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Oveisgharan S, Yu L, de Paiva Lopes K, Tasaki S, Wang Y, Menon V, Schneider JA, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA. Proteins linking APOE ɛ4 with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4499-4511. [PMID: 38856164 PMCID: PMC11247662 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE ɛ4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms connecting APOE ɛ4 to AD are not clear. METHODS Participants (n = 596) were from two clinical-pathological studies. Tissues from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were examined to identify 8425 proteins. Post mortem pathological assessment used immunohistochemistry to obtain amyloid beta (Aβ) load and tau tangle density. RESULTS In separate models, APOE ɛ4 was associated with 18 proteins, which were associated with Aβ and tau tangles. Examining the proteins in a single model identified Netrin-1 and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) as the two proteins linking APOE ɛ4 with Aβ with the largest effect sizes and Netrin-1 and testican-3 linking APOE ɛ4 with tau tangles. DISCUSSION We identified Netrin-1, SFRP1, and testican-3 as the most promising proteins that link APOE ɛ4 with Aβ and tau tangles. HIGHLIGHTS Of 8425 proteins extracted from prefrontal cortex, 18 were related to APOE ɛ4. The 18 proteins were also related to amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau. The 18 proteins were more related to APOE ɛ4 than other AD genetic risk variants. Netrin-1 and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 were the two most promising proteins linking APOE ɛ4 with Aβ. Netrin-1 and testican-3 were two most promising proteins linking APOE ɛ4 with tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Oveisgharan
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Katia de Paiva Lopes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shinya Tasaki
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational NeuroimmunologyDepartment of Neurology & Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of PathologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of BiochemistryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Neurological SciencesRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Melrose J. CNS/PNS proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25361. [PMID: 39034899 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) proteoglycans (PGs) have diverse functional roles, this study examined how these control cellular behavior and tissue function. The CNS/PNS extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, responsive, highly interactive, space-filling, cell supportive, stabilizing structure maintaining tissue compartments, ionic microenvironments, and microgradients that regulate neuronal activity and maintain the neuron in an optimal ionic microenvironment. The CNS/PNS contains a high glycosaminoglycan content (60% hyaluronan, HA) and a diverse range of stabilizing PGs. Immobilization of HA in brain tissues by HA interactive hyalectan PGs preserves tissue hydration and neuronal activity, a paucity of HA in brain tissues results in a pro-convulsant epileptic phenotype. Diverse CS, KS, and HSPGs stabilize the blood-brain barrier and neurovascular unit, provide smart gel neurotransmitter neuron vesicle storage and delivery, organize the neuromuscular junction basement membrane, and provide motor neuron synaptic plasticity, and photoreceptor and neuron synaptic functions. PG-HA networks maintain ionic fluxes and microgradients and tissue compartments that contribute to membrane polarization dynamics essential to neuronal activation and neurotransduction. Hyalectans form neuroprotective perineuronal nets contributing to synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive learning. Sialoglycoprotein associated with cones and rods (SPACRCAN), an HA binding CSPG, stabilizes the inter-photoreceptor ECM. HSPGs pikachurin and eyes shut stabilize the photoreceptor synapse aiding in phototransduction and neurotransduction with retinal bipolar neurons crucial to visual acuity. This is achieved through Laminin G motifs in pikachurin, eyes shut, and neurexins that interact with the dystroglycan-cytoskeleton-ECM-stabilizing synaptic interconnections, neuronal interactive specificity, and co-ordination of regulatory action potentials in neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Tavakoli S, Evans A, Oommen OP, Creemers L, Nandi JB, Hilborn J, Varghese OP. Unveiling extracellular matrix assembly: Insights and approaches through bioorthogonal chemistry. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100768. [PMID: 37600348 PMCID: PMC10432810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing cells, tissues, and their components specifically without interference with cellular functions, such as biochemical reactions, and cellular viability remains important for biomedical researchers worldwide. For an improved understanding of disease progression, tissue formation during development, and tissue regeneration, labeling extracellular matrix (ECM) components secreted by cells persists is required. Bioorthogonal chemistry approaches offer solutions to visualizing and labeling ECM constituents without interfering with other chemical or biological events. Although biorthogonal chemistry has been studied extensively for several applications, this review summarizes the recent advancements in using biorthogonal chemistry specifically for metabolic labeling and visualization of ECM proteins and glycosaminoglycans that are secreted by cells and living tissues. Challenges, limitations, and future directions surrounding biorthogonal chemistry involved in the labeling of ECM components are discussed. Finally, potential solutions for improvements to biorthogonal chemical approaches are suggested. This would provide theoretical guidance for labeling and visualization of de novo proteins and polysaccharides present in ECM that are cell-secreted for example during tissue remodeling or in vitro differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakoli
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Austin Evans
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oommen P. Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Creemers
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jharna Barman Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Sarojini Naidu College for Women, 30 Jessore Road, Kolkata, 700028, India
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oommen P. Varghese
- Macromolecular Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
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Regulation of stem cell fate by HSPGs: implication in hair follicle cycling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:77. [PMID: 36577752 PMCID: PMC9797564 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are part of proteoglycan family. They are composed of heparan sulfate (HS)-type glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently linked to a core protein. By interacting with growth factors and/or receptors, they regulate numerous pathways including Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. They act as inhibitor or activator of these pathways to modulate embryonic and adult stem cell fate during organ morphogenesis, regeneration and homeostasis. This review summarizes the knowledge on HSPG structure and classification and explores several signaling pathways regulated by HSPGs in stem cell fate. A specific focus on hair follicle stem cell fate and the possibility to target HSPGs in order to tackle hair loss are discussed in more dermatological and cosmeceutical perspectives.
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Rubin SA, Baron CS, Pessoa Rodrigues C, Duran M, Corbin AF, Yang SP, Trapnell C, Zon LI. Single-cell analyses reveal early thymic progenitors and pre-B cells in zebrafish. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220038. [PMID: 35938989 PMCID: PMC9365674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model organism for studying hematopoiesis, but relatively little is known about zebrafish immune cell development and functional diversity. Elucidating key aspects of zebrafish lymphocyte development and exploring the breadth of effector functions would provide valuable insight into the evolution of adaptive immunity. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on ∼70,000 cells from the zebrafish marrow and thymus to establish a gene expression map of zebrafish immune cell development. We uncovered rich cellular diversity in the juvenile and adult zebrafish thymus, elucidated B- and T-cell developmental trajectories, and transcriptionally characterized subsets of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and early thymic progenitors. Our analysis permitted the identification of two dendritic-like cell populations and provided evidence in support of the existence of a pre-B cell state. Our results provide critical insights into the landscape of zebrafish immunology and offer a foundation for cellular and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Rubin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chloé S. Baron
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cecilia Pessoa Rodrigues
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Madeleine Duran
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexandra F. Corbin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Song P. Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Larson G. Site-specific glycosylation of proteoglycans: a revisited frontier in proteoglycan research. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:289-306. [PMID: 35840015 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, are present in essentially all metazoan organisms investigated to date. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to various core proteins and are important for embryogenesis and normal homeostasis. PGs exert many of their functions via their GAG chains and understanding the details of GAG-ligand interactions has been an essential part of PG research. Although PGs are also involved in many diseases, the number of GAG-related drugs used in the clinic is yet very limited, indicating a lack of detailed structure-function understanding. Structural analysis of PGs has traditionally been obtained by first separating the GAG chains from the core proteins, after which the two components are analyzed separately. While this strategy greatly facilitates the analysis, it precludes site-specific information and introduces either a "GAG" or a "core protein" perspective on the data interpretation. Mass-spectrometric (MS) glycoproteomic approaches have recently been introduced, providing site-specific information on PGs. Such methods have revealed a previously unknown structural complexity of the GAG linkage regions and resulted in identification of several novel CSPGs and HSPGs in humans and in model organisms, thereby expanding our view on PG complexity. In light of these findings, we discuss here if the use of such MS-based techniques, in combination with various functional assays, can also be used to expand our functional understanding of PGs. We have also summarized the site-specific information of all human PGs known to date, providing a theoretical framework for future studies on site-specific functional analysis of PGs in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sundsvall County Hospital, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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SPOCK1 promotes metastasis in pancreatic cancer via NF-κB-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition by interacting with IκB-α. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 45:69-84. [PMID: 34855159 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sparc/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domain proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1) has been reported to function as an oncogene in a variety of cancer types. Increasing evidence suggests that SPOCK1 contributes to the metastatic cascade, including invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and micro-metastasis formation. As yet, however, the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. Here, we evaluated the expression and clinicopathological significance of SPOCK1 in primary pancreatic cancer (PC) specimens and explored the mechanisms underlying SPOCK1-mediated PC cell growth and metastasis. METHODS The clinical relevance of SPOCK1 was evaluated in 81 patients with PC. The effect of SPOCK1 on proliferation, cell cycle progression, EMT and metastasis was examined in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms involved in SPOCK1-mediated regulation of NF-κB-dependent EMT were assessed in PC cell lines. RESULTS We found that SPOCK1 expression was increased in PC tissues and was associated with lymph node metastasis. Silencing or exogenous overexpression of SPOCK1 markedly altered the proliferation of PC cells through cell cycle transition. Overexpression of SPOCK1 promoted PC cell migration and invasion by regulating EMT progression. Moreover, we found that SPOCK1 contributes to EMT and metastasis by activating the NF-κB signalling pathway via direct interaction with IκBα. After NF-κB pathway inhibition by BAY11-7082, we found that PC cell motility and EMT induced by SPOCK1 were reversed. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that SPOCK1 promotes PC metastasis via NF-κB-dependent EMT by interacting with IκBα. This newly identified mechanism may provide novel clues for the (targeted) treatment of PC patients.
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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Krajnc A, Gaber A, Lenarčič B, Pavšič M. The Central Region of Testican-2 Forms a Compact Core and Promotes Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249413. [PMID: 33321927 PMCID: PMC7763218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicans are modular proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix of various tissues where they contribute to matrix integrity and exert cellular effects like neurite outgrowth and cell migration. Using testican-2 as a representative member of the family, we tackle the complete lack of general structural information and structure-function relationship. First, we show using isothermal titration calorimetry and modeling that extracellular calcium-binding domain (EC) has only one active calcium-binding site, while the other potential site is inactive, and that testican-2 is within extracellular matrix always in the calcium-loaded form. Next, we demonstrate using various prediction methods that N- and C-terminal regions plus interdomain connections are flexible. We support this by small-angle X-ray-scattering analysis of C-terminally truncated testican-2, which indicates that the triplet follistatin-EC-thyroglobulin domain forms a moderately compact core while the unique N-terminal is disordered. Finally, using cell exclusion zone assay, we show that it is this domain triplet that is responsible for promoting cell migration and not the N- and C-terminal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krajnc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-479-8550
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184215. [PMID: 32937952 PMCID: PMC7570499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are “gagosylated” and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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Sun LR, Li SY, Guo QS, Zhou W, Zhang HM. SPOCK1 Involvement in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: A New Target in Cancer Therapy? Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3561-3569. [PMID: 32547193 PMCID: PMC7244346 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s249754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer metastasis is the main obstacle to increasing the lifespan of cancer patients. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in oncogenic processes, including tumor invasion, intravasation, and micrometastasis formation, and is especially critical for cancer invasion and metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of EMT corresponding to the change in adhesion between cells and matrices. Conclusion SPOCK1 is a critical regulator of the ECM and mediates EMT in cancer cells. This suggests an important role for SPOCK1 in tumorigenesis, migration and invasion. SPOCK1 is a critical regulator of some processes involved in cancer progression, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Herein, the functions of SPOCK1 in cancer progression are expounded, revealing the association between SPOCK1 and EMT in cancer metastasis. SPOCK1 is a positive downstream regulator of transforming growth factor-β, and SPOCK1-mediated EMT regulates invasion and metastasis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. It is of significance that SPOCK1 may be an attractive prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Shi Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Singh P, Rai A, Dohare R, Arora S, Ali S, Parveen S, Syed MA. Network-based identification of signature genes KLF6 and SPOCK1 associated with oral submucous fibrosis. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:299-310. [PMID: 32190310 PMCID: PMC7058035 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is yet to be fully elucidated. The identification of reliable signature genes to screen patients with a high risk of OSF and to provide oral cancer surveillance is therefore required. The present study produced a filtering criterion based on network characteristics and principal component analysis, and identified the genes that were involved in OSF prognosis. Two gene expression datasets were analyzed using meta-analysis, the results of which revealed 1,176 biologically significant genes. A co-expression network was subsequently constructed and weighted gene modules were detected. The pathway and functional enrichment analyses of the present study allowed for the identification of modules 1 and 2, and their respective genes, SPARC (osteonectin), cwcv and kazal like domain proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1) and kruppel like factor 6 (KLF6), which were involved in the occurrence of OSF. The results revealed that both genes had a prominent role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition during OSF progression. The genes identified in the present study require further exploration and validation within clinical settings to determine their roles in OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Arpita Rai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Gerarduzzi C, Hartmann U, Leask A, Drobetsky E. The Matrix Revolution: Matricellular Proteins and Restructuring of the Cancer Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2705-2717. [PMID: 32193287 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells is indispensable for regulating their behavior. The dynamics of ECM signaling are tightly controlled throughout growth and development. During tissue remodeling, matricellular proteins (MCP) are secreted into the ECM. These factors do not serve classical structural roles, but rather regulate matrix proteins and cell-matrix interactions to influence normal cellular functions. In the tumor microenvironment, it is becoming increasingly clear that aberrantly expressed MCPs can support multiple hallmarks of carcinogenesis by interacting with various cellular components that are coupled to an array of downstream signals. Moreover, MCPs also reorganize the biomechanical properties of the ECM to accommodate metastasis and tumor colonization. This realization is stimulating new research on MCPs as reliable and accessible biomarkers in cancer, as well as effective and selective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Gerarduzzi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elliot Drobetsky
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Yu G, Tang Z, Chen H, Chen Z, Wang L, Cao H, Wang G, Xing J, Shen H, Cheng Q, Li D, Wang G, Xiang Y, Guan Y, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Bai Z. Long-term exposure to 4G smartphone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation diminished male reproductive potential by directly disrupting Spock3-MMP2-BTB axis in the testes of adult rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:133860. [PMID: 31514029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between long-term exposure to SRF-EMR and the decline in male fertility is gradually receiving increasing attention from the medical society. While male reproductive organs are often exposed to SRF-EMR, little is currently known about the direct effects of long-term SRF-EMR exposure on the testes and its involvement in the suppression of male reproductive potential. The present study was designed to investigate this issue by using 4G SRF-EMR in rats. A unique exposure model using a 4G smartphone achieved localized exposure to the scrotum of the rats for 6 h each day (the smartphone was kept on active talk mode and received an external call for 1 min over 10 min intervals). Results showed that SRF-EMR exposure for 150 days decreased sperm quality and pup weight, accompanied by testicular injury. However, these adverse effects were not evident in rats exposed to SRF-EMR for 50 days or 100 days. Sequencing analysis and western blotting suggested Spock3 overexpression in the testes of rats exposed to SRF-EMR for 150 days. Inhibition of Spock3 overexpression improved sperm quality decline and alleviated testicular injury and BTB disorder in the exposed rats. Additionally, SRF-EMR exposure suppressed MMP2 activity, while increasing the activity of the MMP14-Spock3 complexes and decreasing MMP14-MMP2 complexes; these results were reversed by Spock3 inhibition. Thus, long-term exposure to 4G SRF-EMR diminished male fertility by directly disrupting the Spock3-MMP2-BTB axis in the testes of adult rats. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show direct toxicity of SRF-EMR on the testes emerging after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China; Haikou Center for Medical Synchrotron Radiation Research, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zeping Tang
