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Hernández-Contreras KA, Martínez-Díaz JA, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Rojas-Durán F, Chi-Castañeda LD, García-Hernández LI, Aranda-Abreu GE. Alterations of mRNAs and Non-coding RNAs Associated with Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-023-03908-5. [PMID: 38236345 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology whose pathognomonic hallmarks are increased generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, production of hyperphosphorylated (pTau), and neuroinflammation. The last is an alteration closely related to the progression of AD and although it is present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiological events that characterize neuroinflammatory processes vary depending on the disease. In this article, we focus on mRNA and non-coding RNA alterations as part of the pathophysiological events characteristic of neuroinflammation in AD and the influence of these alterations on the course of the disease through interaction with multiple RNAs related to the generation of Aβ, pTau, and neuroinflammation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Aketzalli Hernández-Contreras
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Jorge Antonio Martínez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - María Elena Hernández-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Lizbeth Donají Chi-Castañeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Luis Isauro García-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales/Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala S/N, Carr. Xalapa-Veracruz, Km 3.5, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
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He C, Li Z, Yang M, Yu W, Luo R, Zhou J, He J, Chen Q, Song Z, Cheng S. Non-Coding RNA in Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4165-4211. [PMID: 37753266 PMCID: PMC10519213 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathophysiological features. Amyloid plaques resulting from extracellular amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles formed by intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation serve as primary neuropathological criteria for AD diagnosis. The activation of microglia has been closely associated with these pathological manifestations. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), a versatile molecule involved in various cellular functions such as genetic information storage and transport, as well as catalysis of biochemical reactions, plays a crucial role in microglial activation. This review aims to investigate the regulatory role of ncRNAs in protein expression by directly targeting genes, proteins, and interactions. Furthermore, it explores the ability of ncRNAs to modulate inflammatory pathways, influence the expression of inflammatory factors, and regulate microglia activation, all of which contribute to neuroinflammation and AD. However, there are still significant controversies surrounding microglial activation and polarization. The categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes may oversimplify the intricate and multifaceted regulatory processes in microglial response to neuroinflammation. Limited research has been conducted on the role of ncRNAs in regulating microglial activation and inducing distinct polarization states in the context of neuroinflammation. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms through which ncRNAs govern microglial function continue to be refined. The current understanding of ncRNA regulatory pathways involved in microglial activation remains incomplete and may be influenced by spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific factors. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are warranted. In conclusion, there are ongoing debates and uncertainties regarding the activation and polarization of microglial cells, particularly concerning the categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The study of ncRNA regulation in microglial activation and polarization, as well as its mechanisms, is still in its early stages and requires further investigation. However, this review offers new insights and opportunities for therapeutic approaches in AD. The development of ncRNA-based drugs may hold promise as a new direction in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsiqing Luo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:333-349. [PMID: 37589021 PMCID: PMC10425323 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Years of intensive research has brought us extensive knowledge on the genetic and molecular factors involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the mutations in the three main causative genes of familial AD (FAD) including presenilins and amyloid precursor protein genes, studies have identified several genes as the most plausible genes for the onset and progression of FAD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, sortilin-related receptor 1, and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7. The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is reported to be the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD (SAD), and it also plays an important role in FAD. Here, we reviewed recent developments in genetic and molecular studies that contributed to the understanding of the genetic phenotypes of FAD and compared them with SAD. We further reviewed the advancements in AD gene therapy and discussed the future perspectives based on the genetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shuman Cao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053 China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053 China
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Lehmann LM, Barker-Haliski M. Loss of normal Alzheimer's disease-associated Presenilin 2 function alters antiseizure medicine potency and tolerability in the 6-Hz focal seizure model. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1223472. [PMID: 37592944 PMCID: PMC10427874 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1223472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) experience seizures and subclinical epileptiform activity, which may accelerate cognitive and functional decline. Antiseizure medicines (ASMs) may be a tractable disease-modifying strategy; numerous ASMs are marketed with well-established safety. However, little information is available to guide ASM selection as few studies have rigorously quantified ASM potency and tolerability in traditional seizure models in rodents with EOAD-associated risk factors. Presenilin 2 (PSEN2) variants evoke EOAD, and these patients experience seizures. This study thus established the anticonvulsant profile of mechanistically distinct ASMs in the frontline 6-Hz limbic seizure test evoked in PSEN2-knockout (KO) mice to better inform seizure management in EOAD. Methods The median effective dose (ED50) of prototype ASMs was quantified in the 6-Hz test in male and female PSEN2-KO and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice (3-4 months old). Minimal motor impairment (MMI) was assessed to estimate a protective index (PI). Immunohistological detection of cFos established the extent to which 6-Hz stimulation activates discrete brain regions in KO vs. WT mice. Results There were significant genotype-related differences in the potency and tolerability of several ASMs. Valproic acid and levetiracetam were significantly more potent in male KO than in WT mice. Additionally, high doses of valproic acid significantly worsened MMI in KO mice. Conversely, carbamazepine was significantly less potent in female KO vs. WT mice. In both male and female KO mice vs. WTs, perampanel and lamotrigine were equally potent. However, there were marked genotype-related shifts in PI of both carbamazepine and perampanel, with KO mice exhibiting less MMI at the highest doses tested. Gabapentin was ineffective against 6-Hz seizures in KO mice vs. WTs without MMI changes. Neuronal activation 90 min following 6-Hz stimulation was significantly increased in the posterior parietal association cortex overlying CA1 and in the piriform cortex of WT mice, while stimulation-induced increases in cFos immunoreactivity were absent in KO mice. Discussion Acute ASM potency and tolerability in the high-throughput 6-Hz test may be significantly altered with loss of normal PSEN2 function. Seizures in discrete EOAD populations may benefit from precisely selected medicines optimized for primary ASM pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Del Pozo A, Knox KM, Lehmann L, Davidson S, Rho S, Jayadev S, Barker-Haliski M. Chronic evoked seizures in young pre-symptomatic APP/PS1 mice induce serotonin changes and accelerate onset on Alzheimer's disease-related neurpathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522897. [PMID: 36711965 PMCID: PMC9881977 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are at elevated seizure risk. Further, chronic seizures in pre-symptomatic stages may disrupt serotonin pathway-related protein expression, precipitating the onset of AD-related pathology and burden of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. METHODS 2-3-month-old APP/PS1, PSEN2-N141I, and transgenic control mice were sham or corneal kindled for 2 weeks to model chronic seizures. Seizure-induced changes in glia, serotonin pathway proteins, and amyloid beta; levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were quantified. RESULTS APP/PS1 mice experienced worsened mortality versus kindled Tg- controls. APP/PS1 females were also more susceptible to chronic kindled seizures. These changes correlated with a marked downregulation of hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and monoamine oxidase A protein expression compared to controls; these changes were not detected in PSEN2-N141I mice. Kindled APP/PS1 mice exhibited amyloid beta; overexpression and glial overactivity without plaque deposition. PSEN2 protein expression was AD model-dependent. SIGNIFICANCE Seizures evoked in pre-symptomatic APP/PS1 mice promotes premature mortality in the absence of pathological amyloid deposition. Disruptions in serotonin pathway metabolism are associated with increased glial reactivity and PSEN2 downregulation without amyloid beta; deposition. This study provides the first direct evidence that seizures occurring prior to amyloid beta, plaque accumulation worsen disease burden in an AD genotype-specific manner.
