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Chen T, Xiong Y, Deng C, Hu C, Li M, Quan R, Yu X. NDRG2 alleviates photoreceptor apoptosis by regulating the STAT3/TIMP3/MMP pathway in mice with retinal degenerative disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:986-1007. [PMID: 38037211 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor apoptosis is the main pathological feature of retinal degenerative diseases; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Recent studies have shown that N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) exerts a neuroprotective effect on the brain and spinal cord. In addition, our previous studies have confirmed that NDRG2 is expressed in mouse retinal photoreceptors and counteracts N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced apoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we observed that the expression of NDRG2 was not only significantly inhibited in photoreceptors after MNU treatment but also after hydrogen peroxide treatment, and photoreceptor apoptosis was alleviated or aggravated after overexpression or knockdown of NDRG2 in the 661W photoreceptor cell line, respectively. The apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK rescued photoreceptor apoptosis induced by MNU after NDRG2 knockdown. Next, we screened and identified tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) as the downstream molecule of NDRG2 in 661W cells by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TIMP3 exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Subsequently, we found that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediated the NDRG2-associated regulation of TIMP3. Finally, we overexpressed NDRG2 in mouse retinal tissues by intravitreally injecting an adeno-associated virus with mouse NDRG2 in vivo. Results showed that NDRG2 upregulated the expression of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) and TIMP3, while suppressing MNU-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and MMP expression. Our findings revealed how NDRG2 regulates the STAT3/TIMP3/MMP pathway and uncovered the molecular mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect on mouse retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yecheng Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chunlei Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chengbiao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Rui Quan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, China
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Hattori T, Cherepanov SM, Sakaga R, Roboon J, Nguyen DT, Ishii H, Takarada‐Iemata M, Nishiuchi T, Kannon T, Hosomichi K, Tajima A, Yamamoto Y, Okamoto H, Sugawara A, Higashida H, Hori O. Postnatal expression of CD38 in astrocytes regulates synapse formation and adult social memory. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111247. [PMID: 37357972 PMCID: PMC10390870 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Social behavior is essential for health, survival, and reproduction of animals; however, the role of astrocytes in social behavior remains largely unknown. The transmembrane protein CD38, which acts both as a receptor and ADP-ribosyl cyclase to produce cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) regulates social behaviors by promoting oxytocin release from hypothalamic neurons. CD38 is also abundantly expressed in astrocytes in the postnatal brain and is important for astroglial development. Here, we demonstrate that the astroglial-expressed CD38 plays an important role in social behavior during development. Selective deletion of CD38 in postnatal astrocytes, but not in adult astrocytes, impairs social memory without any other behavioral abnormalities. Morphological analysis shows that depletion of astroglial CD38 in the postnatal brain interferes with synapse formation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus. Moreover, astroglial CD38 expression promotes synaptogenesis of excitatory neurons by increasing the level of extracellular SPARCL1 (also known as Hevin), a synaptogenic protein. The release of SPARCL1 from astrocytes is regulated by CD38/cADPR/calcium signaling. These data demonstrate a novel developmental role of astrocytes in neural circuit formation and regulation of social behavior in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | | | - Ryo Sakaga
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Dinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Mika Takarada‐Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research CenterKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Research Center for Child Mental DevelopmentKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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Zhang Q, Shi R, Hao M, Feng D, Wu R, Shi M. NDRG2 regulates the formation of reactive astrocyte-derived progenitor cells via Notch signaling pathway after brain traumatic injury in rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1149683. [PMID: 37082656 PMCID: PMC10112515 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1149683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to traumatic brain injury, a subpopulation of cortical astrocytes is activated, resulting in acquisition of stem cell properties, known as reactive astrocytes-derived progenitor cells (Rad-PCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown during this process. In this study, we examined the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule, in Rad-PCs after cortical stab injury in adult rats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that in the cerebral cortex of normal adult rats, NDRG2 was exclusively expressed in astrocytes. After liu cortical injury, the expression of NDRG2 was significantly elevated around the wound and most cells expressing NDRG2 also expressed GFAP, a reactive astrocyte marker. Importantly, NDRG2-expressing cells were co-labeled with Nestin, a marker for neural stem cells, some of which also expressed cell proliferation marker Ki67. Overexpression of NDRG2 further increased the number of NDRG2/Nestin double-labeling cells around the lesion. In contrast, shRNA knockdown of NDRG2 decreased the number of NDRG2+/Nestin+ cells. Intracerebroventricular administration of stab-injured rats with a Notch antagonist, DAPT, led to a significant decrease in Nestin+/NDRG2+ cells around the injured boundary, but did not affect NDRG2+ cells. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of NDRG2 led to up- and down-regulation of the expression of Notch intracellular domain NICD and Notch target gene Hes1, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that NDRG2 may play a role in controlling the formation of Rad-PCs in the cerebral cortex of adult rats following traumatic injury, and that Notch signaling pathway plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Meishan Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Meishan, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minghua Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Armed Police General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongyun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shi,
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Fan Q, Takarada-Iemata M, Okitani N, Tamatani T, Ishii H, Hattori T, Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H, Hori O. Brain injury triggers cell-type-specific and time-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Glia 2023; 71:667-681. [PMID: 36412235 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signal transduction network that responds to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by coordinating protein homeostasis to maintain cell viability. The UPR can also trigger cell death when adaptive responses fail to improve protein homeostasis. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that the UPR plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain insults, our understanding of how ER stress is induced under neuropathological conditions is limited. Here, we investigated the cell- and time-specific patterns of the ER stress response after brain injury using ER stress-activated indicator (ERAI) mice, which enable monitoring of the UPR in vivo via increased fluorescence of a spliced XBP-1 protein fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant Venus. Following cortical stab injury of ERAI mice, the GFP signal and number of GFP+ cells increased in the ipsilateral cortex throughout the observation period (6 h to 7 days post-injury), confirming the induction of the UPR. GFP signals were observed in injured neurons early (from 6 h) after brain injury. However, non-neuronal cells, mainly endothelial cells followed by astrocytes, accounted for the majority of GFP+ cells after brain injury. Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that activation of the UPR in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes, may play an important role in and could be a potential therapeutic target for acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Fan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Xu J, Ji T, Li G, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Li M, Ma J, Li Y, Chi G. Lactate attenuates astrocytic inflammation by inhibiting ubiquitination and degradation of NDRG2 under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:314. [PMID: 36572898 PMCID: PMC9793555 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain lactate concentrations are enhanced in response to cerebral ischemia and promote the formation of reactive astrocytes, which are major components of the neuroinflammatory response and functional recovery, following cerebral ischemia. NDRG2 is upregulated during reactive astrocyte formation. However, its regulation and function are unclear. We studied the relationship between lactate and NDRG2 in astrocytes under conditions of ischemia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). METHODS We examined astrocytic NDRG2 expression after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Under hypoxia conditions, we added exogenous L-lactate sodium (lactate) to cultured primary astrocytes to explore the effects of lactate on the ubiquitination modification of NDRG2. We profiled the transcriptomic features of NDRG2 silencing in astrocytes after 8 h of OGD conditions as well as exogenous lactate treatment by performing RNA-seq. Finally, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of NDRG2 in regulating TNFα under OGD conditions using western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Reactive astrocytes strongly expressed NDRG2 in a rat model of MCAO. We also showed that lactate stabilizes astrocytic NDRG2 by inhibiting its ubiquitination. NDRG2 inhibition in astrocytes increased inflammation and upregulated immune-associated genes and signaling pathways. NDRG2 knockdown induced TNFα expression and secretion via c-Jun phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS We revealed that under OGD conditions, lactate plays an important anti-inflammatory role and inhibits TNFα expression by stabilizing NDRG2, which is beneficial for neurological functional recovery. NDRG2 may be a new therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Xu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China ,grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Ji
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China ,grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Guichen Li
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China ,grid.410645.20000 0001 0455 0905Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiying Li
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin People’s Republic of China
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6
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Sweetat S, Casden N, Behar O. Improved neuron protection following cortical injury in the absence of Semaphorin4B. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1076281. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1076281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system induces neuronal cell death and astrogliosis, an astrocyte-mediated response that has both a beneficial and detrimental impact on surrounding neuronal cells. The circumstance however, in which astrogliosis improves neuronal survival after an injury is not fully characterized. We have recently shown that Semaphorin4B (Sema4B) in the cortex is mostly expressed by astrocytes, and in its absence, astrocyte activation after an injury is altered. Here we find that in Sema4B knockout mice, neuronal cell death is reduced; as a result, more neurons survive near the injury site. Sema4B protein applied directly to neurons does not affect neuronal survival. In contrast, survival of wild-type neurons is increased when plated on glial culture isolated from the Sema4B knockout mice, as compared to Sema4B heterozygous cultures. Furthermore, this increased survival is also observed with conditioned medium collected from glial cultures of Sema4B knockout mice compared to heterozygous mice. This indicates that the increased survival is glial cell-dependent and mediated by a secreted factor(s). Together, our results imply that following injury, the lack of Sema4B expression in glial cells improves neuronal survival either as a result of reduced toxic factors, or perhaps increased survival factors under these conditions.
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Feng D, Zhou J, Liu H, Wu X, Li F, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chao M, Wang Q, Qin H, Ge S, Liu Q, Zhang J, Qu Y. Astrocytic NDRG2-PPM1A interaction exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2423. [PMID: 36179025 PMCID: PMC9524825 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury critically exacerbates the poor prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The massively increased matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) plays a deleterious role in BBB. However, the main source and mechanism of MMP-9 production after SAH remain unclear. We reported that the increased MMP-9 was mainly derived from reactive astrocytes after SAH. Ndrg2 knockout in astrocytes inhibited MMP-9 expression after SAH and attenuated BBB damage. Astrocytic Ndrg2 knockout decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the transcription of MMP-9. Notably, cytoplasmic NDRG2 bound to the protein phosphatase PPM1A and restricted the dephosphorylation of Smad2/3. Accordingly, TAT-QFNP12, a novel engineered peptide that could block the NDRG2-PPM1A binding and reduce Smad2/3 dephosphorylation, decreased astrocytic MMP-9 production and BBB disruption after SAH. In conclusion, this study identified NDRG2-PPM1A signaling in reactive astrocytes as a key switch for MMP-9 production and provided a novel therapeutic avenue for BBB protection after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Development Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
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Takarada-Iemata M, Hori O. [Astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:230-234. [PMID: 34193702 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and is designated as an intractable disease in Japan. It is characterized by dissemination of plaque-like sclerosis in space and time, accompanied with various symptoms corresponding to the CNS lesion site. Typically, neurological symptoms chronically progress accompanied with relapses and remissions, and there is still no curative therapy. A number of studies using MS specimen and the animal MS model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have shown that MS is an autoimmune disease that targets myelin sheath in the CNS. Autoreactive T cells and B cells play a central role in pathogenesis of MS. MS comprise relapsing-remitting MS and progressive MS, the latter accumulates clinical disability without relapse. Based on the importance of adaptive immunity, various disease-modifying drugs have been developed to treat relapsing-remitting MS. On the other hand, an effective treatment for progressive MS has not yet been established. Increasing evidence have been recognized glial cells as key components of MS immunopathology, in addition to innate immunity and adaptive immunity. However, molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between immune cells, glial cells and neurons remain to be elucidated. Here, we review MS pathology and recent advances in the disease-modifying therapy that efficiently reduce disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS and introduce an update of recent evidence that astrocyte is involved in the MS pathology with including our research analyzed in mouse EAE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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9
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Artificial intelligence and leukocyte epigenomics: Evaluation and prediction of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248375. [PMID: 33788842 PMCID: PMC8011726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the utility of leucocyte epigenomic-biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) detection and elucidates its molecular pathogeneses. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array in 24 late-onset AD (LOAD) and 24 cognitively healthy subjects. Data were analyzed using six Artificial Intelligence (AI) methodologies including Deep Learning (DL) followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used for AD prediction. We identified 152 significantly (FDR p<0.05) differentially methylated intragenic CpGs in 171 distinct genes in AD patients compared to controls. All AI platforms accurately predicted AD with AUCs ≥0.93 using 283,143 intragenic and 244,246 intergenic/extragenic CpGs. DL had an AUC = 0.99 using intragenic CpGs, with both sensitivity and specificity being 97%. High AD prediction was also achieved using intergenic/extragenic CpG sites (DL significance value being AUC = 0.99 with 97% sensitivity and specificity). Epigenetically altered genes included CR1L & CTSV (abnormal morphology of cerebral cortex), S1PR1 (CNS inflammation), and LTB4R (inflammatory response). These genes have been previously linked with AD and dementia. The differentially methylated genes CTSV & PRMT5 (ventricular hypertrophy and dilation) are linked to cardiovascular disease and of interest given the known association between impaired cerebral blood flow, cardiovascular disease, and AD. We report a novel, minimally invasive approach using peripheral blood leucocyte epigenomics, and AI analysis to detect AD and elucidate its pathogenesis.