- Guangdong Environmental Radiation Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Central Laboratory of Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Haotao Shen
- Shenzhen Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Guoren Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yupeng Guan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China; Haikou Center for Medical Synchrotron Radiation Research, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yabing Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenxiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhiming Bai
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China; Haikou Center for Medical Synchrotron Radiation Research, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
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15
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Listik E, Azevedo Marques Gaschler J, Matias M, Neuppmann Feres MF, Toma L, Raphaelli Nahás-Scocate AC. Proteoglycans and dental biology: the first review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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17
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Yan L, Sun K, Liu Y, Liang J, Cai K, Gui J. MiR-129-5p influences the progression of gastric cancer cells through interacting with SPOCK1. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706916. [PMID: 28653880 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study is to clarify the effect of microRNA-129-5p in the progression of human gastric cancer cells by regulating SPOCK1. The expression of microRNA-129-5p and SPOCK1 was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in tissues and cell lines. We validated the targeted relationship between microRNA-129-5p and SPOCK1 by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, flow cytometry, transwell, and wound scratch assays were used to analyze the effects of microRNA-129-5p on SGC-7901 cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, invasiveness, and migration. MicroRNA-129-5p was downregulated while SPOCK1 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. The result of luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that microRNA-129-5p can target SPOCK1 by binding to the 3'untranslated region. The overexpression of microRNA-129-5p or the inhibition of SPOCK1 inhibited SGC-7901 viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoted cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 stage and cell apoptosis. Our results suggested that microRNA-129-5p could directly specifically suppress SPOCK1, which might be one of the potential mechanisms in inhibiting cell processes including viability, proliferation, cell mitosis, migration, and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Sun
- 2 Department of Biology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- 3 Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerui Cai
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Gui
- 3 Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhao P, Guan HT, Dai ZJ, Ma YG, Liu XX, Wang XJ. Knockdown of SPOCK1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Oncol Res 2017; 24:437-445. [PMID: 28281964 PMCID: PMC7838686 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14685034103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparc/osteonectin, cwcv, and kazal-like domains proteoglycan (testican) 1 (SPOCK1), known as testican-1, were found to be involved in the development and progression of tumors. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), the expression pattern of SPOCK1 and its functional role remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we explored the role of SPOCK1 in CRC. Our results demonstrated that SPOCK1 is overexpressed in CRC cell lines. SPOCK1 silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation in vitro and the tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, SPOCK1 silencing significantly attenuated the migration/invasion by reversing the EMT process in CRC cells. Finally, knockdown of SPOCK1 obviously decreased the protein expression levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt in HCT116 cells. In total, our study demonstrated for the first time that knockdown of SPOCK1 inhibits the proliferation and invasion in CRC cells, possibly through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, SPOCK1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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19