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Chronic seizures induce sex-specific cognitive deficits with loss of presenilin 2 function. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114321. [PMID: 36634751 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are at elevated risk for seizures, including patients with presenilin 2 (PSEN2) variants. Like people with epilepsy, uncontrolled seizures may worsen cognitive function in AD. While the relationship between seizures and amyloid beta accumulation has been more thoroughly investigated, the role of other drivers of seizure susceptibility in EOAD remain relatively understudied. We therefore sought to define the impact of loss of normal PSEN2 function and chronic seizures on cognitive function in the aged brain. Male and female PSEN2 KO and age- and sex-matched wild-type (WT) mice were sham or corneal kindled beginning at 6-months-old. Kindled and sham-kindled mice were then challenged up to 6 weeks later in a battery of cognitive tests: non-habituated open field (OF), T-maze spontaneous alternation (TM), and Barnes maze (BM), followed by immunohistochemistry for markers of neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity. PSEN2 KO mice required significantly more stimulations to kindle (males: p < 0.02; females: p < 0.02) versus WT. Across a range of behavioral tests, the cognitive performance of kindled female PSEN2 KO mice was most significantly impaired versus age-matched WT females. Male BM performance was generally worsened by seizures (p = 0.038), but loss of PSEN2 function did not itself worsen cognitive performance. Conversely, kindled PSEN2 KO females made the most BM errors (p = 0.007). Chronic seizures also significantly altered expression of hippocampal neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity markers in a sex-specific manner. Chronic seizures may thus significantly worsen hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits in aged female, but not male, PSEN2 KO mice. Our work suggests that untreated focal seizures may worsen cognitive burden with loss of normal PSEN2 function in a sex-related manner.
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Course MM, Gudsnuk K, Keene CD, Bird TD, Jayadev S, Valdmanis PN. Aberrant splicing of PSEN2, but not PSEN1, in individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2023; 146:507-518. [PMID: 35949106 PMCID: PMC10169283 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by dementia and premature death. Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease is caused in part by pathogenic variants in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and alternative splicing of these two genes has been implicated in both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Here, we leveraged targeted isoform-sequencing to characterize thousands of complete PSEN1 and PSEN2 transcripts in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease (carrying PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants), and controls. Our results reveal alternative splicing patterns of PSEN2 specific to sporadic Alzheimer's disease, including a human-specific cryptic exon present in intron 9 of PSEN2 as well as a 77 bp intron retention product before exon 6 that are both significantly elevated in sporadic Alzheimer's disease samples, alongside a significantly lower percentage of canonical full-length PSEN2 transcripts versus familial Alzheimer's disease samples and controls. Both alternatively spliced products are predicted to generate a prematurely truncated PSEN2 protein and were corroborated in an independent cerebellum RNA-sequencing dataset. In addition, our data in PSEN variant carriers is consistent with the hypothesis that PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants need to produce full-length but variant proteins to contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, although intriguingly there were far fewer full-length transcripts carrying pathogenic alleles versus wild-type alleles in PSEN2 variant carriers. Finally, we identify frequent RNA editing at Alu elements present in an extended 3' untranslated region in PSEN2. Overall, this work expands the understanding of PSEN1 and PSEN2 variants in Alzheimer's disease, shows that transcript differences in PSEN2 may play a role in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, and suggests novel mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Course
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Kathryn Gudsnuk
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Puget Sound VA Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7389508. [PMID: 36760476 PMCID: PMC9904912 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7389508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathological patterns and clinical features, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, and most probably, each metal has its specific pathway to trigger cell death. As a result, exposure to essential metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and nonessential metals, including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, perturbs metal homeostasis at the cellular and organism levels leading to neurodegeneration. In this contribution, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which metals affect microglia physiology and signaling properties is presented. Furthermore, studies that validate the disruption of microglia activation pathways as an essential mechanism of metal toxicity that can contribute to neurodegenerative disease are also presented and discussed.
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Arafah A, Khatoon S, Rasool I, Khan A, Rather MA, Abujabal KA, Faqih YAH, Rashid H, Rashid SM, Bilal Ahmad S, Alexiou A, Rehman MU. The Future of Precision Medicine in the Cure of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020335. [PMID: 36830872 PMCID: PMC9953731 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This decade has seen the beginning of ground-breaking conceptual shifts in the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which acknowledges risk elements and the evolving wide spectrum of complicated underlying pathophysiology among the range of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Significant improvements in diagnosis, treatments, and mitigation of AD are likely to result from the development and application of a comprehensive approach to precision medicine (PM), as is the case with several other diseases. This strategy will probably be based on the achievements made in more sophisticated research areas, including cancer. PM will require the direct integration of neurology, neuroscience, and psychiatry into a paradigm of the healthcare field that turns away from the isolated method. PM is biomarker-guided treatment at a systems level that incorporates findings of the thorough pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders as well as methodological developments. Comprehensive examination and categorization of interrelated and convergent disease processes, an explanation of the genomic and epigenetic drivers, a description of the spatial and temporal paths of natural history, biological markers, and risk markers, as well as aspects about the regulation, and the ethical, governmental, and sociocultural repercussions of findings at a subclinical level all require clarification and realistic execution. Advances toward a comprehensive systems-based approach to PM may finally usher in a new era of scientific and technical achievement that will help to end the complications of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Saima Khatoon
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Iyman Rasool
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College (GMC-Srinagar), Karan Nagar, Srinagar 190010, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Bryd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | | | - Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Haidingergasse 29, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
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MicroRNA-Target Interaction Regulatory Network in Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121275. [PMID: 34945753 PMCID: PMC8708198 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia; however, early diagnosis of the disease is challenging. Research suggests that biomarkers found in blood, such as microRNAs (miRNA), may be promising for AD diagnostics. Experimental data on miRNA–target interactions (MTI) associated with AD are scattered across databases and publications, thus making the identification of promising miRNA biomarkers for AD difficult. In response to this, a list of experimentally validated AD-associated MTIs was obtained from miRTarBase. Cytoscape was used to create a visual MTI network. STRING software was used for protein–protein interaction analysis and mirPath was used for pathway enrichment analysis. Several targets regulated by multiple miRNAs were identified, including: BACE1, APP, NCSTN, SP1, SIRT1, and PTEN. The miRNA with the highest numbers of interactions in the network were: miR-9, miR-16, miR-34a, miR-106a, miR-107, miR-125b, miR-146, and miR-181c. The analysis revealed seven subnetworks, representing disease modules which have a potential for further biomarker development. The obtained MTI network is not yet complete, and additional studies are needed for the comprehensive understanding of the AD-associated miRNA targetome.