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Ma LT, Bai Y, Li J, Qiao Y, Liu Y, Zheng J. Elemene Emulsion Injection Administration Reduces Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting Astrocytic NDRG2 Expression within Spinal Dorsal Horn. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:912-918. [PMID: 33420586 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms underlying elemene-induced analgesia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). METHODS Sixty-five rats were equally divided into 5 groups using a random number table: naive group, sham group, SNI group, SNI + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group and naive + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group. An SNI rat model was established and the intervention were given respectively for 14 consecutive days. Von Frey filament tests and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests were used to evaluate the effect of elemene on the mechanical threshold and anxiety, respectively. Immunoblotting and immunostaining were used to measure the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NMYC downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) within the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (SDH). RESULTS The SNI rat model exhibited a significant decrease in paw withdrawal threshold and exploratory behaviour in the EPM (P<0.05). Consecutive administration of elemene alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and anxiety in rats (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical data showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of NDRG2 within the SDH (P<0.05). Double immunofluorescent staining data further showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of the number of GFAP immunoreactive (-ir), NDRG-ir, and GFAP/NDRG2 double-labelled cells within the SDH (P<0.05). Immunoblotting data showed that elemene decreased SNI-induced upregulation of GFAP and NDRG2 within the SDH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Elemene possibly alleviated neuropathic pain by downregulating the expression of NDRG2 in spinal astrocytes in a rat model of SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tian Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command), Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Laser Medical Center, Hainan Hospital, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, 572013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Health Center of 31658 of the People's Liberation Army, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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11
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Takarada-Iemata M, Yoshihara T, Okitani N, Iwata K, Hattori T, Ishii H, Roboon J, Nguyen DT, Fan Q, Tamatani T, Nishiuchi T, Asano M, Hori O. Abnormal social behavior and altered gene expression in mice lacking NDRG2. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135563. [PMID: 33359046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a member of the NDRG family, has multiple functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses, and is predominantly expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system. Previous studies including ours demonstrated that NDRG2 is involved in various central nervous system pathologies. However, the significance of NDRG2 in neurodevelopment is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the expression profile of NDRG2 during postnatal brain development, the role of NDRG2 in social behavior, and transcriptome changes in the brain of NDRG2-deficient mice. NDRG2 expression in the brain increased over time from postnatal day 1 to adulthood. Deletion of NDRG2 resulted in abnormal social behavior, as indicated by reduced exploratory activity toward a novel mouse in a three-chamber social interaction test. Microarray analysis identified genes differentially expressed in the NDRG2-deficient brain, and upregulated gene expression of Bmp4 and Per2 was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. Expression of both these genes and the encoded proteins increased over time during postnatal brain development, similar to NDRG2. Gene expression of Bmp4 and Per2 was upregulated in cultured astrocytes isolated from NDRG2-deficient mice. These results suggest that NDRG2 contributes to brain development required for proper social behavior by modulating gene expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Dinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Qiyan Fan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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12
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Chen M, Guo L, Hao J, Ni J, Lv Q, Xin X, Liao H. p75NTR Promotes Astrocyte Proliferation in Response to Cortical Stab Wound. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:1153-1166. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Takarada-Iemata M. Roles of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 in the central nervous system: molecular basis and relevance to pathophysiology. Anat Sci Int 2020; 96:1-12. [PMID: 33174183 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a member of the NDRG family, whose members have multiple functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. NDRG2 is widely distributed in the central nervous system and is uniquely expressed by astrocytes; however, its role in brain function remains elusive. The clinical relevance of NDRG2 and the molecular mechanisms in which it participates have been reported by studies using cultured cells and specimens of patients with neurological disorders. In recent years, genetic tools, including several lines of Ndrg2-knockout mice and virus-mediated gene transfer, have improved understanding of the roles of NDRG2 in vivo. This review aims to provide an update of recent growing in vivo evidence that NDRG2 is involved in brain function, focusing on research of Ndrg2-knockout mice with neurological disorders such as brain tumors, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and acute brain insults including brain injury and cerebral stroke. These studies demonstrate that NDRG2 plays diverse roles in the regulation of astrocyte reactivity, blood-brain barrier integrity, and glutamate excitotoxicity. Further elucidation of the roles of NDRG2 and their molecular basis may provide novel therapeutic approaches for various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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14
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Cheng H, Zhang L, Xia F, Jin L, Liu S, Ren H, Zhu C, Ji Q, Tang J. Astrocytic NDRG2 is critical in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:300-313. [PMID: 32688030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of astrocytes and abnormal synaptic glutamate metabolism are closely associated with the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain (NP), but the exact mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a novel tumor-suppressor protein and stress-response gene, is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in nociceptive transduction has rarely been investigated. Here, we found that NDRG2, which was mainly expressed in the astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), was increased in the spinal cord of a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat model for NP. Suppression of NDRG2 by intrathecal injection of an NDRG2-RNAi-adenovirus significantly alleviated SNL-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, as well as elevated astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) expression and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, in the spinal dorsal horn of rats on Day 10 after SNL. Furthermore, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary astrocytic cultures derived from neonatal rats, inhibition of NDRG2 significantly reversed both the LPS-induced activation of astrocytes and decreased expression of GLT-1. By contrast, overexpression of NDRG2 by an adenoviral vector carrying NDRG2 resulted in astrocytic activation, aberrant glutamatergic neurotransmission, and spontaneous nociceptive responses in rats. Intrathecal injection of AG490, which is an inhibitor of the Janus tyrosine kinase and signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway, significantly attenuated both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, as well as inhibited reactive astrocytes and restored normal expression levels of astrocytic GLT-1, in the spinal dorsal horn of NDRG2-overexpression rats. In conclusion, spinal astrocytic NDRG2 is critical in the maintenance of NP. Moreover, NDRG2 modulates astrocytic activation and inflammatory responses via regulating GLT-1 expression through the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that NDRG2 could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suting Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Guo H, Yin A, Ma