was significantly downregulated in the ischemic brain and the deficiency of TRIM31 alleviated brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion by reducing reactive oxygen species production and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Mechanistically, we found that TRIM31 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), which confers protection against brain ischemia by increasing the pentose phosphate pathway flux and preserving mitochondria function. TRIM31 interacted with TIGAR and promoted the polyubiquitination of TIGAR, consequently facilitated its degradation in a proteasome-dependent pathway. Furthermore, TIGAR knockdown effectively abolished the protective effect of TRIM31 deficiency after cerebral ischemia. In conclusion, we identified that TRIM31 was a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase for TIGAR, played a critical role in regulating its protein level, and subsequently involved in the ischemic brain injury, suggesting TRIM31 as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Ze Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Shengnan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Mengting Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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Pang R, Advic-Belltheus A, Meehan C, Fullen DJ, Golay X, Robertson NJ. Melatonin for Neonatal Encephalopathy: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5481. [PMID: 34067448 PMCID: PMC8196955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is now standard practice in most neonatal intensive care units in high resource settings, some infants still develop long-term adverse neurological sequelae. In low resource settings, HT may not be safe or efficacious. Therefore, additional neuroprotective interventions are urgently needed. Melatonin's diverse neuroprotective properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Its strong safety profile and compelling preclinical data suggests that melatonin is a promising agent to improve the outcomes of infants with NE. Over the past decade, the safety and efficacy of melatonin to augment HT has been studied in the neonatal piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. From this model, we have observed that the neuroprotective effects of melatonin are time-critical and dose dependent. Therapeutic melatonin levels are likely to be 15-30 mg/L and for optimal effect, these need to be achieved within the first 2-3 h after birth. This review summarises the neuroprotective properties of melatonin, the key findings from the piglet and other animal studies to date, and the challenges we face to translate melatonin from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymand Pang
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK; (R.P.); (A.A.-B.); (C.M.)
| | - Adnan Advic-Belltheus
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK; (R.P.); (A.A.-B.); (C.M.)
| | - Christopher Meehan
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK; (R.P.); (A.A.-B.); (C.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Fullen
- Translational Research Office, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK;
| | - Xavier Golay
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Nicola J. Robertson
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK; (R.P.); (A.A.-B.); (C.M.)
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Liu J, Xu J, Mi Y, Yang Y, Li Q, Zhou D, Wei K, Chen G, Li N, Hou Y. Pterostilbene alleviates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats by modulating microglial activation. Food Funct 2021; 11:5432-5445. [PMID: 32490497 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe neurological disease without known effective therapy. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic stroke. Therefore, finding a safe and effective microglial activation inhibitor might lead to an effective therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke. In this project, our goal was to explore both the mechanism and effect of pterostilbene in MCAO/R rats. The potential effect of pterostilbene on ischemic stroke was tested using MCAO/R rats and its effect on microglial activation was tested in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In vivo, pterostilbene decreased the neurological scores, brain water content and infarct volume in MCAO/R rats. Pterostilbene increased the number of mature neurons, decreased the number of activated microglia, and reduced iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression. Pterostilbene inhibited phosphorylated-IκBα expression, thus promoting IκBα expression and inhibiting ROS overexpression. In vitro, pterostilbene inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and suppressed NAPDH activity as well as activation of both the NF-κB pathway and ROS production. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that pterostilbene-mediated alleviation of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats may be correlated with the inhibition of the ROS/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway in microglia, indicating the potential for the use of pterostilbene as a candidate therapeutic compound for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jikai Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Mi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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Guo S, Cosky E, Li F, Guan L, Ji Y, Wei W, Peng C, Geng X, Ding Y. An inhibitory and beneficial effect of chlorpromazine and promethazine (C + P) on hyperglycolysis through HIF-1α regulation in ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147463. [PMID: 33811844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After ischemic stroke, the increased catabolism of glucose (hyperglycolysis) results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX). A depressive or hibernation-like effect of C + P on brain activity was reported to induce neuroprotection. The current study assesses the effect of C + P on hyperglycolysis and NOX activation. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 6 or 24 h of reperfusion. At the onset of reperfusion, rats received C + P with or without temperature control, or phloretin [glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 inhibitor], or cytochalasin B (GLUT-3 inhibitor). We detected brain ROS, apoptotic cell death, and ATP levels along with HIF-1α expression. Cerebral hyperglycolysis was measured by glucose, protein expression of GLUT-1/3, and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), as well as lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at 6 and 24 h of reperfusion. The enzymatic activity of NOX and protein expression of its subunits (gp91phox) were detected. Neural SHSY5Y cells were placed under 2 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation for 6 and 24 h with C + P treatment. Cell viability and protein levels of HIF-1α, GLUT-1/3, PFK-1, LDH, and gp91phox were measured. A HIF-1α overexpression vector was transfected into the cells, and then protein levels of HIF-1α, GLUT-1/3, PFK-1, and LDH were quantitated. In sham-operated rats and control cells, the protein levels of HIF-1α, GLUT-1/3, PFK-1, LDH, and gp91phox were measured at 6 and 24 h after C + P administration. RESULTS C + P reduced the protein elevations after stroke in HIF-1α, glycolytic enzymes, as well as in ROS, cell death, glucose and lactate, but raised ATP levels in the brain. In ischemic rats exposed to GLUT-1/3 inhibitors, ROS, cell death, glucose, and lactate were all decreased, as well as GLUT-1, GLUT-3, LDH, and PFK-1 protein levels. C + P decreased ischemia-induced NOX activation by reducing the enzymatic activity and protein expression of the NOX subunit gp91phox, as was observed in the presence of GLUT-1/3 inhibitors. These markers were significantly decreased following C + P administration with the induced hypothermia, while C + P administration with temperature control at 37 °C induced lesser protection after ischemia stroke. In the OGD/reoxygenation model, C + P treatment increased cell viability and diminished protein levels of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, GLUT-3, PFK-1, LDH, and gp91phox. However, in OGD with HIF-1α overexpression, C + P was unable to effectively reduce the upregulated GLUT-1, GLUT-3, and LDH. In normal conditions, C + P reduced HIF-1α and the levels of key glycolytic enzymes depending on its pharmacological effect. CONCLUSION C + P, partially depending on hypothermia, attenuates hyperglycolysis and NOX activation through HIF-1α regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Guo