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Abuelezz NZ, Nasr FE, AbdulKader MA, Bassiouny AR, Zaky A. MicroRNAs as Potential Orchestrators of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies: Insights on Current Status and Future Possibilities. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743573. [PMID: 34712129 PMCID: PMC8546247 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and deleterious neurodegenerative disease, strongly affecting the cognitive functions and memory of seniors worldwide. Around 58% of the affected patients live in low and middle-income countries, with estimates of increasing deaths caused by AD in the coming decade. AD is a multifactor pathology. Mitochondrial function declines in AD brain and is currently emerging as a hallmark of this disease. It has been considered as one of the intracellular processes severely compromised in AD. Many mitochondrial parameters decline already during aging; mitochondrial efficiency for energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, to reach an extensive functional failure, concomitant with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions. Besides its impact on cognitive functions, AD is characterized by loss of synapses, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, accompanied by drastic sleep disorders, sensory function alterations and pain sensitization. Unfortunately, till date, effective management of AD-related disorders and early, non-invasive AD diagnostic markers are yet to be found. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding nucleic acids that regulate key signaling pathway(s) in various disease conditions. About 70% of experimentally detectable miRNAs are expressed in the brain where they regulate neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Increasing studies suggest that miRNAs are intimately involved in synaptic function and specific signals during memory formation. This has been the pivotal key for considering miRNAs crucial molecules to be studied in AD. MicroRNAs dysfunctions are increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal contributor in AD via deregulating genes involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, miRNAs have been proved to control pain sensitization processes and regulate circadian clock system that affects the sleep process. Interestingly, the differential expression of miRNA panels implies their emerging potential as diagnostic AD biomarkers. In this review, we will present an updated analysis of miRNAs role in regulating signaling processes that are involved in AD-related pathologies. We will discuss the current challenges against wider use of miRNAs and the future promising capabilities of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic means for better management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Z Abuelezz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Eid Nasr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmad R Bassiouny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Ammal Kaidery N, Ahuja M, Sharma SM, Thomas B. An Emerging Role of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Perspectives on miR146a. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:580-594. [PMID: 33403895 PMCID: PMC8388248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Advancements in and access to health care have led to unprecedented improvements in the quality of life and increased lifespan of human beings in the past century. However, aging is a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Hence, improved life expectancy has led to an increased incidence of NDs. Despite intense research, effective treatments for NDs remain elusive. The future of neurotherapeutics development depends on effective disease modification strategies centered on carefully scrutinized targets. Recent Advances: As a promising new direction, recent evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic processes modify diverse biochemical pathways, including those related to NDs. Small non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), are components of the epigenetic system that alter the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Critical Issues: miRNAs are expressed abundantly in the central nervous system and are critical for the normal functioning and survival of neurons. Here, we review recent advances in elucidating miRNAs' roles in NDs and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets. In particular, neuroinflammation is a major pathological hallmark of NDs and miR146a is a crucial regulator of inflammation. Future Directions: Finally, we explore the possibilities of developing miR146a as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target where additional research may help facilitate the detection and amelioration of neuroinflammation in NDs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 580-594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudarshana M Sharma
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, and Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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13
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Dong X, Cong S. MicroRNAs in Huntington's Disease: Diagnostic Biomarkers or Therapeutic Agents? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:705348. [PMID: 34421543 PMCID: PMC8377808 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.705348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a non-coding single-stranded small molecule of approximately 21 nucleotides. It degrades or inhibits the translation of RNA by targeting the 3′-UTR. The miRNA plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, and functional execution of the nervous system. Dysregulated miRNA expression has been associated with several pathological processes of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Recent studies have suggested promising roles of miRNAs as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HD. Here, we review the emerging role of dysregulated miRNAs in HD and describe general biology of miRNAs, their pathophysiological implications, and their potential roles as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Mosquera-Heredia MI, Morales LC, Vidal OM, Barceló E, Silvera-Redondo C, Vélez JI, Garavito-Galofre P. Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1061. [PMID: 34440265 PMCID: PMC8393483 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pregnancy disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the detection, prognosis and therapeutics of a myriad of diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances related to the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, release and molecular composition, as well as their role in health and disease, and their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of their main isolation methods, characterization and cargo analysis, as well as the experimental methods used for exosome-mediated drug delivery, are discussed. Finally, we present potential perspectives for the use of exosomes in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Mosquera-Heredia
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Luis C. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Oscar M. Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Ernesto Barceló
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Silvera-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Jorge I. Vélez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pilar Garavito-Galofre
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
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15
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García-Fonseca Á, Martin-Jimenez C, Barreto GE, Pachón AFA, González J. The Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs and MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Perspective of Machine Learning. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1132. [PMID: 34439798 PMCID: PMC8391852 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction and death of brain cells population. As the early manifestations of NDs are similar, their symptoms are difficult to distinguish, making the timely detection and discrimination of each neurodegenerative disorder a priority. Several investigations have revealed the importance of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopment, brain function, maturation, and neuronal activity, as well as its dysregulation involved in many types of neurological diseases. Therefore, the expression pattern of these molecules in the different NDs have gained significant attention to improve the diagnostic and treatment at earlier stages. In this sense, we gather the different microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that have been reported as dysregulated in each disorder. Since there are a vast number of non-coding RNAs altered in NDs, some sort of synthesis, filtering and organization method should be applied to extract the most relevant information. Hence, machine learning is considered as an important tool for this purpose since it can classify expression profiles of non-coding RNAs between healthy and sick people. Therefore, we deepen in this branch of computer science, its different methods, and its meaningful application in the diagnosis of NDs from the dysregulated non-coding RNAs. In addition, we demonstrate the relevance of machine learning in NDs from the description of different investigations that showed an accuracy between 85% to 95% in the detection of the disease with this tool. All of these denote that artificial intelligence could be an excellent alternative to help the clinical diagnosis and facilitate the identification diseases in early stages based on non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela García-Fonseca
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Á.G.-F.); (C.M.-J.); (A.F.A.P.)
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Á.G.-F.); (C.M.-J.); (A.F.A.P.)
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Andres Felipe Aristizábal Pachón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Á.G.-F.); (C.M.-J.); (A.F.A.P.)
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (Á.G.-F.); (C.M.-J.); (A.F.A.P.)
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16
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Aloi MS, Prater KE, Sopher B, Davidson S, Jayadev S, Garden GA. The pro-inflammatory microRNA miR-155 influences fibrillar β-Amyloid 1-42 catabolism by microglia. Glia 2021; 69:1736-1748. [PMID: 33694209 PMCID: PMC9098129 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system that adopt rapid functional changes in response to Damage Associated Molecular Patterns, including aggregated β-Amyloid (Aβ) found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). microRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional modulators that influence the timing and magnitude of microglia inflammatory responses by downregulating the expression of inflammatory effectors. Recent studies implicate miR-155, a miRNA known to regulate inflammatory responses, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis, ALS, familial Parkinson's disease, and AD. In this work, we asked if miR-155 expression in microglia modifies cellular behaviors in response to fibrillar Aβ1-42 (fAβ1-42 ), in vitro. We hypothesized that in microglia, miR-155 expression would impact the internalization and catabolism of extracellular fAβ1-42 . Primary microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide demonstrate fast upregulation of miR-155 followed by delayed upregulation of miR-146a, an anti-inflammatory miRNA. Conditional overexpression of miR-155 in microglia resulted in significant upregulation of miR-146a. Conditional deletion of miR-155 promoted transit of fAβ1-42 to low-pH compartments where catabolism occurs, while miR-155 overexpression decreases fAβ1-42 catabolism. Uptake of fAβ1-42 across the plasma membrane increased with both up and downregulation of miR-155 expression. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that inflammatory signaling influences the ability of microglia to catabolize fAβ1-42 through interconnected mechanisms modulated by miR-155. Understanding how miRNAs modulate the ability of microglia to catabolize fAβ1-42 will further elucidate the role of cellular players and molecular crosstalk in AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S. Aloi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine E. Prater
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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17
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Epigenetic Modulation of Microglia Function and Phenotypes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9912686. [PMID: 34194489 PMCID: PMC8181095 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most remarkable hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including AD, PD, and ALS. Accumulating evidence indicates that microglia play both neuroprotective and detrimental roles in the onset and progression of NDDs. Yet, the specific mechanisms of action surrounding microglia are not clear. Modulation of microglia function and phenotypes appears to be a potential strategy to reverse NDDs. Until recently, research into the epigenetic mechanisms of diseases has been gradually developed, making it possible to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of microglia in NDDs. This review highlights the function and phenotypes of microglia, elucidates the relationship between microglia, epigenetic modifications, and NDDs, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the epigenetic modulation of microglia in NDDs with a focus on potential intervention strategies.