Y, Fan Z, Tao L, Tang W, Ma Y, Hou W, Cai G, Zhuo L, Zhang J, Li Y, Xiong L. Astroglial N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects the brain from cerebral edema induced by stroke. Glia 2020; 69:281-295. [PMID: 32652708 PMCID: PMC7754347 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema is a grave complication of brain ischemia and is the main cause of herniation and death. Although astrocytic swelling is the main contributor to cytotoxic edema, the molecular mechanism involved in this process remains elusive. N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a well‐studied tumor suppressor gene, is mainly expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. Here, we found that NDRG2 deficiency leads to worsened cerebral edema, imbalanced Na+ transfer, and astrocyte swelling after ischemia. We also found that NDRG2 deletion in astrocytes dramatically changed the expression and distribution of aquaporin‐4 and Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1, which are strongly associated with cell polarity, in the ischemic brain. Brain edema and astrocyte swelling were significantly alleviated by rescuing the expression of astrocytic Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1 in NDRG2‐knockout mouse brains. In addition, the upregulation of astrocytic NDRG2 by lentiviral constructs notably attenuated brain edema, astrocytic swelling, and blood–brain barrier destruction. Our results indicate a particular role of NDRG2 in maintaining astrocytic polarization to facilitate Na+ and water transfer balance and to protect the brain from ischemic edema. These findings provide insight into NDRG2 as a therapeutic target in cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Yaqun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Li X, Wu X, Luo P, Xiong L. Astrocyte-specific NDRG2 gene: functions in the brain and neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2461-2472. [PMID: 31834421 PMCID: PMC11104915 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the roles of astrocytes of the central nervous system in brain function and neurological disease have drawn increasing attention. As a member of the N-myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family, NDRG2 is principally expressed in astrocytes of the central nervous system. NDRG2, which is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, is commonly regarded as a tumor suppressor. In astrocytes, NDRG2 affects the regulation of apoptosis, astrogliosis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and glutamate clearance. Several preclinical studies have revealed that NDRG2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases not limited to tumors (mostly glioma in the nervous system), such as stroke, neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), and psychiatric disorders (depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). This review summarizes the biological functions of NDRG2 under physiological and pathological conditions, and further discusses the roles of NDRG2 during the occurrence and development of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiuquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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17
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Mir BA, Mason SA, May AK, Russell AP, Foletta VC. Overexpression of NDRG2 in skeletal muscle does not ameliorate the effects of stress in vivo. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1326-1338. [PMID: 32468595 DOI: 10.1113/ep088620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do elevated levels of the stress-response protein NDRG2 protect against fasting and chronic disease in mouse skeletal muscle? What is the main finding and its importance? NDRG2 levels increased in the tibialis anterior muscle in response to fasting and the effects of motor neurone disease. No alleviation of the stress-related and proteasomal pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction or muscle mass loss was observed even with the addition of exogenous NDRG2 indicating that the increase in NDRG2 is a normal adaptive response. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle mass loss and dysfunction can arise from stress, which leads to enhanced protein degradation and metabolic impairment. The expression of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is induced in response to different stressors and is protective against the effects of stress in some tissues and cell types. Here, we investigated the endogenous NDRG2 response to the stress of fasting and chronic disease in mice and whether exogenous NDRG2 overexpression through adeno-associated viral (AAV) treatment ameliorated the response of skeletal muscle to these conditions. Endogenous levels of NDRG2 increased in the tibialis anterior muscle in response to 24 h fasting and with the development of the motor neurone disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. Despite AAV-induced overexpression and increased expression with fasting, NDRG2 was unable to protect against the activation of proteasomal and stress pathways in response to fasting. Furthermore, NDRG2 was unable to reduce muscle mass loss, mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress levels in SOD1G93A mice. Conversely, elevated NDRG2 levels did not exacerbate these stress responses. Overall, increasing NDRG2 levels might not be a useful therapeutic strategy to alleviate stress-related disease pathologies in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Mir
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Institute of Muscle Biology & Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony K May
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Victoria C Foletta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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18
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Dp44mT, an iron chelator, suppresses growth and induces apoptosis via RORA-mediated NDRG2-IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling in glioma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:461-475. [PMID: 32207044 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The iron-chelating agent di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) has been found to inhibit cell growth and to induce apoptosis in several human cancers. However, its effects and mechanism of action in glioma are unknown. METHODS Human glioma cell line LN229 and patient-derived glioma stem cells GSC-42 were applied for both in vitro and in vivo xenograft nude mouse experiments. The anti-tumor effects of Dp44mT were assessed using MTS, EdU, TUNEL, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS We found that Dp44mT can upregulate the expression of the anti-oncogene N-myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG)2 by directly binding to and activating the RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)A. In addition, we found that NDRG2 overexpression suppressed inflammation via activation of interleukin (IL)-6/Janus kinase (JAK)2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Dp44mT may serve as an effective drug for the treatment of glioma by targeting RORA and enhancing NDRG2-mediated IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling.
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19
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NDRG2 Expression Correlates with Neurofibrillary Tangles and Microglial Pathology in the Ageing Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010340. [PMID: 31947996 PMCID: PMC6982267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a major role in the pathogenesis of a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), undergoing dramatic morphological and molecular changes that can cause potentially both beneficial and detrimental effects. They comprise a heterogeneous population, requiring a panel of specific phenotype markers to identify astrocyte subtypes, changes in function and their relation to pathology. This study aimed to characterise expression of the astrocyte marker N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) in the ageing brain, investigate the relationship between NDRG2 and a panel of astrocyte markers, and relate NDRG2 expression to pathology. NDRG2 specifically immunolabelled the cell body and radiating processes of astrocytes in the temporal cortex of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS) neuropathology cohort. Expression of NDRG2 did not correlate with other astrocyte markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and glutamine synthetase (GS). NDRG2 showed a relationship to AT8+ neurofibrillary tangles (p = 0.001) and CD68+ microglia (p = 0.047), but not β-amyloid plaques or astrocyte nuclear γH2AX immunoreactivity, a marker of DNA damage response. These findings provide new insight into the astrocyte response to pathology in the ageing brain, and suggest NDRG2 may be a potential target to modulate this response.