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Eric Cosky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Longfei Guan
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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12
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Geng X, Shen J, Li F, Yip J, Guan L, Rajah G, Peng C, DeGracia D, Ding Y. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PCK) in the Brain Gluconeogenic Pathway Contributes to Oxidative and Lactic Injury After Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2309-2321. [PMID: 33417227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To demonstrate the role of the rate-limiting and ATP-dependent gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) in oxidative and lactic stress and the effect of phenothiazine on PCK after stroke, a total of 168 adult male Sprague Dawley rats (3 months old, 280-300 g) underwent 2-h intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion for 6, 24, 48 h, or 7 days. Phenothiazine (chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P)) (8 mg/kg) and 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA, a PCK inhibitor, 100 μM) were administered at reperfusion onset. The effects of phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-MPA, or PCK knockdown were studied in neuronal cultures subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation. Reactive oxygen species, lactate, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; a gluconeogenic product), mRNA, and protein of total PCK, PCK-1, and PCK-2 increased after MCAO and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Oxaloacetate (a gluconeogenic substrate) decreased, while PEP and glucose were increased, suggesting reactive gluconeogenesis. These changes were attenuated by phenothiazine, 3-MPA, or PCK shRNA. PCK-1 and -2 existed primarily in neurons, while the effects of ischemic stroke on the PCK expression were seen predominately in astrocytes. Thus, phenothiazine reduced infarction and oxidative/lactic stress by inhibiting PCKs, leading to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 82 Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James Yip
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gary Rajah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Munson Medical Center, Traverse City, MI, 49684, USA
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Donald DeGracia
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Cheng Z, Li FW, Stone CR, Elkin K, Peng CY, Bardhi R, Geng XK, Ding YC. Normobaric oxygen therapy attenuates hyperglycolysis in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1017-1023. [PMID: 33269745 PMCID: PMC8224134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normobaric oxygen therapy has gained attention as a simple and convenient means of achieving neuroprotection against the pathogenic cascade initiated by acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective efficacy of normobaric oxygen therapy, however, have not been fully elucidated. It is hypothesized that cerebral hyperglycolysis is involved in the neuroprotection of normobaric oxygen therapy against ischemic stroke. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 3- or 24-hour reperfusion or to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion event. At 2 hours after the onset of ischemia, all rats received either 95% oxygen normobaric oxygen therapy for 3 hours or room air. Compared with room air, normobaric oxygen therapy significantly reduced the infarct volume, neurological deficits, and reactive oxygen species and increased the production of adenosine triphosphate in ischemic rats. These changes were associated with reduced transcriptional and translational levels of the hyperglycolytic enzymes glucose transporter 1 and 3, phosphofructokinase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, normobaric oxygen therapy significantly reduced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase mRNA expression and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase protein expression. These findings suggest that normobaric oxygen therapy can reduce hyperglycolysis through modulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative injury, thereby exhibiting neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Investigation Committee of Capital Medical University (approval No. AEEI-2018-033) on August 13, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Wu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher R Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chang-Ya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Redina Bardhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Kun Geng
- Department of Neurology; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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14
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Abbasi Y, Mousavizadeh K, Shabani R, Katebi M, Mehdizadeh M. Behavioral Changes in Combination Therapy of Ethanol and Modafinil on Rats Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:269-278. [PMID: 32963720 PMCID: PMC7502185 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ethanol is considered as an effective agent in reducing brain stroke injury. In this study, we assessed the effects of modafinil along with ethanol as a combination therapy on behavioral function in Wistar rats. Methods: The right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) was performed and the rats were divided into nine groups (n=8 per group). The animal groups in this study were as follows: 1. MCAO control group (ischemia without treatment); 2. Vehicle group; 3. Modafinil group that was randomly subdivided into three groups receiving different doses of modafinil (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO; 4. Ethanol group receiving 1.5 g/kg ethanol at the time of reperfusion; 5. Modafinil + ethanol group that was further subdivided into three groups receiving modafinil at different doses (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO and ethanol at the time of reperfusion. The motor behavior was measured using the Garcia test 24, 48, and 72 h after the ischemia, and the elevated body swing test was performed 48 and 72 h after the ischemia. The anxiety and locomotor activity were analyzed by open field test 48 and 72 h post-ischemia. Results: The results showed that the neurological deficit score, locomotor activity, and unexpected thigmotaxis (anxiety) in the ethanol, modafinil (in a dose-dependent manner), and ethanol+modafinil treatment groups were significantly higher than the MCAO control group. Conclusion: It seems that the combination therapy of modafinil (100 mg/kg) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced neuroprotection via an improvement in locomotor activity and neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Chumboatong W, Khamchai S, Tocharus C, Govitrapong P, Tocharus J. Agomelatine protects against permanent cerebral ischaemia via the Nrf2-HO-1 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:173028. [PMID: 32084418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and permanent disability worldwide. It has been reported that 85% of stroke patients undergo an ischaemic stroke. The standard treatment is currently recanalization. However, only 5% of patients have access to this treatment. Therefore, new strategies for permanent ischaemic stroke treatment need to be investigated. Agomelatine is a melatonergic agonist that acts on MT1/2 receptors and is an antagonist of 5-HT2c receptors, and melatonergic has pleiotropic effects, such as antioxidation or anti-inflammation effects. In this study, we focused on the effect of agomelatine on permanent cerebral ischaemia in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following four groups (n = 6/group): sham operating group, permanent ischaemic model group, permanent ischaemic model plus agomelatine (40 mg/kg, i.p) group and permanent ischaemic model plus melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p) group. Twenty-four h after ischaemic onset, we investigated the neurological deficits and infarct volume using neurological deficit scores, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and transmission electron microscopy (Kochanski et al.). Moreover, we analysed Nrf2-HO-1 protein expression by Western blot. The results showed that agomelatine and melatonin decreased neuronal injury and promoted the Nrf2-HO-1 signalling pathway. These findings suggest that agomelatine and melatonin exert beneficial effects on permanent cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijitra Chumboatong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Satchakorn Khamchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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16