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18
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Lehmann L, Lo A, Knox KM, Barker-Haliski M. Alzheimer's Disease and Epilepsy: A Perspective on the Opportunities for Overlapping Therapeutic Innovation. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1895-1912. [PMID: 33929683 PMCID: PMC8254705 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with variants in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PSEN) 1 and 2. It is increasingly recognized that patients with AD experience undiagnosed focal seizures. These AD patients with reported seizures may have worsened disease trajectory. Seizures in epilepsy can also lead to cognitive deficits, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Epilepsy is roughly three times more common in individuals aged 65 and older. Due to the numerous available antiseizure drugs (ASDs), treatment of seizures has been proposed to reduce the burden of AD. More work is needed to establish the functional impact of seizures in AD to determine whether ASDs could be a rational therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of ASDs in aged animals is not routinely studied, despite the fact that the elderly represents the fastest growing demographic with epilepsy. This leaves a particular gap in understanding the discrete pathophysiological overlap between hyperexcitability and aging, and AD more specifically. Most of our preclinical knowledge of hyperexcitability in AD has come from mouse models that overexpress APP. While these studies have been invaluable, other drivers underlie AD, e.g. PSEN2. A diversity of animal models should be more frequently integrated into the study of hyperexcitability in AD, which could be particularly beneficial to identify novel therapies. Specifically, AD-associated risk genes, in particular PSENs, altogether represent underexplored contributors to hyperexcitability. This review assesses the available studies of ASDs administration in clinical AD populations and preclinical studies with AD-associated models and offers a perspective on the opportunities for further therapeutic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Lehmann
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandria Lo
- Department of Public Health-Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kevin M Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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19
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Fung S, Smith CL, Prater KE, Case A, Green K, Osnis L, Winston C, Kinoshita Y, Sopher B, Morrison RS, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer Disease Variant PSEN2 N141I Heterozygosity is Associated with Altered Microglia Phenotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:675-688. [PMID: 32741831 PMCID: PMC7592656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (EOFAD) is caused by heterozygous variants in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and APP genes. Decades after their discovery, the mechanisms by which these genes cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) or promote AD progression are not fully understood. While it is established that presenilin (PS) enzymatic activity produces amyloid-β (Aβ), PSs also regulate numerous other cellular functions, some of which intersect with known pathogenic drivers of neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that microglia, resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system, play a key role in AD neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE Previous work has identified a regulatory role for PS2 in microglia. We hypothesized that PSEN2 variants lead to dysregulated microglia, which could further contribute to disease acceleration. To mimic the genotype of EOFAD patients, we created a transgenic mouse expressing PSEN2 N141I on a mouse background expressing one wildtype PS2 and two PS1 alleles. RESULTS Microglial expression of PSEN2 N141I resulted in impaired γ-secretase activity as well as exaggerated inflammatory cytokine release, NFκB activity, and Aβ internalization. In vivo, PS2 N141I mice showed enhanced IL-6 and TREM2 expression in brain as well as reduced branch number and length, an indication of "activated" morphology, in the absence of inflammatory stimuli. LPS intraperitoneal injection resulted in higher inflammatory gene expression in PS2 N141I mouse brain relative to controls. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that PSEN2 N141I heterozygosity is associated with disrupted innate immune homeostasis, suggesting EOFAD variants may promote disease progression through non-neuronal cells beyond canonical dysregulated Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fung
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L. Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Case
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah Osnis
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chloe Winston
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Dr. Suman Jayadev, Department of Neurology, Box 356465, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Tel.: +1 206 221 2930;
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20
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Jiang H, Pederson SM, Newman M, Dong Y, Barthelson K, Lardelli M. Transcriptome analysis indicates dominant effects on ribosome and mitochondrial function of a premature termination codon mutation in the zebrafish gene psen2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232559. [PMID: 32658922 PMCID: PMC7357760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) is one of the genes mutated in early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD). PSEN2 shares significant amino acid sequence identity with another EOfAD-related gene PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1), and partial functional redundancy is seen between these two genes. However, the complete range of functions of PSEN1 and PSEN2 is not yet understood. In this study, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the zebrafish psen2 gene to generate a premature termination codon close downstream of the translation start with the intention of creating a null mutation. Homozygotes for this mutation, psen2S4Ter, are viable and fertile, and adults do not show any gross psen2-dependent pigmentation defects, arguing against significant loss of γ-secretase activity. Also, assessment of the numbers of Dorsal Longitudinal Ascending (DoLA) interneurons that are responsive to psen2 but not psen1 activity during embryogenesis did not reveal decreased psen2 function. Transcripts containing the S4Ter mutation show no evidence of destabilization by nonsense-mediated decay. Forced expression in zebrafish embryos of fusions of psen2S4Ter 5’ mRNA sequences with sequence encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) indicated that the psen2S4Ter mutation permits utilization of cryptic, novel downstream translation start codons. These likely initiate translation of N-terminally truncated Psen2 proteins lacking late endosomal/lysosomal localization sequences and that obey the “reading frame preservation rule” of PRESENILIN EOfAD mutations. Transcriptome analysis of entire brains from a 6-month-old family of wild type, heterozygous and homozygous psen2S4Ter female siblings revealed profoundly dominant effects on gene expression likely indicating changes in ribosomal, mitochondrial, and anion transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yang Dong
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Martin NA, Hyrlov KH, Elkjaer ML, Thygesen EK, Wlodarczyk A, Elbaek KJ, Aboo C, Okarmus J, Benedikz E, Reynolds R, Hegedus Z, Stensballe A, Svenningsen ÅF, Owens T, Illes Z. Absence of miRNA-146a Differentially Alters Microglia Function and Proteome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32582192 PMCID: PMC7292149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-146a is an important regulator of innate inflammatory responses and is also implicated in cell death and survival. Methods: By sorting CNS resident cells, microglia were the main cellular source of miR-146a. Therefore, we investigated microglia function and phenotype in miR-146a knock-out (KO) mice, analyzed the proteome of KO and wild-type (WT) microglia by LC-MS/MS, and examined miR-146a expression in different brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Results: When stimulated with LPS or myelin in vitro, microglia from KO mice expressed higher levels of IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-10, CCL3, and CCL2 compared to WT. Stimulation increased migration and phagocytosis of WT but not KO microglia. CD11c+ microglia were induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the WT mice but less in the KO. The proteome of ex vivo microglia was not different in miR-146a KO compared to WT mice, but CPZ treatment induced differential and reduced protein responses in the KO: GOT1, COX5b, CRYL1, and cystatin-C were specifically changed in KO microglia. We explored discriminative features of microglia proteomes: sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis showed the best discrimination when control and CPZ-treated conditions were compared. Cluster of ten proteins separated WT and miR-146a KO microglia after CPZ: among them were sensomes allowing to perceive the environment, Atp1a3 that belongs to the signature of CD11c+ microglia, and proteins related to inflammatory responses (S100A9, Ppm1g). Finally, we examined the expression of miR-146a and its validated target genes in different brain lesions of MS patients. MiR-146 was upregulated in all lesion types, and the highest expression was in active lesions. Nineteen of 88 validated target genes were significantly changed in active lesions, while none were changed in NAWM. Conclusion: Our data indicated that microglia is the major source of miR-146a in the CNS. The absence of miR-146a differentially affected microglia function and proteome, and miR-146a may play an important role in gene regulation of active MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie A Martin
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten H Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva K Thygesen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirstine J Elbaek
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eirikur Benedikz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Hegedus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Isac S, Panaitescu AM, Iesanu MI, Zeca V, Cucu N, Zagrean L, Peltecu G, Zagrean AM. Maternal Citicoline-Supplemented Diet Improves the Response of the Immature Hippocampus to Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats. Neonatology 2020; 117:729-735. [PMID: 33326978 DOI: 10.1159/000512145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citicoline represents a dietary source of choline, an essential nutrient, and precursor of cell membrane components, highly required during development and post-injury recovery. OBJECTIVES We previously showed that perinatal asphyxia (PA) induces hippocampal neuroinflammation and injury that are subject to epigenetic change by maternal diet. The present study investigates maternal citicoline-supplemented diet (CSD) impact on offspring hippocampal response to PA. METHODS Six-day-old Wistar rats from mothers with standard-diet or CSD were exposed to PA. The hippocampal inflammation and injury were assessed by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and S-100B protein (S-100B), 24-48 h post-asphyxia. The microRNAs species miR124, miR132, miR134, miR146, and miR15a were measured from the hippocampus 24 h post-asphyxia, to investigate its epigenetic response to PA and maternal diet. At maturity, the offspring's behavior was analyzed using open field (OFT), T-maze (TMT), and forced swimming (FST) tests. RESULTS Our data show that the maternal CSD decreased IL-1b (p = 0.02), TNFα (p = 0.007), and S100B (p = 0.01) at 24 h postexposure, upregulated miR124 (p = 0.03), downregulated miR132 (p = 0.002) and miR134 (p = 0.001), shortened the immobility period in FST (p = 0.01), and increased the percentage of passed trials in TMT (p = 0.01) compared to standard-diet. CONCLUSIONS Maternal CSD reduces hippocampal inflammation and S100B level, triggers epigenetic changes related to homeostatic synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and neuronal tolerance to asphyxia, decreases the depressive-like behavior, and improves the lucrative memory in offspring subjected to PA. Thus, citicoline could be valuable as a maternal dietary strategy in improving the brain response to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Isac