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Knight VB, Serrano EE. Hydrogel scaffolds promote neural gene expression and structural reorganization in human astrocyte cultures. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2829. [PMID: 28097054 PMCID: PMC5234438 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to enhance neuronal development and regeneration. Understanding the genetic responses of astrocytes and neurons to biomaterials could facilitate the development of synthetic environments that enable the specification of neural tissue organization with engineered scaffolds. In this study, we used high throughput transcriptomic and imaging methods to determine the impact of a hydrogel, PuraMatrix™, on human glial cells in vitro. Parallel studies were undertaken with cells grown in a monolayer environment on tissue culture polystyrene. When the Normal Human Astrocyte (NHA) cell line is grown in a hydrogel matrix environment, the glial cells adopt a structural organization that resembles that of neuronal-glial cocultures, where neurons form clusters that are distinct from the surrounding glia. Statistical analysis of next generation RNA sequencing data uncovered a set of genes that are differentially expressed in the monolayer and matrix hydrogel environments. Functional analysis demonstrated that hydrogel-upregulated genes can be grouped into three broad categories: neuronal differentiation and/or neural plasticity, response to neural insult, and sensory perception. Our results demonstrate that hydrogel biomaterials have the potential to transform human glial cell identity, and may have applications in the repair of damaged brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bleu Knight
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Cell Decision Process Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Elba E Serrano
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Cell Decision Process Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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20
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Viloria K, Munasinghe A, Asher S, Bogyere R, Jones L, Hill NJ. A holistic approach to dissecting SPARC family protein complexity reveals FSTL-1 as an inhibitor of pancreatic cancer cell growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37839. [PMID: 27886258 PMCID: PMC5122892 DOI: 10.1038/srep37839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SPARC is a matricellular protein that is involved in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes. It belongs to a wider family of proteins that share structural and functional similarities. Relatively little is known about this extended family, but evidence of regulatory interactions suggests the importance of a holistic approach to their study. We show that Hevin, SPOCKs, and SMOCs are strongly expressed within islets, ducts, and blood vessels, suggesting important roles for these proteins in the normal pancreas, while FSTL-1 expression is localised to the stromal compartment reminiscent of SPARC. In direct contrast to SPARC, however, FSTL-1 expression is reduced in pancreatic cancer. Consistent with this, FSTL-1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. The complexity of SPARC family proteins is further revealed by the detection of multiple cell-type specific isoforms that arise due to a combination of post-translational modification and alternative splicing. Identification of splice variants lacking a signal peptide suggests the existence of novel intracellular isoforms. This study underlines the importance of addressing the complexity of the SPARC family and provides a new framework to explain their controversial and contradictory effects. We also demonstrate for the first time that FSTL-1 suppresses pancreatic cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Viloria
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
| | - Amanda Munasinghe
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
| | - Sharan Asher
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
| | - Roberto Bogyere
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
| | - Lucy Jones
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
| | - Natasha J. Hill
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
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21
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Veenstra TD. Neuroproteomic tools for battling Alzheimer's disease. Proteomics 2016; 16:2847-2853. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Up-regulation of SPOCK1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:347-56. [PMID: 26077618 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the major causes of death in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Recent studies have confirmed that SPARC/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1) plays multiple roles in cancer progression. This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics of SPOCK1 in ESCC and its roles in the migration and invasion of ESCC cell lines. In this study, the up-regulation of SPOCK1 expression was frequently detected in primary ESCC tumor tissues compared with those in non-tumor tissues, which was significantly associated with tumor invasion (p = 0.004) and distant metastasis (p = 0.010). SPOCK1 was expressed at higher level in TE13 cells as compared to the low malignant Eca109 and TE1 cells. Overexpression of SPOCK1 in Eca109 cells decreased the expressions of epithelial marker E-cadherin and ZO-1, while increased mesenchymal marker Vimentin and N-cadherin levels. After ectopic expression of SPOCK1, Eca109 cells exhibited a morphological change from an epithelial cobblestone phenotype to an elongated fibroblastic phenotype, concomitant with cytoskeletal rearrangements and increased migration and invasion, suggesting that EMT occurs. While silencing SPOCK1 in TE13 cells had the opposite effects. These results suggest that up-regulation of SPOCK1 in ESCC induces EMT, thus promotes migration and invasion in ESCC cells.