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Wang J, Liu Y, Shen H, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Nox2 and Nox4 Participate in ROS-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Brain Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2020; 127:47-54. [PMID: 31407062 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04615-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously studies have shown that Nox2 and Nox4, as members of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase, Nox), participate in brain damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of specific chemical inhibitors of Nox2 and Nox4 on cerebral I/R-induced brain injury in rats. METHODS At 0.5 h before MCAO surgery, the rats were pretreated with vehicle, Nox2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat), and Nox4 inhibitor (GKT137831), respectively. After reperfusion for 24 h, the infarct sizes of brain tissues in rats in various groups are determined. The penumbra (ischemic) tissues are collected to measure ROS levels, neuronal apoptosis, and degeneration, as well as the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in brain tissues of rats. RESULTS gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 pretreatment significantly reduced the infarct sizes in brain tissues of rats, effectively suppressed I/R-induced increase in ROS levels, neuronal apoptosis and degeneration, and obviously alleviated BBB damage. CONCLUSION Under cerebral I/R conditions, Nox2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat) and Nox4 inhibitor (GKT137831) can effectively play a protective role in the brain tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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17
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Tong Y, Elkin KB, Peng C, Shen J, Li F, Guan L, Ji Y, Wei W, Geng X, Ding Y. Reduced Apoptotic Injury by Phenothiazine in Ischemic Stroke through the NOX-Akt/PKC Pathway. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120378. [PMID: 31847503 PMCID: PMC6955743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazine treatment has been shown to reduce post-stroke ischemic injury, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study sought to confirm the neuroprotective effects of phenothiazines and to explore the role of the NOX (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase)/Akt/PKC (protein kinase C) pathway in cerebral apoptosis. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and were randomly divided into 3 different cohorts: (1) saline, (2) 8 mg/kg chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P), and (3) 8 mg/kg C+P as well as apocynin (NOX inhibitor). Brain infarct volumes were examined, and cell death/NOX activity was determined by assays. Western blotting was used to assess protein expression of kinase C-δ (PKC-δ), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), Bax, Bcl-XL, and uncleaved/cleaved caspase-3. Both C+P and C+P/NOX inhibitor administration yielded a significant reduction in infarct volumes and cell death, while the C+P/NOX inhibitor did not confer further reduction. In both treatment groups, anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL protein expression generally increased, while pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3 proteins generally decreased. PKC protein expression was decreased in both treatment groups, demonstrating a further decrease by C+P/NOX inhibitor at 6 and 24 h of reperfusion. The present study confirms C+P-mediated neuroprotection and suggests that the NOX/Akt/PKC pathway is a potential target for efficacious therapy following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Tong
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; (Y.T.); (J.S.); (F.L.); (L.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Kenneth B. Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (K.B.E.); (C.P.); (Y.D.)
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (K.B.E.); (C.P.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 4820, USA; (Y.J.); (W.W.)
| | - Jiamei Shen
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; (Y.T.); (J.S.); (F.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Fengwu Li
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; (Y.T.); (J.S.); (F.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Longfei Guan
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; (Y.T.); (J.S.); (F.L.); (L.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (K.B.E.); (C.P.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 4820, USA; (Y.J.); (W.W.)
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 4820, USA; (Y.J.); (W.W.)
- Department of General Surgery, Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 4820, USA; (Y.J.); (W.W.)
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Luhe Institute of Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China; (Y.T.); (J.S.); (F.L.); (L.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (K.B.E.); (C.P.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-183-1105-5270
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (K.B.E.); (C.P.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 4820, USA; (Y.J.); (W.W.)
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18
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Abbasi Y, Shabani R, Mousavizadeh K, Soleimani M, Mehdizadeh M. Neuroprotective effect of ethanol and Modafinil on focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:805-819. [PMID: 30644018 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is known as an effective agent against cerebral lesions after ischemia. Modafinil is a stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) with antioxidant properties. We assessed the neuroprotective effect of modafinil in combination with ethanol after focal cerebral ischemia. Male wistar rats weighing 280-300 g were divided into nine groups (n = 12 each group): The groups consisted of the MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) group (i.e. ischemia without treatment); the vehicle group(Dimethylsulfoxide); the modafinil group including three subgroups which pretreated with Modafinil (10, 30, 100 mg/kg), respectively, for seven days prior to the induction of MCAO; the ethanol group which received 1.5g/kg ethanol at the time of reperfusion; and modafinil+ethanol group which was divided into three subgroups that received three doses of modanifil (10, 30,100 mg/kg), respectively, for seven days prior to MCAO as well as ethanol at the time of reperfusion. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by 60-min intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Edema, infarct volume, glial scar formation (gliosis) and apoptosis were analyzed. The ethanol alone treatment (with a less significant effect), modafinil (in a dose-dependent way), and the combination of modafinil and ethanol significantly decreased the brain infarct volume, edema, apoptosis, and gliosis (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, modafinil+ethanol mediated the restoration of aerobic metabolism and hyper-glycolysis suppress, thereby resulting in an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity, respectively, which ultimately reduced oxidative reperfusion injury. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with modafinil (100 mg/kg) and modafinil+ethanol(1.5 g/kg) may prevent ischemic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Ji Y, Stone C, Guan L, Peng C, Han W. Is air pollution a potential cause of neuronal injury? Neurol Res 2019; 41:742-748. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1609170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Longfei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Li Y, Lu B, Sheng L, Zhu Z, Sun H, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Xue D, Chen W, Tian X, Du Y, Yan M, Zhu W, Xing F, Li K, Lin S, Qiu P, Su X, Huang Y, Yan G, Yin W. Hexokinase 2-dependent hyperglycolysis driving microglial activation contributes to ischemic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 144:186-200. [PMID: 29205357 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycolysis, observed within the penumbra zone during brain ischemia, was shown to be detrimental for tissue survival because of lactate accumulation and reactive oxygen species overproduction in clinical and experimental settings. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that glycolytic reprogramming and induced metabolic enzymes can fuel the activation of peripheral immune cells. However, the possible roles and details regarding hyperglycolysis in neuroinflammation during ischemia are relatively poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether overactivated glycolysis could activate microglia and identified the crucial regulators of neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Using BV 2 and primary microglial cultures, we found hyperglycolysis and induction of the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) were essential for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation under hypoxia. Mechanistically, HK2 up-regulation led to accumulated acetyl-coenzyme A, which accounted for the subsequent histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of interleukin (IL)-1β. The inhibition and selective knockdown of HK2 in vivo significantly protected against ischemic brain injury by suppressing microglial activation and IL-1β production in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) surgery. We provide novel insights for HK2 specifically serving as a neuroinflammatory determinant, thus explaining the neurotoxic effect of hyperglycolysis and indicating the possibility of selectively targeting HK2 as a therapeutic strategy in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingzheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjiaqi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suizhen Lin
- Guangzhou Cellprotek Pharmaceutical Co. ltd., Science City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Shen J, Rastogi R, Geng X, Ding Y. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation and neuronal death after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:948-953. [PMID: 30761998 PMCID: PMC6404502 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to produce superoxide anions and other reactive oxygen species. Under normal circumstances, reactive oxygen species mediate a number of important cellular functions, including the facilitation of adaptive immunity. In pathogenic circumstances, however, excess reactive oxygen species generated by NOX promotes apoptotic cell death. In ischemic stroke, in particular, it has been shown that both NOX activation and derangements in glucose metabolism result in increased apoptosis. Moreover, recent studies have established that glucose, as a NOX substrate, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. Thus, NOX inhibition has the potential to mitigate the deleterious impact of hyperglycemia on stroke. In this paper, we provide an overview of this research, coupled with a discussion of its implications for the development of NOX inhibition as a strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Both inhibition using apocynin, as well as the prospect of developing more specific inhibitors based on what is now understood of the biology of NOX assembly and activation, will be highlighted in the course of our discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Nutritional Regulators of Bcl-xL in the Brain. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113019. [PMID: 30463183 PMCID: PMC6278276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) is an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein found in the mitochondrial membrane. Bcl-xL is reported to support normal brain development and protects neurons against toxic stimulation during pathological process via its roles in regulation of mitochondrial functions. Despite promising evidence showing neuroprotective properties of Bcl-xL, commonly applied molecular approaches such as genetic manipulation may not be readily applicable for human subjects. Therefore, findings at the bench may be slow to be translated into treatments for disease. Currently, there is no FDA approved application that specifically targets Bcl-xL and treats brain-associated pathology in humans. In this review, we will discuss naturally occurring nutrients that may exhibit regulatory effects on Bcl-xL expression or activity, thus potentially providing affordable, readily-applicable, easy, and safe strategies to protect the brain.
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23
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Al-Sarraf H, Malatiali S, Al-Awadi M, Redzic Z. Effects of erythropoietin on astrocytes and brain endothelial cells in primary culture during anoxia depend on simultaneous signaling by other cytokines and on duration of anoxia. Neurochem Int 2017; 113:34-45. [PMID: 29180303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies on animals revealed neuroprotective effects of exogenously applied erythropoietin (EPO) during cerebral ischemia/hypoxia. Yet, application of exogenous EPO in stroke patients often lead to haemorrhagic transformation. To clarify potential mechanism of this adverse effect we explored effects of EPO on viabilities of astrocytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs) in primary culture during anoxia of various durations, in the presence or absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), which are cytokines that are also released from the neurovascular unit during hypoxia. Anoxia (2-48 h) exerted marginal effects on BECs' viability and significant reductions in viability of astrocytes. Astrocyte-conditioned medium did not exert effects and exerted detrimental effects on BECs during 2 h and 24 h anoxia, respectively. This was partially reversed by inhibition of Janus kinase (Jak)2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 activation. Addition of rat recombinant EPO (rrEPO) during 2 h-6h anoxia was protective for astrocytes, but had no effect on BECs. Addition of rrEPO significantly reduced viability of BECs and astrocytes after 48 h anoxia and after 24 h-48 h anoxia, respectively, which was attenuated by inhibition of Jak2/STAT5 activation. Simultaneous addition of rrEPO and VEGFA (1-165) caused marginal effects on BECs, but a highly significant protective effects on astrocytes during 24-48 h anoxia, which were attenuated by inhibition of Jak2/STAT5 activation. Simultaneous addition of EPO, VEGFA 1-165 and Ang1 exerted protective effects on BECs during 24 h-48 h anoxia, which were attenuated by addition of soluble Tie2 receptor. These data revealed that EPO could exert protective, but also injurious effects on BECs and astrocytes during anoxia, which depended on the duration of anoxia and on simultaneous signaling by VEGF and Ang1. If these injurious effects occur in stroke patients, they could enhance vascular damage and haemorrhagic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Al-Sarraf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Slava Malatiali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Al-Awadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Zoran Redzic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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24