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care I, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Panaitescu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Ioana Iesanu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Marie Curie Children's Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Zeca
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Natalia Cucu
- Association for Epigenetics and Metabolomics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leon Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Peltecu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,
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23
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Beckman M, Knox K, Koneval Z, Smith C, Jayadev S, Barker-Haliski M. Loss of presenilin 2 age-dependently alters susceptibility to acute seizures and kindling acquisition. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104719. [PMID: 31862541 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience seizures at higher rates than the general population of that age, suggesting an underexplored role of hyperexcitability in AD. Genetic variants in presenilin (PSEN) 1 and 2 genes lead to autosomal dominant early-onset AD (ADAD); patients with PSEN gene variants also report seizures. Pharmacological control of seizures in AD may be disease-modifying. Preclinical efficacy of FDA-approved antiseizure drugs (ASDs) is well defined in young adult rodents; however, the efficacy of ASDs in aged rodents with chronic seizures is less clear. The mechanism by which ADAD genes lead to AD remains unclear, and even less studied is the pathogenesis of epilepsy in AD. PSEN variants generally all result in a biochemical loss of function (De Strooper, 2007). We herein determined whether well-established models of acute and chronic seizure could be used to explore the relationship between AD genes and seizures through investigating whether loss of normal PSEN2 function age-dependently influenced susceptibility to seizures and/or corneal kindling acquisition. PSEN2 knockout (KO) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were screened from 2- to 10-months-old to establish age-dependent focal seizure threshold. Additionally, PSEN2 KO and WT mice aged 2- and 8-months-old underwent corneal kindling such that mice were aged 3- and 9-months old at the beginning of ASD efficacy testing. We then defined the dose-dependent efficacy of mechanistically distinct ASDs on kindled seizures of young versus aged mice to better understand the applicability of corneal kindling to real-world use for geriatric patients. PSEN2 KO mice demonstrated early-life reductions in seizure threshold. However, kindling acquisition was delayed in 2-month-old PSEN2 KO versus WT mice. Young male WT mice took 24.3 ± 1.3 (S.E.M.) stimulations to achieve kindling criterion, whereas age-matched PSEN2 KO male mice took 41.2 ± 1.1 stimulations (p < .0001). The rate of kindling acquisition of 8-month-old mice was no longer different from WT. This study demonstrates that loss of normal PSEN2 function is associated with age-dependent changes in the in vivo susceptibility to acute seizures and kindling. Loss of normal PSEN2 function may be an underexplored molecular contributor to seizures. The use of validated models of chronic seizures in aged rodents may uncover age-related changes in susceptibility to epileptogenesis and/or ASD efficacy in mice with AD-associated genotypes, which may benefit the management of seizures in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Beckman
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Zachery Koneval
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Carole Smith
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, United States of America.
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24
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Jiang H, Jayadev S, Lardelli M, Newman M. A Review of the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus PRESENILIN 2 and Its Relationship to PRESENILIN 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1323-1339. [PMID: 30412492 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) and PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) genes are loci for mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the function of these genes and how they contribute to fAD pathogenesis has not been fully determined. This review provides a summary of the overlapping and independent functions of the PRESENILINS with a focus on the lesser studied PSEN2. As a core component of the γ-secretase complex, the PSEN2 protein is involved in many γ-secretase-related physiological activities, including innate immunity, Notch signaling, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These physiological activities have all been associated with AD progression, indicating that PSEN2 plays a particular role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Konttinen H, Cabral-da-Silva MEC, Ohtonen S, Wojciechowski S, Shakirzyanova A, Caligola S, Giugno R, Ishchenko Y, Hernández D, Fazaludeen MF, Eamen S, Budia MG, Fagerlund I, Scoyni F, Korhonen P, Huber N, Haapasalo A, Hewitt AW, Vickers J, Smith GC, Oksanen M, Graff C, Kanninen KM, Lehtonen S, Propson N, Schwartz MP, Pébay A, Koistinaho J, Ooi L, Malm T. PSEN1ΔE9, APPswe, and APOE4 Confer Disparate Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Derived Microglia. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:669-683. [PMID: 31522977 PMCID: PMC6829767 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we elucidate the effect of Alzheimer disease (AD)-predisposing genetic backgrounds, APOE4, PSEN1ΔE9, and APPswe, on functionality of human microglia-like cells (iMGLs). We present a physiologically relevant high-yield protocol for producing iMGLs from induced pluripotent stem cells. Differentiation is directed with small molecules through primitive erythromyeloid progenitors to re-create microglial ontogeny from yolk sac. The iMGLs express microglial signature genes and respond to ADP with intracellular Ca2+ release distinguishing them from macrophages. Using 16 iPSC lines from healthy donors, AD patients and isogenic controls, we reveal that the APOE4 genotype has a profound impact on several aspects of microglial functionality, whereas PSEN1ΔE9 and APPswe mutations trigger minor alterations. The APOE4 genotype impairs phagocytosis, migration, and metabolic activity of iMGLs but exacerbates their cytokine secretion. This indicates that APOE4 iMGLs are fundamentally unable to mount normal microglial functionality in AD. APOE4 genotype has a profound impact on several functions of microglia-like cells Inflammatory responses are aggravated in cells with APOE4 genotype Metabolism, phagocytosis, and migration are decreased in APOE4 microglia-like cells Familial mutations APPswe and PSEN1ΔE9 have only minor effects on functionality
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Konttinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mauricio E Castro Cabral-da-Silva
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Anastasia Shakirzyanova
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Simone Caligola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Yevheniia Ishchenko
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Damián Hernández
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | | | - Shaila Eamen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mireia Gómez Budia
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ilkka Fagerlund
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Flavia Scoyni
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, VIC 7005, Australia
| | - James Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Grady C Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinka Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Theme Aging, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Nicholas Propson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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26
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Oikawa N, Walter J. Presenilins and γ-Secretase in Membrane Proteostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030209. [PMID: 30823664 PMCID: PMC6468700 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presenilin (PS) proteins exert a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by mediating the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 represent the catalytic subunits of distinct γ-secretase complexes that mediate a variety of cellular processes, including membrane protein metabolism, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. While the intramembrane cleavage of select proteins by γ-secretase is critical in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, the plethora of identified protein substrates could also indicate an important role of these enzyme complexes in membrane protein homeostasis. In line with this notion, PS proteins and/or γ-secretase has also been implicated in autophagy, a fundamental process for the maintenance of cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in the clearance of proteins in the lysosome and during autophagy has been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the role of PS proteins and γ-secretase in membrane protein metabolism and trafficking, and the functional relation to lysosomal activity and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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27
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Kumar A, Henry RJ, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Abulwerdi G, Bhat SA, Faden AI. Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Alleviates LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 368:338-352. [PMID: 30563941 PMCID: PMC6367691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key secondary injury mechanisms triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglial activation, a hallmark of brain neuroinflammation, plays a critical role in regulating immune responses after TBI and contributes to progressive neurodegeneration and neurologic deficits following brain trauma. Here we evaluated the role of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) in microglial activation by examining the effects of the nSMase inhibitors altenusin and GW4869 in vitro (using BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia), as well as in a controlled cortical injury (CCI) model in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Pretreatment of altenusin or GW4869 prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 4 or 24 hours, significantly downregulated gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CCL2 in microglia and reduced the release of nitric oxide and TNF-α These nSMase inhibitors also attenuated the release of microparticles and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In addition, altenusin pretreatment also reduced the gene expression of multiple inflammatory markers associated with microglial activation after experimental TBI, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CCL2, CD68, NOX2, and p22phox Overall, our data demonstrate that nSMase inhibitors attenuate multiple inflammatory pathways associated with microglial activation in vitro and after experimental TBI. Thus, nSMase inhibitors may represent promising therapeutics agents targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Caggiu E, Paulus K, Mameli G, Arru G, Sechi GP, Sechi LA. Differential expression of miRNA 155 and miRNA 146a in Parkinson's disease patients. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 13:1-4. [PMID: 30255159 PMCID: PMC6149197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and its etiology is unknown, numerous studies show how different environmental factors can influence the development of disease. miRNAs are involved in several pathologies and their dysregulation contribute to different pathologies, also in neurodegenerative such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, we profiled the expression of different candidate miRNAs: miR-155, miR-26a, miR-146a, and miR132, in PBMCs of L-dopa treated Parkinson patients and unaffected controls (HCs).We investigated the expression of miRNAs by RT-real time PCR, the results were subjected to statistical analysis. miRNA-155-5p was generally up-regulated in PD patients compared to HCs whereas miRNA-146a-5p was down-regulated in PD patients in comparison to HCs. It is interesting to point out that the expression of miR-155-5p was modified by levodopa treatment, in fact a down-regulation of miR-155-5p in PD patients with the highest dosage was observed. In conclusion, miRNA 155 could not only be a promising target for the anti-inflammatory therapy in PD but also a good candidate as a disease progression biomarker. The role of levodopa in modulating the levels of miRNA 155 requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caggiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Kai Paulus