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Insights into osteoarthritis progression revealed by analyses of both knee tibiofemoral compartments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:571-80. [PMID: 25575966 PMCID: PMC4814163 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify disease relevant genes and pathways associated with knee Osteoarthritis (OA) progression in human subjects using medial and lateral compartment dominant OA knee tissue. DESIGN Gene expression of knee cartilage was comprehensively assessed for three regions of interest from human medial dominant OA (n = 10) and non-OA (n = 6) specimens. Histology and gene expression were compared for the regions with minimal degeneration, moderate degeneration and significant degeneration. Agilent whole-genome microarray was performed and data were analyzed using Agilent GeneSpring GX11.5. Significant differentially regulated genes were further investigated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify functional categories. To confirm their association with disease severity as opposed to site within the knee, 30 differentially expressed genes, identified by microarray, were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on additional medial (n = 16) and lateral (n = 10) compartment dominant knee OA samples. RESULTS A total of 767 genes were differentially expressed ≥ two-fold (P ≤ 0.05) in lesion compared to relatively intact regions. Analysis of these data by IPA predicted biological functions related to an imbalance of anabolism and catabolism of cartilage matrix components. Up-regulated expression of IL11, POSTN, TNFAIP6, and down-regulated expression of CHRDL2, MATN4, SPOCK3, VIT, PDE3B were significantly associated with OA progression and validated in both medial and lateral compartment dominant OA samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a strategy for identifying targets whose modification may have the potential to ameliorate pathological alternations and progression of disease in cartilage and to serve as biomarkers for identifying individuals susceptible to progression.
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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25
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Shu YJ, Weng H, Ye YY, Hu YP, Bao RF, Cao Y, Wang XA, Zhang F, Xiang SS, Li HF, Wu XS, Li ML, Jiang L, Lu W, Han BS, Jie ZG, Liu YB. SPOCK1 as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes the proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:12. [PMID: 25623055 PMCID: PMC4320842 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its prognosis remains poor, with 5-year survival of approximately 5%. In this study, we analyzed the involvement of a novel proteoglycan, Sparc/osteonectin, cwcv, and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1), in the tumor progression and prognosis of human GBC. Methods SPOCK1 expression levels were measured in fresh samples and stored specimens of GBC and adjacent nontumor tissues. The effect of SPOCK1 on cell growth, DNA replication, migration and invasion were explored by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, EdU retention assay, wound healing, and transwell migration assays, flow cytometric analysis, western blotting, and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice. Results SPOCK1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in human GBC tissues compared with those in nontumor tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that SPOCK1 levels were increased in tumors that became metastatic, compared with those that did not, which was significantly associated with histological differentiation and patients with shorter overall survival periods. Knockdown of SPOCK1 expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA transduction resulted in significant inhibition of GBC cell growth, colony formation, DNA replication, and invasion in vitro. The knockdown cells also formed smaller xenografted tumors than control GBC cells in nude mice. Overexpression of SPOCK1 had the opposite effects. In addition, SPOCK1 promoted cancer cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating the expression of relevant genes. We found that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was involved in the oncogenic functions of SPOCK1 in GBC. Conclusions SPOCK1 activates PI3K/Akt signaling to block apoptosis and promote proliferation and metastasis by GBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Levels of SPOCK1 increase with the progression of human GBC. SPOCK1 acts as an oncogene and may be a prognostic factor or therapeutic target for patients with GBC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-014-0276-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Shu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yun-Ping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Run-Fa Bao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu-An Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Huai-Feng Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiang-Song Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Mao-Lan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Bao-San Han
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Jie