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Li F, Geng X, Khan H, Pendy JT, Peng C, Li X, Rafols JA, Ding Y. Exacerbation of Brain Injury by Post-Stroke Exercise Is Contingent Upon Exercise Initiation Timing. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:311. [PMID: 29051728 PMCID: PMC5633611 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that post-stroke physical rehabilitation may reduce morbidity. The effectiveness of post-stroke exercise, however, appears to be contingent upon exercise initiation. This study assessed the hypothesis that very early exercise exacerbates brain injury, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and promotes energy failure. A total of 230 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 2 h, and randomized into eight groups, including two sham injury control groups, three non-exercise and three exercise groups. Exercise was initiated after 6 h, 24 h and 3 days of reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after completion of exercise (and at corresponding time points in non-exercise controls), infarct volumes and apoptotic cell death were examined. Early brain oxidative metabolism was quantified by examining ROS, ATP and NADH levels 0.5 h after completion of exercise. Furthermore, protein expressions of angiogenic growth factors were measured in order to determine whether post-stroke angiogenesis played a role in rehabilitation. As expected, ischemic stroke resulted in brain infarction, apoptotic cell death and ROS generation, and diminished NADH and ATP production. Infarct volumes and apoptotic cell death were enhanced (p < 0.05) by exercise that was initiated after 6 h of reperfusion, but decreased by late exercise (24 h, 3 days). This exacerbated brain injury at 6 h was associated with increased ROS levels (p < 0.05), and decreased (p < 0.05) NADH and ATP levels. In conclusion, very early exercise aggravated brain damage, and early exercise-induced energy failure with ROS generation may underlie the exacerbation of brain injury. These results shed light on the manner in which exercise initiation timing may affect post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hajra Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - John T Pendy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jose A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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25
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Chandra A, Stone CR, Du X, Li WA, Huber M, Bremer R, Geng X, Ding Y. The cerebral circulation and cerebrovascular disease III: Stroke. Brain Circ 2017; 3:66-77. [PMID: 30276307 PMCID: PMC6126259 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_12_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, our review series on cerebrovascular disease anatomy, physiology, and pathology ends with a thorough discussion of the most significant cerebrovascular pathology: stroke. This discussion proceeds through two layers of organization. First, stroke is divided up into its main etiologic categories (ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic to hemorrhagic transformation). Then, the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic (employed currently as well as emerging) aspects of each etiology are explored; emphasis is placed upon the therapeutic aspects. Finally, once we have covered all aspects of each etiologic category, we end our review with a defense of the thesis that there is much hope for the future of stroke treatment to be derived from familiarity with the literature on emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher R. Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiangnan Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William A. Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell Huber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Bremer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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26
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[Salidroside protects PC12 cells from H 2O 2-induced apoptosis via suppressing NOX2-ROS-MAPKs signaling pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37. [PMID: 28219860 PMCID: PMC6779671 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism by which salidroside protects PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis. METHODS PC12 cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% horse serum and 5% fetal bovine serum were pretreated with different doses of salidroside for 2 h and then stimulated with H2O2 for different lengths of time. The expression levels of PARP and caspase 3 and the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and JNK were determined with Western blotting. The cell nuclear morphology was observed after DAPI staining. The production of ROS was detected using a ROS detection kit, and the levels of gp91phox and p47phox in the membrane and cytoplasm were detected by membrane-cytoplasm separation experiment; the binding between gp91phox and p47phox was assayed by coimmunoprecipitation experiment. RESULTS Salidroside dose-dependently suppressed cell apoptosis, lowered phosphorylation levels of p38, ERK and JNK, inhibited the production of ROS, reduced the binding between gp91phox and p47phox, and inhibited the activity of NOX2 in PC12 cells exposed to H2O2. CONCLUSION Salidroside protects PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis at least partly by suppressing NOX2-ROS-MAPKs signaling pathway.
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Rastogi R, Geng X, Li F, Ding Y. NOX Activation by Subunit Interaction and Underlying Mechanisms in Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:301. [PMID: 28119569 PMCID: PMC5222855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase (NOX) is an enzyme complex with the sole function of producing superoxide anion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the expense of NADPH. Vital to the immune system as well as cellular signaling, NOX is also involved in the pathologies of a wide variety of disease states. Particularly, it is an integral player in many neurological diseases, including stroke, TBI, and neurodegenerative diseases. Pathologically, NOX produces an excessive amount of ROS that exceed the body’s antioxidant ability to neutralize them, leading to oxidative stress and aberrant signaling. This prevalence makes it an attractive therapeutic target and as such, NOX inhibitors have been studied and developed to counter NOX’s deleterious effects. However, recent studies of NOX have created a better understanding of the NOX complex. Comprised of independent cytosolic subunits, p47-phox, p67-phox, p40-phox and Rac, and membrane subunits, gp91-phox and p22-phox, the NOX complex requires a unique activation process through subunit interaction. Of these subunits, p47-phox plays the most important role in activation, binding and translocating the cytosolic subunits to the membrane and anchoring to p22-phox to organize the complex for NOX activation and function. Moreover, these interactions, particularly that between p47-phox and p22-phox, are dependent on phosphorylation initiated by upstream processes involving protein kinase C (PKC). This review will look at these interactions between subunits and with PKC. It will focus on the interaction involving p47-phox with p22-phox, key in bringing the cytosolic subunits to the membrane. Furthermore, the implication of these interactions as a target for NOX inhibitors such as apocynin will be discussed as a potential avenue for further investigation, in order to develop more specific NOX inhibitors based on the inhibition of NOX assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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28
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Chumboatong W, Thummayot S, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Jittiwat J, Tocharus J. Neuroprotection of agomelatine against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through an antiapoptotic pathway in rat. Neurochem Int 2017; 102:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Geng X, Li F, Yip J, Peng C, Elmadhoun O, Shen J, Ji X, Ding Y. Neuroprotection by Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Severe Transient and Permanent Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8140-8150. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Yoo DY, Kwon HJ, Lee KY, Jung HY, Kim JW, Park JH, Choi JH, Yoon YS, Won MH, Kim DW, Hwang IK. Lack of evidence in neurite growth in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region 15 days after transient forebrain ischemia. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2016.1226950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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31