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mameli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Sechi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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29
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Lv Z, Hu L, Yang Y, Zhang K, Sun Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Hao Y. Comparative study of microRNA profiling in one Chinese Family with PSEN1 G378E mutation. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1711-1720. [PMID: 29961914 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are not widely studied in familial Alzheimer's disease cases, whether the microRNA profilings in familial Alzheimer's disease patients are similar to the sporadic AD patients is not known. This study aims to investigate the differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EO-FAD) in a Chinese family. We performed the gene mutation analysis in a family clinically diagnosed of EO-FAD. Micro-arrays were used to profile the miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid of 2 affected members, 2 unaffected carriers and 2 mutation negative controls. The clinical presentation confirmed the EO-FAD diagnosis, and a recurrent mutation of the PSEN1 p.G378E was found in the family. The result showed that in the miRNAs expression profile, a total of 166 miRNAs were up-regulated and 3 miRNAs were down-regulated in the affected individuals compared with mutation negative individuals. But after Benjamini Hochberg FDR correction, only 25 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated and no miRNA was down-regulated, the levels of miR-30a-5p, miR-4758-3p and let-7a-3p were elevated significantly. Compared with mutation negative controls, 21 miRNAs were up-regulated and 18 microRNAs were down-regulated in the unaffected mutation carriers, after Benjamini Hochberg FDR correction, miR-345-5p was up-regulated and miR-4795-3p was down-regulated in the unaffected mutation carriers. And there was no difference between the affected members and unaffected mutation carriers. GO database showed that the top biological processes affected by the predicted target genes are nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity and transcription factor activity (sequence-specific DNA binding) (GO:0001071 and GO:0003700). The result of KEGG pathways showed 64 pathways were implicated in the regulatory network. The present study identified the miRNA profiling of Chinese siblings with G378E mutation in the PSEN1. Compared with mutation negative controls, the levels of 25 miRNAs including miR-30a-5p, miR-4758-3p and let-7a-3p were elevated significantly in the affected members, miR-345-5p was up-regulated and miR-4795-3p was down-regulated in the unaffected mutation carriers. Our study showed the microRNA profilings in the cases of a EO-FAD family with PSEN1 p.G378E mutation, but because of the individuals in the family was small, the results in other types of EO-FAD still need further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyun Lv
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Liangchen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuzhen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Lipan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanlei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China.
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30
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Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia 2018; 66:2531-2549. [PMID: 30195261 PMCID: PMC6585737 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, brain cells of nonneural origin, orchestrate the inflammatory response to diverse insults, including hypoxia/ischemia or maternal/fetal infection in the perinatal brain. Experimental studies have demonstrated the capacity of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells activating a cytotoxic response that can exacerbate brain damage. However, microglia display an enormous plasticity in their responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite the critical role of microglia in brain pathologies, the cellular mechanisms that govern the diverse phenotypes of microglia are just beginning to be defined. Here we review emerging strategies to drive microglia toward beneficial functions, selectively reporting the studies which provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic switch. A variety of approaches have been proposed which rely on microglia treatment with pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, or microRNAs, as well on nutritional approaches or therapies with immunomodulatory cells. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms relevant for microglia reprogramming toward pro‐regenerative functions points to a central role of energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may thus provide new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the deleterious effects of inflammatory microglia and to control excessive inflammation in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9 -20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Verderio
- IRCCS Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Zendjabil M. Circulating microRNAs as novel biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cai M, Wang YW, Xu SH, Qiao S, Shu QF, Du JZ, Li YG, Liu XL. Regulatory effects of the long non‑coding RNA RP11‑543N12.1 and microRNA‑324‑3p axis on the neuronal apoptosis induced by the inflammatory reactions of microglia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1741-1755. [PMID: 29956723 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine how the long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) RP11‑543N12.1 interacted with microRNA (miR)‑324‑3p to modify microglials (MIs)‑induced neuroblastoma cell apoptosis, which may pose benefits to the treatment of Alzhemier's disease (AD). The cell model of AD was established by treating SH‑SY5Y cells with amyloid β (Aβ)25‑35, and MI were acquired using primary cell culture technology. The lncRNAs that were differentially expressed between SH‑SY5Y and control cells were screened through a microarray assay and confirmed via polymerase chain reaction. In addition, overexpression of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was established by transfection of SH‑SY5Y cells with pcDNA3.1(+)‑RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p mimics, respectively, while downregulation of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was achieved by transfection with RP11‑543N12.1‑small interfering RNA (siRNA) and miR‑324‑3p inhibitor, respectively. The interaction between RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was confirmed with a dual‑luciferase reporter gene assay. The results revealed that the expression levels of total and phosphorylated tau in SH‑SY5Y cells were significantly elevated following Aβ25‑35 treatment (P<0.05), and RP11‑543N12.1 was found to be differentially expressed between the control and Aβ25‑35‑treated cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, the targeted association of RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p was predicted based on miRDB4.0 and PITA databases, and then validated via the dual‑luciferase reporter gene assay. SH‑SY5Y cells transfected with siRNA or inhibitor, and treated with Aβ25‑35 displayed cellular survival and apoptosis that were similar to the normal levels (P<0.05). Finally, co‑culture of MI and SH‑SY5Y cells transfected with RP11‑543N12.1‑siRNA/miR‑324‑3p inhibitor significantly enhanced cell apoptosis (P<0.05). In conclusion, RP11‑543N12.1 targeted miR‑324‑3p to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis in the AD cell model, suggesting that RP11‑543N12.1 and miR‑324‑3p may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Hu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Fen Shu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zong Du
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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Wang ZT, Zhong XL, Tan MS, Wang HF, Tan CC, Zhang W, Zheng ZJ, Kong LL, Tan L, Sun L. Association of lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 ( OLR1) polymorphisms with late-onset Alzheimer disease in Han Chinese. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:172. [PMID: 29951494 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) locates within the area of chromosome 12p, which has been identified as the AD-susceptible region, and plays a role in lipid metabolism. Therefore, it has been suggested to be a good candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several SNPs within OLR1 have been reported to have association with AD among Caucasians. Methods We selected and genotyped three SNPs (rs1050283, rs1050286, rs17808009) in OLR1 to investigate its possible relationship with the onset of late-onset Alzheimer disease(LOAD) in 984 LOAD cases and 1,354 healthy controls among northern Han Chinese. Results No significant association was found between the OLR1 (rs1050283, rs1050286, rs17808009) polymorphisms and LOAD, even after adjustment for gender and age and stratification for apolipoprotein E (APOE) status. Conclusions Our study showed that the SNPs (rs1050283, rs1050286, rs17808009) located in the 3'UTR of OLR1 may not involve in the mechanism of LOAD in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhan-Jie Zheng
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Ling-Li Kong
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
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MicroRNA-124 regulates the expression of MEKK3 in the inflammatory pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29329581 PMCID: PMC5767033 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Chronic inflammation of the central nervous system is mediated by microglial cells and plays a critical role in the pathological progression of PD. Brain-specific microRNA-124 (miR-124) expression is significantly downregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 cells and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. However, whether abnormal miR-124 expression could regulate the activation of microglia remains poorly understood. Methods BV2 cells were activated by exposure to LPS, and the expression levels of miR-124, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3), and the nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-κB) p-p65 were analysed. Over-expression and knockdown studies of miR-124 were performed to observe the effects on MEKK3/NF-κB signalling pathways, and the induction of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic factors was assessed. In addition, a luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm whether MEKK3 is a direct target of miR-124. Meanwhile, production of miR-124, MEKK3, and p-p65; midbrain DA neuronal death; or activation of microglia were analysed when treated with or without miR-124 in the MPTP-induced model of PD. Results We found that the knockdown of MEKK3 could inhibit the activation of microglia by regulating NF-κB expression. Over-expression of miR-124 could effectively attenuate the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote the secretion of neuroprotective factors. We also first identified a unique role of miR-124 in mediating the microglial inflammatory response by targeting MEKK3/NF-κB signalling pathways. In the microglial culture supernatant (MCS) transfer model, over-expression of the miR-124 or knockdown of MEKK3 in BV2 cells prevented SH-SY5Y from apoptosis and death. Moreover, MEKK3 and p-p65 were abundantly expressed in the midbrain. Furthermore, their expression levels increased and microglial activation was observed in the MPTP-induced model of PD. In addition, exogenous delivery of miR-124 could suppress MEKK3 and p-p65 expression and attenuate the activation of microglia in the substantia nigra pars compacta of MPTP-treated mice. miR-124 also could prevent MPTP-dependent apoptotic midbrain DA cell death in a MPTP-induced PD model. Conclusions Taken together, our data suggest that miR-124 can inhibit neuroinflammation in the development of PD by regulating the MEKK3/NF-κB signalling pathways and implicate miR-124 as a potential therapeutic target for regulating the inflammatory response in PD.
