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Nakos Bimpos M, Karali K, Antoniou C, Palermos D, Fouka M, Delis A, Tzieras I, Chrousos GP, Koutmani Y, Stefanis L, Polissidis A. Alpha-synuclein-induced stress sensitivity renders the Parkinson's disease brain susceptible to neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:100. [PMID: 38886854 PMCID: PMC11181569 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A link between chronic stress and Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is emerging. Ample evidence demonstrates that the presynaptic neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (asyn) is closely tied to PD pathogenesis. However, it is not known whether stress system dysfunction is present in PD, if asyn is involved, and if, together, they contribute to neurodegeneration. To address these questions, we assess stress axis function in transgenic rats overexpressing full-length wildtype human asyn (asyn BAC rats) and perform multi-level stress and PD phenotyping following chronic corticosterone administration. Stress signaling, namely corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression, is also examined in post-mortem PD patient brains. Overexpression of human wildtype asyn leads to HPA axis dysregulation in rats, while chronic corticosterone administration significantly aggravates nigrostriatal degeneration, serine129 phosphorylated asyn (pS129) expression and neuroinflammation, leading to phenoconversion from a prodromal to an overt motor PD phenotype. Interestingly, chronic corticosterone in asyn BAC rats induces a robust, twofold increase in pS129 expression in the hypothalamus, the master regulator of the stress response, while the hippocampus, both a regulator and a target of the stress response, also demonstrates elevated pS129 asyn levels and altered markers of stress signalling. Finally, defective hippocampal stress signalling is mirrored in human PD brains and correlates with asyn expression levels. Taken together, our results link brain stress system dysregulation with asyn and provide evidence that elevated circulating glucocorticoids can contribute to asyn-induced neurodegeneration, ultimately triggering phenoconversion from prodromal to overt PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modestos Nakos Bimpos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Karali
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Illisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Antoniou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Illisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Palermos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Fouka
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Delis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Iason Tzieras
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - George Panagiotis Chrousos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute on Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Koutmani
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- 1St Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Science and Mathematics, ACG-Research Center, Deree - American College of Greece, 15342, Athens, Greece.
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Qi Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhao G, Huang J, Zhang Y, Xue J, Tang X. Whether the Subacute MPTP-Treated Mouse is as Suitable as a Classic Model of Parkinsonism. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:360-374. [PMID: 36913134 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model is one of the most common animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD). It is classified into three types: acute, subacute, and chronic intoxication models. The subacute model has attracted much attention for its short period and similarity to PD. However, whether subacute MPTP intoxication in mouse mimics the movement and cognitive disorders of PD still remains highly controversial. Therefore, the present study reassessed the behavioral performances of subacute MPTP intoxication in mice using open field, rotarod, Y maze, and gait analysis at different time points (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) after modeling. Results of the current study showed that although MPTP-treated mice using subacute regimen showed severe dopaminergic neuronal loss and evident astrogliosis, they failed to display significant motor and cognitive deficits. Besides, expression of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), a marker of necroptosis, was also significantly increased in the ventral midbrain and striatum of MPTP-intoxicated mice. This evidently implies that necroptosis may play an important role in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that subacute MPTP-intoxicated mice may not be a suitable model for studying parkinsonism. However, it can help in revealing the early pathophysiology of PD and studying the compensatory mechanisms which occur in early PD that prevent the emergence of behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Harmonious Avenue, Zhang Gong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Harmonious Avenue, Zhang Gong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yanning Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guojian Zhao
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Harmonious Avenue, Zhang Gong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Harmonious Avenue, Zhang Gong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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Prunell G, Olivera-Bravo S. A Focus on Astrocyte Contribution to Parkinson's Disease Etiology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121745. [PMID: 36551173 PMCID: PMC9775515 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease of high prevalence, characterized by the prominent death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which produces dopamine deficiency, leading to classic motor symptoms. Although PD has traditionally been considered as a neuronal cell autonomous pathology, in which the damage of vulnerable neurons is responsible for the disease, growing evidence strongly suggests that astrocytes might have an active role in the neurodegeneration observed. In the present review, we discuss several studies evidencing astrocyte implications in PD, highlighting the consequences of both the loss of normal homeostatic functions and the gain in toxic functions for the wellbeing of dopaminergic neurons. The revised information provides significant evidence that allows astrocytes to be positioned as crucial players in PD etiology, a factor that needs to be taken into account when considering therapeutic targets for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Prunell
- Laboratorio de Neurodegeneración y Neuroprotección, Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (S.O.-B.); Tel.: +598-24871616 (ext. 121 or 123 or 171) (G.P. & S.O.-B.)
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (S.O.-B.); Tel.: +598-24871616 (ext. 121 or 123 or 171) (G.P. & S.O.-B.)