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Shen J, Huber M, Zhao EY, Peng C, Li F, Li X, Geng X, Ding Y. Early rehabilitation aggravates brain damage after stroke via enhanced activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX). Brain Res 2016; 1648:266-276. [PMID: 27495986 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although physical exercise has emerged as a potential therapeutic modality for functional deficits following ischemic stroke, the extent of this effect appears to be contingent upon the time of exercise initiation. In the present study, we assessed how exercise timing affected brain damage through hyperglycolysis-associated NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. METHODS Using an intraluminal filament, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2h and assigned to one non-exercise and three exercise groups. Exercise on Rota-rod was initiated for 30min at 6h (considered very early), at 24h (early), and at day 3 (relatively late) after reperfusion. Lactate production was measured 30min after exercise completion, and NOX activity and protein expression of NOX subunits (p47(phox), gp91(phox), p22(phox) and p67(phox)) and glucose transporter 1 and 3 (Glut-1 and -3) were measured at 3 and 24h after exercise. Apoptotic cell death was determined at 24h after exercise. RESULTS Lactate production and Glut-1 and Glut-3 expression were increased after very early exercise (6h), but not after late exercise (3 days), suggesting hyperglycolysis. NOX activity was increased with the initiation of exercise at 6h (P<0.05), but not 24h or 3 days, following stroke. Early (6 and 24h), but not late (3 days), post-stroke exercise was associated with increased (P<0.05) expression of the NOX protein subunit p47(phox), gp91(phox)and p67(phox). This may have led to the enhanced apoptosis observed after early exercise in ischemic rats. CONCLUSION Hyperglycolysis and NOX activation was associated with an elevation in apoptotic cell death after very early exercise, and the detrimental effect of exercise on stroke recovery began to decrease when exercise was initiated 24h after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell Huber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ethan Y Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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32
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Thibodeau A, Geng X, Previch LE, Ding Y. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Circ 2016; 2:61-66. [PMID: 30276274 PMCID: PMC6126256 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.186256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that serves a critical role in the conversion of anaerobic to aerobic cerebral energy. The regulatory complexity of PDH, coupled with its significant influence in brain metabolism, underscores its susceptibility to, and significance in, ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we evaluate proposed mechanisms of PDH-mediated neurodysfunction in stroke, including oxidative stress, altered regulatory enzymatic control, and loss of PDH activity. We also describe the neuroprotective influence of antioxidants, dichloroacetate, acetyl-L-carnitine, and combined therapy with ethanol and normobaric oxygen, explained in relation to PDH modulation. Our review highlights the significance of PDH impairment in stroke injury through an understanding of the mechanisms by which it is modulated, as well as an exploration of neuroprotective strategies available to limit its impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Thibodeau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren E Previch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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33
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Cai L, Thibodeau A, Peng C, Ji X, Rastogi R, Xin R, Singh S, Geng X, Rafols JA, Ding Y. Combination therapy of normobaric oxygen with hypothermia or ethanol modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in thromboembolic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:749-58. [PMID: 27027410 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Cai
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Alexa Thibodeau
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Ruiqiang Xin
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
- Department of Radiology, Luhe Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Sunpreet Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Jose A. Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
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34
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Forreider B, Pozivilko D, Kawaji Q, Geng X, Ding Y. Hibernation-like neuroprotection in stroke by attenuating brain metabolic dysfunction. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:174-187. [PMID: 26965388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many mammalian species naturally undergo hibernation, a process that is associated with drastic changes in metabolism and systemic physiology. Their ability to retain an undamaged central nervous system during severely reduced cerebral blood flow has been studied for possible therapeutic application in human ischemic stroke. By inducing a less extreme 'hibernation-like' state, it has been hypothesized that similar neuroprotective effects reduce ischemia-mediated tissue damage in stroke patients. This manuscript includes reviews and evaluations of: (1) true hibernation, (2) hibernation-like state and its neuroprotective characteristics, (3) the preclinical and clinical methods for induction of artificial hibernation (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia, phenothiazine drugs, and ethanol), and (4) the mechanisms by which cerebral ischemia leads to tissue damage and how the above-mentioned induction methods function to inhibit those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forreider
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Pozivilko
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Qingwen Kawaji
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Combining Normobaric Oxygen with Ethanol or Hypothermia Prevents Brain Damage from Thromboembolic Stroke via PKC-Akt-NOX Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1263-1277. [PMID: 26820681 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a thromboembolic stroke model after reperfusion by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), we aimed to determine whether therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and ethanol (EtOH) in combination with low concentration (60 %) of normobaric oxygen (NBO) enhanced neuroprotection, as compared to using each of these agents alone. We further aimed to elucidate a potential role of the NADPH oxidase (NOX), phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) pathway in oxidative stress and neuroprotection. In Sprague-Dawley rats, a focal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was induced by an autologous embolus in the following experimental groups: rt-PA treatment alone, rt-PA + NBO treatment, rt-PA + TH at 33 °C, rt-PA + EtOH, rt-PA + NBO + EtOH, rt-PA + NBO + TH, rt-PA + NOX inhibitor, rt-PA + EtOH + NOX inhibitor, or rt-PA + EtOH + Akt inhibitor. Control groups included sham-operated without stroke or stroke without treatment. Infarct volume and neurological deficit were assessed at 24 h after rt-PA-induced reperfusion with or without treatments. ROS levels, NOX activity, and the protein expression of NOX subunits p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, gp91phox, as well as PKC-δ and phosphorylated Akt were measured at 3 and 24 h after rt-PA-induced reperfusion. Following rt-PA in thromboembolic stroke rats, NBO combined with TH or EtOH more effectively decreased infarct volume and neurological deficit, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production than with any of the used monotherapies. NOX activity and subunit expressions were downregulated and temporally associated with reduced PKC-δ and increased p-Akt expression. The present study demonstrated that combining NBO with either TH or EtOH conferred similar neuroprotection via modulation of NOX activation. The results suggest a role of Akt in NOX activation and implicate an upstream PKC-δ pathway in the Akt regulation of NOX. It is possible to substitute EtOH for TH, thus circumventing the difficulties in clinical application of TH through the comparatively easier usage of EtOH as a potential stroke management.