- The Department of General Surgery, First affiliated hospital of Nanchang University, No.17 Yongwaizheng street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhang H, Du ZQ, Dong JQ, Wang HX, Shi HY, Wang N, Wang SZ, Li H. Detection of genome-wide copy number variations in two chicken lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:517. [PMID: 24962627 PMCID: PMC4092215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chicken (Gallus gallus) is an important model organism that bridges the evolutionary gap between mammals and other vertebrates. Copy number variations (CNVs) are a form of genomic structural variation widely distributed in the genome. CNV analysis has recently gained greater attention and momentum, as the identification of CNVs can contribute to a better understanding of traits important to both humans and other animals. To detect chicken CNVs, we genotyped 475 animals derived from two broiler chicken lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content using chicken 60 K SNP array, which is a high-throughput method widely used in chicken genomics studies. Results Using PennCNV algorithm, we detected 438 and 291 CNVs in the lean and fat lines, respectively, corresponding to 271 and 188 CNV regions (CNVRs), which were obtained by merging overlapping CNVs. Out of these CNVRs, 99% were confirmed also by the CNVPartition program. These CNVRs covered 40.26 and 30.60 Mb of the chicken genome in the lean and fat lines, respectively. Moreover, CNVRs included 176 loss, 68 gain and 27 both (i.e. loss and gain within the same region) events in the lean line, and 143 loss, 25 gain and 20 both events in the fat line. Ten CNVRs were chosen for the validation experiment using qPCR method, and all of them were confirmed in at least one qPCR assay. We found a total of 886 genes located within these CNVRs, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed they could play various roles in a number of biological processes. Integrating the results of CNVRs, known quantitative trait loci (QTL) and selective sweeps for abdominal fat content suggested that some genes (including SLC9A3, GNAL, SPOCK3, ANXA10, HELIOS, MYLK, CCDC14, SPAG9, SOX5, VSNL1, SMC6, GEN1, MSGN1 and ZPAX) may be important for abdominal fat deposition in the chicken. Conclusions Our study provided a genome-wide CNVR map of the chicken genome, thereby contributing to our understanding of genomic structural variations and their potential roles in abdominal fat content in the chicken. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-517) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, P,R China.
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Abstract
Chemical synapses allow neurons to perform complex computations and regulate other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, pre- and postsynaptic sites are separated by a small space (the synaptic cleft) and surrounded by astrocytes. The basement membrane (BM), a sheetlike, specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), is found ubiquitously in the PNS. It has become clear that the ECMs not only play a structural role but also serve as barriers and filters in the PNS and CNS. Moreover, proteoglycans and tenascin family proteins in the ECM regulate synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. Although CNS synapses lack the BMs, recent results indicate that the BM-associated collagens are also present in the CNS synaptic cleft and affect synaptogenesis in both the CNS and the PNS. The C1q domain-containing family proteins are important components of the CNS synaptic cleft in regulating synapse formation, maintenance, and the pruning process. The ECM is regarded as a crucial component of the tetrapartite synapse, consisting of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, astrocyte, and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Heikkinen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yamamoto A, Uchiyama K, Nara T, Nishimura N, Hayasaka M, Hanaoka K, Yamamoto T. Structural Abnormalities of Corpus Callosum and Cortical Axonal Tracts Accompanied by Decreased Anxiety-Like Behavior and Lowered Sociability inSpock3-Mutant Mice. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:381-95. [DOI: 10.1159/000363101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Miao L, Wang Y, Xia H, Yao C, Cai H, Song Y. SPOCK1 is a novel transforming growth factor-β target gene that regulates lung cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:792-7. [PMID: 24134845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide and the prognosis is still poor with 5-year survival of approximately 15%. Metastasis is the leading cause of death by cancer. Recent researches have demonstrated that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in the early process of metastasis of cancer cells. Here, we identified that SPARC/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 1 (SPOCK1) is a novel transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) target gene that regulates lung cancer cell EMT. TGF-β has been reported as a major inductor of EMT. We observed that the expression of SPOCK1 in lung cancer tumor tissues is significantly higher than matched normal lung tissues. Moreover, the expression of SPOCK1 was also significantly higher in metastasis tumor tissues than non-metastasis tumor tissues. Levels of SPOCK1 mRNA were increased among patients with shorter disease-free survival times, indicating the potential role of SPOCK1 in lung cancer progression and metastasis. Silencing SPOCK1 expression with endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA (esiRNA) in lung cells inhibits lung cancer cell growth, colony formation and invasion in vitro. Interestingly, ectopic expression of SPOCK1 in epithelial lung cancer cells induced EMT with increased expression of the mesenchymal marker Vimentin and decreased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. We also found that the expression of SPOCK1 was increased under treatment of TGF-β, indicating that SPOCK1 is a novel downstream target of TGF-β. Taken together, our study showed that SPOCK1 is a novel metastasis related biomarker in lung cancer and may be new diagnostic and therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
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