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20
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Zhou J, Tao K, Guo K, Wu L, Zhang Z, Feng D, Gao G, Qin H. Suppression of NDRG2 alleviates brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage through mitigating astrocyte-drived glutamate neurotoxicity via NF-κB/GLT1 signaling. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146600. [PMID: 31843625 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a newly identified astrocytic stress response gene, is involved in the regulation of astrocytic morphology and function, and has been indicated to be a potential therapeutic target for some central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, the role of NDRG2 in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unknown. Here, we reported that NDRG2 suppression exerted neuroprotection effect against hemorrhagic brain injury in ICH mice and in oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb)-treated cells. Ndrg2 knockout (Ndrg2-/-) mice exhibited reduced hematoma volume and neuronal apoptosis in perihematoma although Ndrg2 deficiency showed little effect on the initial hematoma volume after ICH induction by collagenase injection. Moreover, contrary to the increase in NDRG2 expression after ICH, the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in astrocytes was dramatically decreased in WT (Ndrg2+/+) mice, while which could be more maintained in Ndrg2 knockout mice following ICH. Furthermore, in terms of the mechanism of epigenetic regulation of GLT1 by NDRG2, the results showed that NDRG2 directly interacted with NF-κB, and inhibited the nuclear import and DNA binding activity of the NF-κB p65 subunit after OxyHb treatment in primary astrocytes, decreasing GLT1 transcription and impairing glutamate uptake. Overall, our findings indicate that NDRG2 plays a key role in the pathology of ICH by regulating astrocytic GLT1 expression; thus suppressing NDRG2 may be a potential therapeutic target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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21
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Tao L, Zhu Y, Wang R, Han J, Ma Y, Guo H, Tang W, Zhuo L, Fan Z, Yin A, Hou W, Li Y. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 deficiency aggravates memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112384. [PMID: 31778735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system and the most common dementia type in elderly people. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a cell stress response gene, is primarily expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. The hippocampal protein levels of NDRG2 in AD patients were significantly higher than those in healthy peers. However, whether the increase in NDRG2 is involved in the development of AD or is an endogenous protective response initiated by stress remains unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of NDRG2 in the development of memory impairment in AD using mouse models established by amyloid β injection or crossing of APP/PS1 mice. We found that NDRG2 deficiency worsened the memory impairment in AD mice. In addition, NDRG2 deletion induced downregulation of the proteasome functional subunit PSMB6 in AD mice. These findings suggest that NDRG2 is an endogenous neuroprotectant that participates in the pathological course of waste-clearing impairment and memory damage in AD. NDRG2 may be a therapeutic target for the intervention of AD memory degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tao
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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22
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Deng YL, Ma YL, Zhang ZL, Zhang LX, Guo H, Qin P, Hou YS, Gao ZJ, Hou WG. Astrocytic N-Myc Downstream-regulated Gene-2 Is Involved in Nuclear Transcription Factor κB-mediated Inflammation Induced by Global Cerebral Ischemia. Anesthesiology 2019; 128:574-586. [PMID: 29252510 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a key element in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. This study investigated the role of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 in nuclear transcription factor κB-mediated inflammation in ischemia models. METHODS Mice (n = 6 to 12) with or without nuclear transcription factor κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were subjected to global cerebral ischemia for 20 min. Pure astrocyte cultures or astrocyte-neuron cocultures (n = 6) with or without pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 4 h or 2 h. Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, neuronal apoptosis and survival, and memory function were analyzed at different time points after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion was also studied in lentivirus-transfected astrocyte lines after reoxygenation. RESULTS Astrocytic nuclear transcription factor κB and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion increased after reperfusion or reoxygenation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate pretreatment significantly reduced N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro, reduced neuronal apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (from 65 ± 4% to 47 ± 4%, P = 0.0375) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (from 45.6 ± 0.2% to 22.0 ± 4.0%, P < 0.001), and improved memory function in comparison to vehicle-treated control animals subjected to global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 lentiviral knockdown reduced the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytic N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 is up-regulated after cerebral ischemia and is involved in nuclear transcription factor κB-mediated inflammation. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate alleviates ischemia-induced neuronal injury and hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment by inhibiting increases in N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2 expression and N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-2-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Liang Deng
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (Y.D., Y.M., P.Q., Y.H., Z.G., W.H.); Anesthesia and Operation Center, People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.M.); Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (Z.Z.); First Affiliated Hospital to People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (L.Z.); and Department of Anesthesiology, People's Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China (H.G.)
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23
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Yin A, Guo H, Tao L, Cai G, Wang Y, Yao L, Xiong L, Zhang J, Li Y. NDRG2 Protects the Brain from Excitotoxicity by Facilitating Interstitial Glutamate Uptake. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:214-227. [PMID: 31250377 PMCID: PMC7067740 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is a prominent neurotransmitter responsible for excitatory synaptic transmission and is taken up by sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on astrocytes to maintain synaptic homeostasis. Here, we report that N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a known tumor suppressor, is required to facilitate astroglial glutamate uptake and protect the brain from glutamate excitotoxicity after ischemia. NDRG2 knockout (Ndrg2-/-) mice exhibited an increase in cerebral interstitial glutamate and a reduction in glutamate uptake into astrocytes. The ability of NDRG2 to control EAAT-mediated glutamate uptake into astrocytes required NDRG2 to interact with and promote the function of Na+/K+-ATPase β1, which could be disrupted by a Na+/K+-ATPase β1 peptide. The deletion of NDRG2 or treatment with the Na+/K+-ATPase β1 peptide significantly increased neuronal death upon a glutamate challenge and aggravated brain damage after ischemia. Our findings demonstrate that NDRG2 plays a pivotal role in promoting astroglial glutamate uptake from the interstitial space and protecting the brain from glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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24
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Kong L, Yao Y, Xia Y, Liang X, Ni Y, Yang J. Osthole alleviates inflammation by down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway in traumatic brain injury. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:349-360. [PMID: 31056982 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1608560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common neurotrosis disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which has dramatic consequences on the integrity of damaged tissue. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and anti-inflammatory actions of osthole, a natural coumarin derivative, in both in vivo and in vitro TBI models. We first prepared a mouse model of cortical stab wound brain injury, investigated the capacity for osthole to prevent secondary brain injury and further examined the underlying mechanism. We revealed that osthole significantly improved the neurological function, increased the number of neurons beside injured site. Additionally, osthole treatment reduced the expression of microglia and glial scar, lowered the level of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and blocked the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Furthermore, the protective effect of osthole was also examined in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to scratch injury. Treatment of osthole prominently suppressed cell apoptosis and inflammatory factors release by blocking injury-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation, and upregulated the IκB-α which functions in the NF-κB signaling pathway of SH-SY5Y cells. However, NF-κB signaling pathway was inhibited by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-κB inhibitor, the anti-inflammatory effect of osthole was abolished. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that osthole attenuated inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Yingjia Yao
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Yang Xia
