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Fu J, Li N, He M, Huang D, Zhang P. STAT3 signaling mediates peritoneal fibrosis by activating hyperglycolysis. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7552-7565. [PMID: 36398234 PMCID: PMC9641446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long term peritoneal dialysis leads to peritoneal epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), angiogenesis, and ultrafiltration failure. Although recent evidence suggests that inhibiting STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) can prevent kidney fibrosis, and that STAT3 can enhance glucose metabolism, the effect of STAT3 in peritoneal fibrosis (PF) has not been clarified. METHODS Our study determined the effects of STAT3 on EMT and key glycolysis enzymes in mesothelial HMrSV5 cells by knockdown and overexpression of STAT3. In addition, we established a rat PF model to examine the role of pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 or 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in this process. RESULTS High glucose (HG) caused the upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor beta 1 and the downregulation of E-cadherin, and induced STAT3 activation in HMrSV5 cells. In addition, HMrSV5 cells cultured in high glucose showed high expression of key glycolysis enzymes, which could be inhibited by STAT3 siRNA. Furthermore, treating mesothelial cells with 3PO, the PFKFB3 inhibitor, could attenuate high glucose-induced EMT. Moreover, daily administration of dialysis fluid could induce peritoneal fibrosis. The peritoneal fibrosis was accompanied by enhanced phosphorylation of STAT3 and the upregulation of PFKFB3. The administration of BP-1-102 or 3PO prevented fibrosis and inhibited angiogenesis in PF rats. CONCLUSIONS si-STAT3 attenuated the HG-induced EMT and hyperglycolysis, and the overexpression of STAT3 could induce EMT in HMrSV5 cells. 3PO could markedly attenuate HG-induced EMT by decreasing PFKEB3 in HMrSV5 cells. In addition, we demonstrated that inhibiting STAT3 signaling or peritoneal hyperglycolysis could attenuate peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo. Our findings linked the STAT3/PFKFB3 signaling to the development of PF. HG/STAT3/PFKFB3 might promote the progression of PF through regulating profibrosis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Dake Huang
- Synthetic Laboratory of Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, P.R. China
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Santos AF, Póvoa P, Paixão P, Mendonça A, Taborda-Barata L. Changes in Glycolytic Pathway in SARS-COV 2 Infection and Their Importance in Understanding the Severity of COVID-19. Front Chem 2021; 9:685196. [PMID: 34568275 PMCID: PMC8461303 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that may lead to a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Such syndrome is thought to be related, at least in part, to a dysregulation of the immune system which involves three main components: hyperactivity of the innate immune system; decreased production of type 1 Interferons (IFN) by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, namely respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages; and decreased numbers of both CD4+ and particularly CD8+ T cells. Herein, we describe how excessive activation of the innate immune system and the need for viral replication in several cells of the infected organism promote significant alterations in cells' energy metabolism (glucose metabolism), which may underlie the poor prognosis of the disease in severe situations. When activated, cells of the innate immune system reprogram their metabolism, and increase glucose uptake to ensure secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Changes in glucose metabolism are also observed in pulmonary epithelial cells, contributing to dysregulation of cytokine synthesis and inflammation of the pulmonary epithelium. Controlling hyperglycolysis in critically ill patients may help to reduce the exaggerated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and optimise the actions of the adaptive immune system. In this review, we suggest that the administration of non-toxic concentrations of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, the use of GLUT 1 inhibitors, of antioxidants such as vitamin C in high doses, as well as the administration of N-acetylcysteine in high doses, may be useful complementary therapeutic strategies for these patients, as suggested by some clinical trials and/ or reports. Overall, understanding changes in the glycolytic pathway associated with COVID-19 infection can help to find new forms of treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Fernandes Santos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Teaching and Research of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola
| | - Pedro Póvoa
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Sao Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center–CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, OUH Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Comprehensive Health Research Center–CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica–SYNLAB, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Mendonça
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Taborda-Barata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, Covilhã, Portugal
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Li Y, Lu B, Sheng L, Zhu Z, Sun H, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Xue D, Chen W, Tian X, Du Y, Yan M, Zhu W, Xing F, Li K, Lin S, Qiu P, Su X, Huang Y, Yan G, Yin W. Hexokinase 2-dependent hyperglycolysis driving microglial activation contributes to ischemic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 144:186-200. [PMID: 29205357 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycolysis, observed within the penumbra zone during brain ischemia, was shown to be detrimental for tissue survival because of lactate accumulation and reactive oxygen species overproduction in clinical and experimental settings. Recently, mounting evidence suggests that glycolytic reprogramming and induced metabolic enzymes can fuel the activation of peripheral immune cells. However, the possible roles and details regarding hyperglycolysis in neuroinflammation during ischemia are relatively poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether overactivated glycolysis could activate microglia and identified the crucial regulators of neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Using BV 2 and primary microglial cultures, we found hyperglycolysis and induction of the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) were essential for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation under hypoxia. Mechanistically, HK2 up-regulation led to accumulated acetyl-coenzyme A, which accounted for the subsequent histone acetylation and transcriptional activation of interleukin (IL)-1β. The inhibition and selective knockdown of HK2 in vivo significantly protected against ischemic brain injury by suppressing microglial activation and IL-1β production in male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) surgery. We provide novel insights for HK2 specifically serving as a neuroinflammatory determinant, thus explaining the neurotoxic effect of hyperglycolysis and indicating the possibility of selectively targeting HK2 as a therapeutic strategy in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingzheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjiaqi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suizhen Lin
- Guangzhou Cellprotek Pharmaceutical Co. ltd., Science City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to produce superoxide anions and other reactive oxygen species. Under normal circumstances, reactive oxygen species mediate a number of important cellular functions, including the facilitation of adaptive immunity. In pathogenic circumstances, however, excess reactive oxygen species generated by NOX promotes apoptotic cell death. In ischemic stroke, in particular, it has been shown that both NOX activation and derangements in glucose metabolism result in increased apoptosis. Moreover, recent studies have established that glucose, as a NOX substrate, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. Thus, NOX inhibition has the potential to mitigate the deleterious impact of hyperglycemia on stroke. In this paper, we provide an overview of this research, coupled with a discussion of its implications for the development of NOX inhibition as a strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Both inhibition using apocynin, as well as the prospect of developing more specific inhibitors based on what is now understood of the biology of NOX assembly and activation, will be highlighted in the course of our discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Shen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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