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Cai L, Stevenson J, Peng C, Xin R, Rastogi R, Liu K, Geng X, Gao Z, Ji X, Rafols JA, Ji Z, Ding Y. Adjuvant therapies using normobaric oxygen with hypothermia or ethanol for reducing hyperglycolysis in thromboembolic cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2016; 318:45-57. [PMID: 26794589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Normobaric oxygen (NBO), ethanol (EtOH), and therapeutic hypothermia (TH) delivered alone or in combination have neuroprotective properties after acute stroke. We used an autologous thromboembolic rat stroke model to assess the additive effects of these treatments for reducing the deleterious effects of hyperglycolysis post-stroke in which reperfusion is induced with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion with an autologous embolus. One hour after occlusion, rt-PA was administered alone or with NBO (60%), EtOH (1.0 g/kg), TH (33 °C), either singly or in combination. Infarct volume and neurological deficit were assessed at 24h after rt-PA-induced reperfusion with or without other treatments. The extent of hyperglycolysis, as determined by cerebral glucose and lactate levels was evaluated at 3 and 24h after rt-PA administration. At the same time points, expressions of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), glucose transporter 3 (Glut3), phosphofructokinase1 (PFK-1), and lactate dehydrogenase were (LDH) measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Following rt-PA in rats with thromboembolic stroke, NBO combined with TH or EtOH most effectively decreased infarct volume and neurological deficit. As compared to rt-PA alone, EtOH or TH but not NBO monotherapies significantly reduced post-stroke hyperglycolysis. The increased utilization of glucose and production of lactate post-stroke was prevented most effectively when NBO was combined with either EtOH or TH after reperfusion with rt-PA, as shown by the significantly decreased Glut1, Glut3, PFK-1, and LDH levels. CONCLUSIONS In a rat thromboembolic stroke model, both EtOH and TH used individually offer neuroprotection after the administration of rt-PA. While NBO monotherapy does not appear to be effective, it significantly potentiates the efficacy of EtOH and TH. The similar neuroprotection and underlying mechanisms pertaining to the attenuation of hyperglycolysis provided by EtOH or TH in combination with NBO suggest a possibility of substituting EtOH for TH. Thus a combination of NBO and EtOH, which are widely available and easily used, could become a novel and effective neuroprotective strategy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cai
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J Stevenson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R Xin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - R Rastogi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - X Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Z Gao
- Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - X Ji
- Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Z Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Y Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Zhang S, Song XY, Xia CY, Ai QD, Chen J, Chu SF, He WB, Chen NH. Effects of cerebral glucose levels in infarct areas on stroke injury mediated by blood glucose changes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19715a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Yang K, Xu J, Wu JM, Liu WL. NADPH oxidase 2 does not contribute to early reperfusion-associated reactive oxygen species generation following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1773-1778. [PMID: 28123418 PMCID: PMC5204230 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) critically contributes to occurrence of reperfusion injury, the paradoxical response of ischemic brain tissue to restoration of cerebral blood flow. However, the enzymatic sources of ROS generation remain to be unclear. This study examined Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase (Nox2) expression and its activity in ischemic brain tissue following post-ischemic reperfusion to clarify the mechanism of enzymatic reaction of ROS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 3 or 22.5 hours of reperfusion. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and western blot assay were performed to measure mRNA and protein expression of Nox2. Lucigenin fluorescence assays were performed to assess Nox activity. Our data showed that Nox2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly increased (3.7-fold for mRNA and 3.6-fold for protein) in ischemic brain tissue at 22.5 hours but not at 3 hours following post-ischemic reperfusion. Similar results were obtained for the changes of NADPH oxidase activity in ischemic cerebral tissue at the two reperfusion time points. Our results suggest that Nox2 may not contribute to the early burst of reperfusion-related ROS generation, but is rather an important source of ROS generation during prolonged reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Lan Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Ji Z, Liu K, Cai L, Peng C, Xin R, Gao Z, Zhao E, Rastogi R, Han W, Rafols JA, Geng X, Ding Y. Therapeutic effect of tPA in ischemic stroke is enhanced by its combination with normobaric oxygen and hypothermia or ethanol. Brain Res 2015; 1627:31-40. [PMID: 26319679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our lab has previously elucidated the neuroprotective effects of normobaric oxygen (NBO) and ethanol (EtOH) in ischemic stroke. The present study further evaluated the effect of EtOH or hypothermia (Hypo) in the presence of low concentration of NBO and determined whether EtOH can substitute hypothermia in a more clinically relevant autologous embolus rat stroke model in which reperfusion was established by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). METHODS At 1h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by an autologous embolus, rats received t-PA. In addition, at the same time, ischemic animals were treated with either EtOH (1.0 g/kg) or hypothermia (33°C for 3h) in combination with NBO (60% for 3h). Extent of neuroprotection was assessed by apoptotic cell death measured by ELISA and Western immunoblotting analysis for pro- (AIF, activated Caspase-3, Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein expression at 3 and 24h of reperfusion induced by t-PA administration. RESULTS Compared to ischemic rats treated only with t-PA, animals with NBO, hypothermia or EtOH had significantly reduced apoptotic cell death by 32.5%, 43.1% and 36.0% respectively. Furthermore, combination therapy that included NBO+EtOH or NBO+Hypo with t-PA exhibited a much larger decline (p<0.01) in the cell death by 71.1% and 73.6%, respectively. Similarly, NBO+EtOH or NBO+Hypo treatment in addition to t-PA enhanced beneficial effects on both pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expressions as compared to other options. CONCLUSIONS Neuroprotection after stroke can be enhanced by combination treatment with either EtOH or hypothermia in the presence of t-PA and 60% NBO. Because the effects produced by EtOH and hypothermia are comparable, their mechanism of action may be not only similar but also could be interchangeable in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kayin Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lipeng Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruiqiang Xin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Radiology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- Cerebral Vascular Diseases Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ethan Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jose A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Geng X, Elmadhoun O, Peng C, Ji X, Hafeez A, Liu Z, Du H, Rafols JA, Ding Y. Ethanol and Normobaric Oxygen. Stroke 2015; 46:492-9. [PMID: 25563647 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Geng
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Omar Elmadhoun
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Changya Peng
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Xunming Ji
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Adam Hafeez
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Zongjian Liu
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Huishan Du
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Jose A. Rafols
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- From the China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital (X.G., X.J., Z.L., H.D., Y.D.) and Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital (X.J.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Departments of Neurological Surgery (X.G., O.E., C.P., A.H., Y.D.) and Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.A.R.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China (X.J.)