- b Department of Engineering , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Xicai Liang
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Yingnan Ni
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
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25
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Takarada-Iemata M, Yoshikawa A, Ta HM, Okitani N, Nishiuchi T, Aida Y, Kamide T, Hattori T, Ishii H, Tamatani T, Le TM, Roboon J, Kitao Y, Matsuyama T, Nakada M, Hori O. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia. Glia 2018; 66:1432-1446. [PMID: 29476556 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following cerebral ischemia is closely related to the infiltration of peripheral cells into the brain, progression of lesion formation, and clinical exacerbation. However, the mechanism that regulates BBB integrity, especially after permanent ischemia, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that astrocytic N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule, may function as a modulator of BBB permeability following ischemic stroke, using a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression of NDRG2 increases dominantly in astrocytes following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Genetic deletion of Ndrg2 exhibited enhanced levels of infarct volume and accumulation of immune cells into the ipsilateral brain hemisphere following ischemia. Extravasation of serum proteins including fibrinogen and immunoglobulin, after MCAO, was enhanced at the ischemic core and perivascular region of the peri-infarct area in the ipsilateral cortex of Ndrg2-deficient mice. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after MCAO markedly increased in Ndrg2-/- mice. In culture, expression and secretion of MMP-3 was increased in Ndrg2-/- astrocytes, and this increase was reversed by adenovirus-mediated re-expression of NDRG2. These findings suggest that NDRG2, expressed in astrocytes, may play a critical role in the regulation of BBB permeability and immune cell infiltration through the modulation of MMP expression following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kamide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and CNS Repair, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-Machi, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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26
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Le TM, Takarada-Iemata M, Ta HM, Roboon J, Ishii H, Tamatani T, Kitao Y, Hattori T, Hori O. Ndrg2 deficiency ameliorates neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2018; 145:139-153. [PMID: 29315585 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule that is predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system. In this study, we examined the expression and role of NDRG2 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of NDRG2 was observed in astrocytes of spinal cord, and was enhanced after EAE induction. A comparative analysis of wild-type and Ndrg2-/- mice revealed that deletion of Ndrg2 ameliorated the clinical symptoms of EAE. Although Ndrg2 deficiency only slightly affected the inflammatory response, based on the results of flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, it significantly reduced demyelination in the chronic phase, and, more importantly, neurodegeneration both in the acute and chronic phases. Further studies revealed that the expression of astrocytic glutamate transporters, including glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter 1, was more maintained in the Ndrg2-/- mice compared with wild-type mice after EAE induction. Consistent with these results, studies using cultured astrocytes revealed that Ndrg2 gene silencing increased the expression of GLAST, while NDRG2 over-expression decreased it without altering the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. The effect of NDRG2 on GLAST expression was associated with the activation of Akt, but not with the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. These findings suggest that NDRG2 plays a key role in the pathology of EAE by modulating glutamate metabolism. Cover Image for this Issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14173.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan
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27
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Yan Y, Kong L, Xia Y, Liang W, Wang L, Song J, Yao Y, Lin Y, Yang J. Osthole promotes endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and improved neurological function through Notch signaling pathway in mice acute mechanical brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:118-129. [PMID: 28823624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical brain injury (MBI) is a common neurotrosis disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which has a higher mortality and disability. In the case of MBI, neurons death leads to loss of nerve function. To date, there was no satisfactory way to restore neural deficits caused by MBI. Endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate, differentiate and migrate to the lesions after brain injury, to replace and repair the damaged neural cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), hippocampus and the regions of brain injury. In the present study, we first prepared a mouse model of cortical stab wound brain injury. Using the immunohistochemical and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining method, we demonstrated that osthole (Ost), a natural coumarin derivative, was capable of promoting the proliferation of endogenous NSCs and improving neuronal restoration. Then, using the Morris water maze (MWM) test, we revealed that Ost significantly improved the learning and memory function in the MBI mice, increased the number of neurons in the regions of brain injury, hippocampus DG and CA3 regions. Additionally, we found that Ost up-regulated the expression of self-renewal genes Notch 1 and Hes 1. However, when Notch activity was blocked by the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, the expression of Notch 1 and Hes 1 mRNA was down-regulated, augmentation of NICD and Hes 1 protein was ameliorated, the proliferation-inducing effect of Ost was abolished. These results suggested that the effects of Ost were at least in part mediated by activation of Notch signaling pathway. Our findings support that Ost is a potential drug for treating MBI due to its neuronal restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Liang Kong
- China First Mandarin Group Northeast International Hospital, Shenyang 110623, PR China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LZ, UK
| | - Wenbo Liang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China
| | - Litong Wang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Yingjia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, PR China.
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28
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Li Y, Yin A, Sun X, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang P, Xie R, Li W, Fan Z, Zhu Y, Wang H, Dong H, Wu S, Xiong L. Deficiency of tumor suppressor NDRG2 leads to attention deficit and hyperactive behavior. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4270-4284. [PMID: 29058689 DOI: 10.1172/jci94455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in children. Although an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs has been proposed as contributing to this disorder, the mechanisms underlying this highly heterogeneous disease remain largely unknown. Here, we show that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) deficiency is involved in the development of ADHD in both mice and humans. Ndrg2-knockout (Ndrg2-/-) mice exhibited ADHD-like symptoms characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and impaired memory. Furthermore, interstitial glutamate levels and excitatory transmission were markedly increased in the brains of Ndrg2-/- mice due to reduced astroglial glutamate clearance. We developed an NDRG2 peptide that rescued astroglial glutamate clearance and reduced excitatory glutamate transmission in NDRG2-deficient astrocytes. Additionally, NDRG2 peptide treatment rescued ADHD-like hyperactivity in the Ndrg2-/- mice, while routine methylphenidate treatment had no effect on hyperactivity in these animals. Finally, children who were heterozygous for rs1998848, a SNP in NDRG2, had a higher risk of ADHD than children who were homozygous for rs1998848. Our results indicate that NDRG2 deficiency leads to ADHD phenotypes and that impaired astroglial glutamate clearance, a mechanism distinct from the well-established dopamine deficit hypothesis for ADHD, underlies the resultant behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,2, Institute of Neuroscience.,3, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Anqi Yin
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Xin Sun
- 4, Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,5, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianfang Zhang
- 6, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Wang
- 4, Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rougang Xie
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,2, Institute of Neuroscience
| | - Wen Li
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Ze Fan
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Han Wang
- 7, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Lize Xiong
- 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
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29