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Abstract
Microglia serve as brain-resident myeloid cells that affect cerebral development, ischemia, neurodegeneration, and neuro-viral infection. MicroRNAs play a key role in central nervous system disease through post-transcriptional regulation. Indeed, evidence shows that microRNAs are one of the most important regulators mediating microglial activation, polarization, and autophagy, and subsequently affecting neuroinflammation and the outcome of central nervous system disease. In this review, we provide insight into the function of microRNAs, which may be an attractive strategy and influential treatment for microglia-related central nervous system dysfunction. Moreover, we comprehensively describe how microglia fight against central nervous system disease via multiple functional microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; Institute of Geriatrics; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; Institute of Geriatrics; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Pritchard AB, Crean S, Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Periodontitis, Microbiomes and their Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:336. [PMID: 29114218 PMCID: PMC5660720 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As far back as the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, microbial infections were responsible for vast numbers of deaths. The trend reversed with the introduction of antibiotics coinciding with longer life. Increased life expectancy however, accompanied the emergence of age related chronic inflammatory states including the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Taken together, the true challenge of retaining health into later years of life now appears to lie in delaying and/or preventing the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases, through identifying and influencing modifiable risk factors. Diverse pathogens, including periodontal bacteria have been associated with AD brains. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmark protein of AD may be a consequence of infection, called upon due to its antimicrobial properties. Up to this moment in time, a lack of understanding and knowledge of a microbiome associated with AD brain has ensured that the role pathogens may play in this neurodegenerative disease remains unresolved. The oral microbiome embraces a range of diverse bacterial phylotypes, which especially in vulnerable individuals, will excite and perpetuate a range of inflammatory conditions, to a wide range of extra-oral body tissues and organs specific to their developing pathophysiology, including the brain. This offers the tantalizing opportunity that by controlling the oral-specific microbiome; clinicians may treat or prevent a range of chronic inflammatory diseases orally. Evolution has equipped the human host to combat infection/disease by providing an immune system, but Porphyromonas gingivalis and selective spirochetes, have developed immune avoidance strategies threatening the host-microbe homeostasis. It is clear from longitudinal monitoring of patients that chronic periodontitis contributes to declining cognition. The aim here is to discuss the contribution from opportunistic pathogens of the periodontal microbiome, and highlight the challenges, the host faces, when dealing with unresolvable oral infections that may lead to clinical manifestations that are characteristic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Pritchard
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - StJohn Crean
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Dementia & Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Walter J, Kemmerling N, Wunderlich P, Glebov K. γ-Secretase in microglia - implications for neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2017; 143:445-454. [PMID: 28940294 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane cleaving protease involved in the generation of the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated amyloid β peptide (Aβ). γ-Secretase is ubiquitously expressed in different organs, and also in different cell types of the human brain. Besides the involvement in the proteolytic generation of Aβ from the amyloid precursor protein, γ-secretase cleaves many additional protein substrates, suggesting pleiotropic functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Microglia exert important functions during brain development and homeostasis in adulthood, and accumulating evidence indicates that microglia and neuroinflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies demonstrate functional implications of γ-secretase in microglia, suggesting that alterations in γ-secretase activity could contribute to AD pathogenesis by modulation of microglia and related neuroinflammatory processes during neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the involvement of γ-secretase in the regulation of microglial functions, and the potential relevance of these processes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This article is part of the series "Beyond Amyloid".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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38
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Hajjari SN, Mehdizadeh M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Shanehbandi D, Teimourian S, Baradaran B. Secretases-related miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease: new approach for biomarker discovery. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1921-1926. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wahby MM, Mohammed DS, Newairy AA, Abdou HM, Zaky A. Aluminum-induced molecular neurodegeneration: The protective role of genistein and chickpea extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:57-67. [PMID: 28552514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity of Al is well established and linked to oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. This study investigated the protective role of genistein (Gen) and chickpea extract (CPE) against AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration. HPLC analysis revealed that biochanin A-7-O-β-D-glucoside and biochanin A are the major components of the CPE. Gene expression of TNF-α, APP, BACE1, PSEN-2 and ER-β were assessed in brain extract using RT-PCR. Also, NF-кB subunit P65 and COX-2 expression were evaluated by western blotting. The cholinergic function, histological examination and oxidative status were also estimated. The AlCl3 significantly up regulated the expression of the NF-кB subunit P65, COX-2, TNF- α, BACE1and APP while it significantly down regulated PSEN-2 and ER-β expression. The activity of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and the oxidative stress parameters as well as the histological examination confirmed the deleterious effect of AlCl3. The administration of either CPE or Gen attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited the amyloidogenesis and restored both the AChE activity and ER-β expression. Gen and CPE also inhibited the oxidative stress and ameliorated the histological alterations. Accordingly, the present study provides an insight on the molecular role of Gen and CPE as protective agents against neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wahby
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - D S Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - A A Newairy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - H M Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faulty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - A Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Millan MJ. Linking deregulation of non-coding RNA to the core pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: An integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:1-68. [PMID: 28322921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes a vast repertoire of protein non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), some specific to the brain. MicroRNAs, which interfere with the translation of target mRNAs, are of particular interest since their deregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains challenging to link the complex body of observations on miRNAs and AD into a coherent framework. Using extensive graphical support, this article discusses how a diverse panoply of miRNAs convergently and divergently impact (and are impacted by) core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; aberrant generation of β-amyloid-42 (Aβ42); anomalies in the production, cleavage and post-translational marking of Tau; impaired clearance of Aβ42 and Tau; perturbation of axonal organisation; disruption of synaptic plasticity; endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response; mitochondrial dysfunction; aberrant induction of cell cycle re-entry; and apoptotic loss of neurons. Intriguingly, some classes of miRNA provoke these cellular anomalies, whereas others act in a counter-regulatory, protective mode. Moreover, changes in levels of certain species of miRNA are a consequence of the above-mentioned anomalies. In addition to miRNAs, circular RNAs, piRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and other types of ncRNA are being increasingly implicated in AD. Overall, a complex mesh of deregulated and multi-tasking ncRNAs reciprocally interacts with core pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD. Alterations in ncRNAs can be detected in CSF and the circulation as well as the brain and are showing promise as biomarkers, with the ultimate goal clinical exploitation as targets for novel modes of symptomatic and course-altering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, institut de recherche Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
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Prasad KN. Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines may act as one of the signals for regulating microRNAs expression in Alzheimer’s disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 162:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Karnati HK, Panigrahi MK, Gutti RK, Greig NH, Tamargo IA. miRNAs: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epilepsy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:563-80. [PMID: 26402105 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, ∼22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA dysregulation has been observed in cancer and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the neurological disorder, epilepsy. Neuronal degradation and death are important hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, abnormalities in metabolism, synapsis and axonal transport have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. A number of recently published studies have demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the nervous system and have contributed to the growing body of evidence on miRNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. Knowledge of the expressions and activities of such miRNAs may aid in the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the significance of miRNA dysregulation in the development of neurodegenerative disorders and the use of miRNAs as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Shi ZM, Han YW, Han XH, Zhang K, Chang YN, Hu ZM, Qi HX, Ting C, Zhen Z, Hong W. Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Cao DD, Li L, Chan WY. MicroRNAs: Key Regulators in the Central Nervous System and Their Implication in Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E842. [PMID: 27240359 PMCID: PMC4926376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, well-conserved noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They have been demonstrated to regulate a lot of biological pathways and cellular functions. Many miRNAs are dynamically regulated during central nervous system (CNS) development and are spatially expressed in adult brain indicating their essential roles in neural development and function. In addition, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that dysfunction of miRNAs contributes to neurological diseases. These observations, together with their gene regulation property, implicated miRNAs to be the key regulators in the complex genetic network of the CNS. In this review, we first focus on the ways through which miRNAs exert the regulatory function and how miRNAs are regulated in the CNS. We then summarize recent findings that highlight the versatile roles of miRNAs in normal CNS physiology and their association with several types of neurological diseases. Subsequently we discuss the limitations of miRNAs research based on current studies as well as the potential therapeutic applications and challenges of miRNAs in neurological disorders. We endeavor to provide an updated description of the regulatory roles of miRNAs in normal CNS functions and pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Cao
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, SAR, China.