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Geng X, Sy CA, Kwiecien TD, Ji X, Peng C, Rastogi R, Cai L, Du H, Brogan D, Singh S, Rafols JA, Ding Y. Reduced cerebral monocarboxylate transporters and lactate levels by ethanol and normobaric oxygen therapy in severe transient and permanent ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1603:65-75. [PMID: 25641040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuroprotective benefits of ethanol (EtOH) and normobaric oxygenation (NBO) were previously demonstrated in transient and permanent ischemic stroke. Here we sought to identify whether the enhanced lactic acidosis and increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) observed after stroke might be attenuated by single and/or combined EtOH and NBO therapies. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n=96) were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 or 4h (transient ischemia), or 28 h (permanent ischemia) followed by 3, 24h, or no reperfusion. Rats received: (1) either an intraperitoneal injection of saline (sham treatment), one dose of EtOH (1.5 g/kg), two doses of EtOH (1.5 g/kg at 2h of MCAO, followed by 1.0 g/kg 2h after 1st dose), or (2) EtOH+95% NBO (at 2h of MCAO for 6h in permanent ischemia). Lactate levels were detected at 3 and 24h of reperfusion. Gene and protein expressions of MCT-1, -2, -4 were assessed by real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS A dose-dependent EtOH neuroprotection was found in transient ischemia. Following transient ischemia, a single dose of EtOH (in 2h-MCAO) or a double dose (in 4h-MCAO), significantly attenuated lactate levels, as well as the mRNAs and protein expressions of MCT-1, MCT-2, and MCT-4. However, while two doses of EtOH alone was ineffective in permanent stroke, the combined therapy (EtOH+95% NBO) resulted in a more significant attenuation in all the above levels and expressions. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that acute EtOH administration attenuated lactic acidosis in transient or permanent ischemic stroke. This EtOH-induced beneficial effect was potentiated by NBO therapy in permanent ischemia. Because both EtOH and NBO are readily available, inexpensive and easy to administer, their combination could be implemented in the clinics shortly after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Christopher A Sy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Timothy D Kwiecien
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Changya Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lipeng Cai
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Huishan Du
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - David Brogan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sunpreet Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jose A Rafols
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 550 E Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Subedi L, Timalsena S, Duwadi P, Thapa R, Paudel A, Parajuli K. Antioxidant activity and phenol and flavonoid contents of eight medicinal plants from Western Nepal. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:584-90. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li H, Wang Y, Feng D, Liu Y, Xu M, Gao A, Tian F, Zhang L, Cui Y, Wang Z, Chen G. Alterations in the time course of expression of the Nox family in the brain in a rat experimental cerebral ischemia and reperfusion model: effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:110-9. [PMID: 24867613 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in a poor prognosis for ischemic stroke patients. This study was designed to evaluate the time course of expression of the Nox family, a major source of ROS, and whether melatonin, a potent scavenger of ROS, influences these parameters in a rat model of cerebral I/R caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 2-hr occlusion, the filament was withdrawn to allow reperfusion. At 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after reperfusion, brain tissue samples were obtained for assays. Among the Nox family, the mRNA and protein levels of Nox2 and Nox4 were increased both in the ischemic hemisphere and contralateral counterpart in the experimental I/R rats at 0 hr after reperfusion, peaked at 3 hr, and then returned to the basal level at 24 hr. Double-immunofluorescence staining further confirmed the expressions of Nox2 and Nox4 in three major types of brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. In addition, melatonin (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle was injected intraperitoneally at 0.5 hr before MCAO. Compared with I/R + vehicle group, melatonin pretreatment diminished the increased expression of Nox2 and Nox4, reduced ROS levels, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Our findings suggested that the inhibition of Nox2 and Nox4 expressions by melatonin may essentially contribute to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects during brain I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zheng J, Li G, Chen S, Bihl J, Buck J, Zhu Y, Xia H, Lazartigues E, Chen Y, Olson JE. Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced tissue swelling, ROS production, and cell death in mouse brain with angiotensin II overproduction. Neuroscience 2014; 273:39-51. [PMID: 24814023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mice which overexpress human renin and angiotensinogen (R+A+) show enhanced cerebral damage in both in vivo and in vitro experimental ischemia models. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) counteracts the effects of angiotensin (Ang-II) by transforming it into Ang-(1-7), thus reducing the ligand for the AT1 receptor and increasing stimulation of the Mas receptor. Triple transgenic mice, SARA, which specifically overexpress ACE2 in neurons of R+A+ mice were used to study the role of ACE2 in ischemic stroke using oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) of brain slices as an in vitro model. We examined tissue swelling, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell death in the cerebral cortex (CX) and the hippocampal CA1 region during OGD. Expression levels of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms, Nox2 and Nox4 were measured using western blots. Results show that SARA mice and R+A+ mice treated with the Mas receptor agonist Ang-(1-7) had less swelling, cell death, and ROS production in CX and CA1 areas compared to those in R+A+ animals. Treatment of slices from SARA mice with the Mas antagonist A779 eliminated this protection. Finally, western blots revealed less Nox2 and Nox4 expression in SARA mice compared with R+A+ mice both before and after OGD. We suggest that reduced brain swelling and cell death observed in SARA animals exposed to OGD result from diminished ROS production coupled with lower expression of Nox isoforms. Thus, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway plays a protective role in brain ischemic damage by counteracting the detrimental effects of Ang-II-induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - G Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - S Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J Buck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China
| | - H Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - E Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States.
| | - J E Olson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States.
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Zhang S, Zuo W, Guo XF, He WB, Chen NH. Cerebral glucose transporter: The possible therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2014; 70:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Winston CN, Chellappa D, Wilkins T, Barton DJ, Washington PM, Loane DJ, Zapple DN, Burns MP. Controlled cortical impact results in an extensive loss of dendritic spines that is not mediated by injury-induced amyloid-beta accumulation. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1966-72. [PMID: 23879560 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations that occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) include a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits. The loss of excitatory synapses could potentially explain why such diverse symptoms occur after TBI, and a recent preclinical study has demonstrated a loss of dendritic spines, the postsynaptic site of the excitatory synapse, after fluid percussion injury. The objective of this study was to determine if controlled cortical impact (CCI) also resulted in dendritic spine retraction and to probe the underlying mechanisms of this spine loss. We used a unilateral CCI and visualized neurons and dendtritic spines at 24 h post-injury using Golgi stain. We found that TBI caused a 32% reduction of dendritic spines in layer II/III of the ipsilateral cortex and a 20% reduction in the dendritic spines of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Spine loss was not restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere, however, with similar reductions in spine numbers recorded in the contralateral cortex (25% reduction) and hippocampus (23% reduction). Amyloid-β (Aβ), a neurotoxic peptide commonly associated with Alzheimer disease, accumulates rapidly after TBI and is also known to cause synaptic loss. To determine if Aβ contributes to spine loss after brain injury, we administered a γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 after TBI. We found that while LY450139 administration could attenuate the TBI-induced increase in Aβ, it had no effect on dendritic spine loss after TBI. We conclude that the acute, global loss of dendritic spines after TBI is independent of γ-secretase activity or TBI-induced Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisse N Winston
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC
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