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Gao L, Li X, Li H, Li X, Li J, Shen H, Chen G. Spatial-temporal expression of NDRG2 in brain tissues in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage: A pilot study. Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:356-360. [PMID: 29037792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was a member of the N-myc down regulated gene family which belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily and played important roles in cell death. To date, the expression and effects of NDRG2 in brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are unclear. In this study, we investigated the spatial-temporal expression of NDRG2 in brain tissues in a rat model of ICH. The expression levels of NDRG2 were tested in 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and 7d after ICH by western blot analysis. The results showed that the NDRG2 levels were increased and peaked at 24h after ICH, and then declined subsequently. Meanwhile, we also examined the NDRG2 cellular localization in brain tissues by immunofluorescence analysis with NeuN and GFAP (biomarker of neuron and astrocytes respectively). The results demonstrated that NDRG2 was mainly expressed in astrocytes, but not neurons, after ICH. Additionally, the results of double staining indicated that the rate of NDRG2- and TUNEL -positive cells was significantly higher in the brain tissues in rats after ICH. The roles of NDRG2 in ICH needed further investigation and inhibiting the expression of NDRG2 may have potential therapeutic effects in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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30
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Dombret C, Capela D, Poissenot K, Parmentier C, Bergsten E, Pionneau C, Chardonnet S, Hardin-Pouzet H, Grange-Messent V, Keller M, Franceschini I, Mhaouty-Kodja S. Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Disruption of Male Courtship Behavior by Adult Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:097001. [PMID: 28934723 PMCID: PMC5915199 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Courtship behavior plays a critical role in attracting females and reproduction success. However, the effects of exposure to a ubiquitous contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on these behaviors and, in particular, on courtship vocalizations have not been examined. OBJECTIVE The effects of adult exposure to DEHP on courtship and mating behaviors and gonadotropic axis and neural mechanisms involved in DEHP-induced effects were analyzed in male mice. METHODS Adult C57BL/6J males were orally exposed to DEHP (0, 0.5, 5, and 50μg/kg/d) for 4 wk. Olfactory preference, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), partner preference and mating, as well as locomotor activity and motor coordination, were measured. The kisspeptin system and testosterone levels were analyzed. Proteomic and molecular studies were conducted on the hypothalamic preoptic nucleus, the key region involved in sexual motivation to vocalize and mate. RESULTS DEHP at 50μg/kg/d reduced the emission of USVs, whereas lower doses changed the ratio of syllable categories. This was associated with diminished sexual interest of female partners toward males exposed to 5 or 50μg/kg/d and increased latency to mate, despite normal olfactory preference. The kisspeptin system and circulating testosterone levels were unaffected. In DEHP-exposed males, proteomic analysis of the preoptic nucleus identified differentially expressed proteins connected to the androgen receptor (AR). Indeed, exposure to 5 or 50μg/kg/d of DEHP induced selective AR downregulation in this nucleus and upstream chemosensory regions. The involvement of AR changes in the observed alterations was further supported by the reduced emission of courtship vocalizations in males with disrupted neural AR expression. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the critical role of neural AR in courtship vocalizations and raises the possibility that the vulnerability of this signaling pathway to exposure to endocrine disrupters may be detrimental for courtship communication and mating in several species. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1443.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Dombret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Daphné Capela
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Poissenot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 85 , Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247 , Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais , Tours, France
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation , Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Parmentier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Emma Bergsten
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hélène Hardin-Pouzet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Grange-Messent
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 85 , Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247 , Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais , Tours, France
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation , Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Franceschini
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 85 , Nouzilly, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247 , Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais , Tours, France
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation , Nouzilly, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS , Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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Zheng Y, Zhao Z, Wu W, Song C, Meng S, Fan L, Bing X, Chen J. Effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation on hepatic and serum pro-/anti-inflammatory activity in juvenile GIFT tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:220-228. [PMID: 28390933 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary resveratrol (RES) supplementation may have some pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation. Previous studies have shown that Kupffer cell activation and apoptosis induction increases the transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of 0.1 or 0.3 g/kg RES as a dietary supplement in juvenile freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results showed that hepatic and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) significantly decreased and increased while anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the RES-treated groups. The expression of serum and hepatic IgM and anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10] and its inverse inhibitor interferon (IFN)-γ significantly increased while pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription significantly decreased. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy revealed intestinal deformation, irregular goblet cells, and apoptotic cells in the 0.3 g/kg RES groups. RES (0.3 g/kg) also induced necrosis, apoptosis, reduction in Kupffer cell number, compressed sinusoids, and deformation of epidermal cells in the liver of the treated groups. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that high doses of RES were absorbed in the gut and then damaged the liver and intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Limin Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Xuwen Bing
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Jiazhang Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
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Abstract
In the brain, the astrocentric view has increasingly changed in the past few years. The classical and old view of astrocytes as "just supporting cells" has assigned these cells some functions to help neurons maintain their homeostasis. This neuronal supportive function of astrocytes includes maintenance of ion and extracellular pH equilibrium, neuroendocrine signaling, metabolic support, clearance of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, and antioxidant protection. However, recent findings have shed some light on the new roles, some controversial though, performed by astrocytes that might change our view about the central nervous system functioning. Since astrocytes are important for neuronal survival, it is a potential approach to favor astrocytic functions in order to improve the outcome. Such translational strategies may include the use of genetically targeted proteins, and/or pharmacological therapies by administering androgens and estrogens, which have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo models. It is noteworthy that successful strategies reviewed in here shall be extrapolated to human subjects, and this is probably the next step we should move on.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Hattori T, Kaji M, Ishii H, Jureepon R, Takarada-Iemata M, Minh Ta H, Manh Le T, Konno A, Hirai H, Shiraishi Y, Ozaki N, Yamamoto Y, Okamoto H, Yokoyama S, Higashida H, Kitao Y, Hori O. CD38 positively regulates postnatal development of astrocytes cell-autonomously and oligodendrocytes non-cell-autonomously. Glia 2017; 65:974-989. [PMID: 28295574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glial development is critical for the function of the central nervous system. CD38 is a multifunctional molecule with ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity. While critical roles of CD38 in the adult brain such as oxytocin release and social behavior have been reported, those in the developing brain remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that deletion of Cd38 leads to impaired development of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in mice. CD38 is highly expressed in the developing brains between postnatal day 14 (P14) and day 28 (P28). In situ hybridization and FACS analysis revealed that CD38 is expressed predominantly in astrocytes in these periods. Analyses of the cortex of Cd38 knockout (Cd38-/- ) mice revealed delayed development of astrocytes and subsequently delayed differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) at postnatal stages. In vitro experiments using primary OL cultures, mixed glial cultures, and astrocytic conditioned medium showed that astrocytic CD38 regulates the development of astrocytes in a cell-autonomous manner and the differentiation of OLs in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Further experiments revealed that connexin43 (Cx43) in astrocytes plays a promotive role for CD38-mediated OL differentiation. Finally, increased levels of NAD+ , caused by CD38 deficiency, are likely to be responsible for the suppression of astrocytic Cx43 expression and OL differentiation. Our data indicate that CD38 is a positive regulator of astrocyte and OL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Kaji
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Roboon Jureepon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hieu Minh Ta