| | - Lu Li
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, SAR, China.
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, SAR, China.
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Lin HC, Huang CL, Huang YJ, Hsiao IL, Yang CW, Chuang CY. Transcriptomic gene-network analysis of exposure to silver nanoparticle reveals potentially neurodegenerative progression in mouse brain neural cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:289-299. [PMID: 27131904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used in daily living products. AgNPs can induce inflammatory response in neuronal cells, and potentially develop neurological disorders. The gene networks in response to AgNPs-induced neurodegenerative progression have not been clarified in various brain neural cells. This study found that 3-5nm AgNPs were detectable to enter the nuclei of mouse neuronal cells after 24-h of exposure. The differentially expressed genes in mouse brain neural cells exposure to AgNPs were further identified using Phalanx Mouse OneArray® chip, and permitted to explore the gene network pathway regulating in neurodegenerative progression according to Cytoscape analysis. In focal adhesion pathway of ALT astrocytes, AgNPs induced the gene expression of RasGRF1 and reduced its downstream BCL2 gene for apoptosis. In cytosolic DNA sensing pathway of microglial BV2 cells, AgNPs reduced the gene expression of TREX1 and decreased IRF7 to release pro-inflammatory cytokines for inflammation and cellular activation. In MAPK pathway of neuronal N2a cells, AgNPs elevated GADD45α gene expression, and attenuated its downstream PTPRR gene to interfere with neuron growth and differentiation. Moreover, AgNPs induced beta amyloid deposition in N2a cells, and decreased PSEN1 and PSEN2, which may disrupt calcium homeostasis and presynaptic dysfunction for Alzheimer's disease development. These findings suggested that AgNPs exposure reveals the potency to induce the progression of neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jeen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Su W, Aloi MS, Garden GA. MicroRNAs mediating CNS inflammation: Small regulators with powerful potential. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:1-8. [PMID: 26148445 PMCID: PMC5030842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small non-coding RNAs (~22 nucleotides) that fine-tune protein expression by either silencing mRNA translation or directly targeting gene transcripts for degradation. In the central nervous system (CNS), neuroinflammation plays a critical role in brain injury and neurodegeneration. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of miRNAs as key regulators of neuroinflammation. Altered expression or function of particular miRNAs has been identified in various CNS pathological conditions, including neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases. Several miRNAs have been shown to play a critical role in the microglia-mediated inflammatory response including miR-155 and miR-146a. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of miRNAs associated with CNS inflammation, including our studies of unique inflammatory pathways involving miR-155 and miR-146a. We discuss how specific miRNAs influence microglia activation states in response to inflammatory stimuli, and describe the potential of miRNAs as both biomarkers of inflammation and therapeutic tools for the modulation of microglia behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Macarena S Aloi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Cardoso AL, Guedes JR, de Lima MCP. Role of microRNAs in the regulation of innate immune cells under neuroinflammatory conditions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:1-9. [PMID: 26410391 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are short, evolutionary conserved noncoding RNA molecules with the ability to control the magnitude of inflammation. The immunosuppressive nature of the brain is sustained by miRNA-dependent regulation of microglial cells, which become activated under neuroinflammatory conditions, such as brain injury and neurodegeneration. The pro-inflammatory and suppressive role of the most studied neuroimmune miRNAs, miR-155 and miR-146a, has been recently challenged. Although the molecular targets of these miRNAs remain unchanged across brain diseases, different kinetics of miRNA expression and degradation can produce different immune outcomes and change microglia phenotypes. Here, we discuss current knowledge regarding the implications of disruption of miRNA networks in neuroinflammation and in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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48
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Gupta S, Verma S, Mantri S, Berman NE, Sandhir R. Targeting MicroRNAs in Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:397-418. [PMID: 26359796 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are key regulators of gene expression. They act on wide range of targets by binding to mRNA via imperfect complementarity at 3' UTR. Evidence suggests that miRNAs regulate many biological processes including neuronal development, differentiation, and disease. Altered expression of several miRNAs has been reported in many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Many miRNAs are altered in these diseases, but miRNA 15, miRNA 21, and miRNA 146a have been shown to play critical role in many neurodegenerative conditions. As these miRNAs regulate many genes, miRNA targeted approaches would allow concurrently targeting of multiple effectors of pathways that regulate disease progression. In this review, we describe the role of miRNAs in various NDDs and their potential as therapeutic tools in prevention and treatment of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Savita Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shrikant Mantri
- Computational Biology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 160071, India
| | - Nancy E Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Yang Z, Zhong L, Zhong S, Xian R, Yuan B. miR-203 protects microglia mediated brain injury by regulating inflammatory responses via feedback to MyD88 in ischemia. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:293-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Michell-Robinson MA, Touil H, Healy LM, Owen DR, Durafourt BA, Bar-Or A, Antel JP, Moore CS. Roles of microglia in brain development, tissue maintenance and repair. Brain 2015; 138:1138-59. [PMID: 25823474 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging roles of microglia are currently being investigated in the healthy and diseased brain with a growing interest in their diverse functions. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that microglia are not only immunocentric, but also neurobiological and can impact neural development and the maintenance of neuronal cell function in both healthy and pathological contexts. In the disease context, there is widespread consensus that microglia are dynamic cells with a potential to contribute to both central nervous system damage and repair. Indeed, a number of studies have found that microenvironmental conditions can selectively modify unique microglia phenotypes and functions. One novel mechanism that has garnered interest involves the regulation of microglial function by microRNAs, which has therapeutic implications such as enhancing microglia-mediated suppression of brain injury and promoting repair following inflammatory injury. Furthermore, recently published articles have identified molecular signatures of myeloid cells, suggesting that microglia are a distinct cell population compared to other cells of myeloid lineage that access the central nervous system under pathological conditions. Thus, new opportunities exist to help distinguish microglia in the brain and permit the study of their unique functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie A Michell-Robinson
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hanane Touil
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David R Owen
- 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bryce A Durafourt
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- 1 Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- 3 Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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