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Shiraishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Tao ZY, Gao P, Yan YH, Li HY, Song J, Yang JX. Osthole Enhances the Therapeutic Efficiency of Stem Cell Transplantation in Neuroendoscopy Caused Traumatic Brain Injury. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1043-1054. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-yu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Peng Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Yu-hui Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hong-yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing-xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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35
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Yi M, Dou F, Lu Q, Yu Z, Chen H. Activation of the KCa3.1 channel contributes to traumatic scratch injury-induced reactive astrogliosis through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2016; 624:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Ma YL, Zhang LX, Liu GL, Fan Y, Peng Y, Hou WG. N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (Ndrg2) Is Involved in Ischemia-Hypoxia-Induced Astrocyte Apoptosis: a Novel Target for Stroke Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3286-3299. [PMID: 27154863 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all clinical trials that have attempted to develop effective strategies against ischemic stroke have failed, excluding those for thrombolysis, and most of these trials focused only on preventing neuronal loss. However, astrocytes have gradually become a target for neuroprotection in stroke. In previous studies, we showed that the newly identified molecular N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) is specifically expressed in astrocytes in the brain and involved in some neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of NDRG2 in ischemic stroke remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG2 in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia and in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cellular apoptosis in the M1800 astrocyte cell line. NDRG2 mRNA and protein expression began to increase at 6 and 2 h after reperfusion and peaked at 24 h in the ischemic penumbra and in M1800 cells, as detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased as the NDRG2-positive signal increased and that the NDRG2 signal was sometimes co-localized with TUNEL-positive cells and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in both the ischemic penumbra and the M1800 cells. Using a lentivirus, we successfully constructed two stable astrocytic cell lines in which NDRG2 expression was significantly up- or down-regulated. NDRG2 silencing had a proliferative effect and reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression following OGD, whereas NDRG2 over-expression had the opposite effects. In conclusion, NDRG2 is involved in astrocyte apoptosis following ischemic-hypoxic injury, and inhibiting NDRG2 expression significantly reduces ROS production and astrocyte apoptosis. These findings provide insight into the role of NDRG2 in ischemic-hypoxic injury and provide potential targets for future clinical therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guang-Lin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanhong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Wu-Gang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Lin K, Yin A, Yao L, Li Y. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 in the nervous system: from expression pattern to function. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:761-6. [PMID: 26341979 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been shown to be a multifunctional protein associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, transmembrane transport, and stress responses. In most mammalian brains, NDRG2 is principally expressed in astrocytic cells throughout different regions. NDRG2 has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis and in the development of nervous system diseases, including neurodegeneration, ischemia, and glioblastoma. This review summarizes the distribution and subcellular localization of NDRG2 in brain tissues, highlights the physiological actions of NDRG2 in the nervous system, and further discusses the roles of NDRG2 during the occurrence and development of several nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Xia Y, Kong L, Yao Y, Jiao Y, Song J, Tao Z, You Z, Yang J. Osthole confers neuroprotection against cortical stab wound injury and attenuates secondary brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:155. [PMID: 26337552 PMCID: PMC4559066 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendoscopy is an innovative technique for neurosurgery that can nonetheless result in traumatic brain injury. The accompanying neuroinflammation may lead to secondary tissue damage, which is the major cause of delayed neuronal death after surgery. The present study investigated the capacity of osthole to prevent secondary brain injury and the underlying mechanism of action in a mouse model of stab wound injury. Methods A mouse model of cortical stab wound injury was established by inserting a needle into the cerebral cortex for 20 min to mimic neuroendoscopy. Mice received an intraperitoneal injection of osthole 30 min after surgery and continued for 14 days. Neurological severity was evaluated 12 h and up to 21 days after the trauma. Brains were collected 3–21 days post-injury for histological analysis, immunocytochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Neurological function improved in mice treated with osthole and was accompanied by reduced brain water content and accelerated wound closure relative to untreated mice. Osthole treatment reduced the number of macrophages/microglia and peripheral infiltrating of neutrophils and lowered the level of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the lesioned cortex. Osthole-treated mice had fewer TUNEL+ apoptotic neurons surrounding the lesion than controls, indicating increased neuronal survival. Conclusions Osthole reduced secondary brain damage by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model of stab wound injury. These results suggest a new strategy for promoting neuronal survival and function after neurosurgery to improve long-term patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LZ, UK.
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Yingjia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Yanan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Zhenyu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Zhong You
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LZ, UK.
| | - Jingxian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Ichikawa T, Nakahata S, Tamura T, Manachai N, Morishita K. The loss of NDRG2 expression improves depressive behavior through increased phosphorylation of GSK3β. Cell Signal 2015. [PMID: 26208882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is one of the important stress-inducible genes and plays a critical role in negatively regulating PI3K/AKT signaling during hypoxia and inflammation. Through recruitment of PP2A phosphatase, NDRG2 maintains the dephosphorylated status of PTEN to suppress excessive PI3K/AKT signaling, and loss of NDRG2 expression is frequently seen in various types of cancer with enhanced activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Because NDRG2 is highly expressed in the nervous system, we investigated whether NDRG2 plays a functional role in the nervous system using Ndrg2-deficient mice. Ndrg2-deficient mice do not display any gross abnormalities in the nervous system, but they have a diminished behavioral response associated with anxiety. Ndrg2-deficient mice exhibited decreased immobility and increased head-dipping and rearing behavior in two behavioral models, indicating an improvement of emotional anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, treatment of wild-type mice with the antidepressant drug imipramine reduced the expression of Ndrg2 in the frontal cortex, which was due to the degradation of HIF-1α through reduced expression of HSP90 protein. Furthermore, we found that the down-regulation of Ndrg2 in Ndrg2-deficient mice and imipramine treatment improved mood behavior with enhanced phosphorylation of GSK3β through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, suggesting that the expression level of NDRG2 has a causal influence on mood-related phenotypes. Collectively, these results suggest that NDRG2 may be a potential target for mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Nawin Manachai
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Song J, Lee JE. ASK1 modulates the expression of microRNA Let7A in microglia under high glucose in vitro condition. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:198. [PMID: 26041997 PMCID: PMC4438231 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia results in oxidative stress and leads to neuronal apoptosis in the brain. Diabetes studies show that microglia participate in the progression of neuropathogenesis through their involvement in inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In high-glucose-induced inflammation, apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) triggers the release of apoptosis cytokines and apoptotic gene expression. MicroRNA-Let7A (miR-Let7A) is reported to be a regulator of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-Let7A regulates the function of microglia by controlling ASK1 in response to high-glucose-induced oxidative stress. We performed reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction, Taqman assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry to confirm the alteration of microglia function. Our results show that miR-Let7A is associated with the activation of ASK1 and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-10) and Mycs (c-Myc and N-Myc). Thus, the relationship between Let-7A and ASK1 could be a novel target for enhancing the beneficial function of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
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