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Rocha GS, Freire MAM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Norrara B, Morais PLAG, Oliveira LC, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS, Cavalcanti JRLP. Effect of senescence on the tyrosine hydroxylase and S100B immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102136. [PMID: 35809809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a natural and progressive physiological event that leads to a series of morphophysiological alterations in the organism. The brain is the most vulnerable organ to both structural and functional changes during this process. Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter for the proper functioning of the brain, directly involved in circuitries related with emotions, learning, motivation and reward. One of the main dopamine- producing nuclei is the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which establish connections with the striatum forming the so-called nigrostriatal pathway. S100B is a calcium binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, involved in both intracellular and extracellular processes, and whose expression is increased following injury in the nervous tissue, being a useful marker in altered status of central nervous system. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of senescence on the cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and S100B along the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat. Our results show an decreased expression of S100B+ cells in SNpc. In addition, there was a significant decrease in TH immunoreactivity in both projection fibers and TH+ cell bodies. In the striatum, a decrease in TH immunoreactivity was also observed, as well as an enlargement of the white matter bundles. Our findings point out that senescence is related to the anatomical and neurochemical changes observed throughout the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Karina M Paiva
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leonardo A G Morais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lucidio C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Rodolfo L P Cavalcanti
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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5
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Iovino L, Giusti V, Pischedda F, Giusto E, Plotegher N, Marte A, Battisti I, Di Iacovo A, Marku A, Piccoli G, Bandopadhyay R, Perego C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Roseti C, Bossi E, Arrigoni G, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Hilfiker S, Civiero L. Trafficking of the glutamate transporter is impaired in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:81-106. [PMID: 35596783 PMCID: PMC9217889 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 (EAAT2) accounts for 80% of brain glutamate clearance and is mainly expressed in astrocytic perisynaptic processes. EAAT2 function is finely regulated by endocytic events, recycling to the plasma membrane and degradation. Noteworthy, deficits in EAAT2 have been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In this study, we show that EAAT2 trafficking is impaired by the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pathogenic variant G2019S, a common cause of late-onset familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). In LRRK2 G2019S human brains and experimental animal models, EAAT2 protein levels are significantly decreased, which is associated with elevated gliosis. The decreased expression of the transporter correlates with its reduced functionality in mouse LRRK2 G2019S purified astrocytic terminals and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. In LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mouse brain, the correct surface localization of the endogenous transporter is impaired, resulting in its interaction with a plethora of endo-vesicular proteins. Mechanistically, we report that pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity delays the recycling of the transporter to the plasma membrane via Rabs inactivation, causing its intracellular re-localization and degradation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pathogenic LRRK2 interferes with the physiology of EAAT2, pointing to extracellular glutamate overload as a possible contributor to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Lee HG, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:339-358. [PMID: 35173313 PMCID: PMC9081171 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. Astrocytes regulate glutamate and ion homeostasis, cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism and respond to environmental factors, all of which have been implicated in neurological diseases. Astrocytes also exhibit significant heterogeneity, driven by developmental programmes and stimulus-specific cellular responses controlled by CNS location, cell-cell interactions and other mechanisms. In this Review, we highlight general mechanisms of astrocyte regulation and their potential as therapeutic targets, including drugs that alter astrocyte metabolism, and therapies that target transporters and receptors on astrocytes. Emerging ideas, such as engineered probiotics and glia-to-neuron conversion therapies, are also discussed. We further propose a concise nomenclature for astrocyte subsets that we use to highlight the roles of astrocytes and specific subsets in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Morales I, Puertas-Avendaño R, Sanchez A, Perez-Barreto A, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Rodriguez M. Astrocytes and retrograde degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: removing axonal debris. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:43. [PMID: 34727977 PMCID: PMC8562009 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons (DA cells) in healthy people present a slow degeneration with aging, which produces cellular debris throughout life. About 2%–5% of people present rapid cell degeneration of more than 50% of DA cells, which produces Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neuroinflammation accelerates the cell degeneration and may be critical for the transition between the slow physiological and the rapid pathological degeneration of DA cells, particularly when it activates microglial cells of the medial forebrain bundle near dopaminergic axons. As synaptic debris produced by DA cell degeneration may trigger the parkinsonian neuroinflammation, this study investigated the removal of axonal debris produced by retrograde degeneration of DA cells, paying particular attention to the relative roles of astrocytes and microglia. Methods Rats and mice were injected in the lateral ventricles with 6-hydroxydopamine, inducing a degeneration of dopaminergic synapses in the striatum which was not accompanied by non-selective tissue damage, microgliosis or neuroinflammation. The possible retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons, and the production and metabolization of DA-cell debris were studied with immunohistochemical methods and analyzed in confocal and electron microscopy images. Results The selective degeneration of dopaminergic synapses in the striatum was followed by a retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons whose debris was found within spheroids of the medial forebrain bundle. These spheroids retained mitochondria and most (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase, the dopamine transporter protein, and amyloid precursor protein) but not all (e.g., α-synuclein) proteins of the degenerating dopaminergic axons. Spheroids showed initial (autophagosomes) but not late (lysosomes) components of autophagy (incomplete autophagy). These spheroids were penetrated by astrocytic processes of the medial forebrain bundle, which provided the lysosomes needed to continue the degradation of dopaminergic debris. Finally, dopaminergic proteins were observed in the cell somata of astrocytes. No microgliosis or microglial phagocytosis of debris was observed in the medial forebrain bundle during the retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons. Conclusions The present data suggest a physiological role of astrocytic phagocytosis of axonal debris for the medial forebrain bundle astrocytes, which may prevent the activation of microglia and the spread of retrograde axonal degeneration in PD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00262-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Puertas-Avendaño
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Perez-Barreto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. .,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.
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Mendes-Pinheiro B, Soares-Cunha C, Marote A, Loureiro-Campos E, Campos J, Barata-Antunes S, Monteiro-Fernandes D, Santos D, Duarte-Silva S, Pinto L, José Salgado A. Unilateral Intrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion in Mice: A Closer Look into Non-Motor Phenotype and Glial Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111530. [PMID: 34768962 PMCID: PMC8584172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion is still one of the most widely used techniques for modeling Parkinson’s disease (PD) in rodents. Despite commonly used in rats, it can be challenging to reproduce a similar lesion in mice. Moreover, there is a lack of characterization of the extent of behavioral deficits and of the neuronal loss/neurotransmitter system in unilateral lesion mouse models. In this study, we present an extensive behavioral and histological characterization of a unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA mouse model. Our results indicate significant alterations in balance and fine motor coordination, voluntary locomotion, and in the asymmetry’s degree of forelimb use in 6-OHDA lesioned animals, accompanied by a decrease in self-care and motivational behavior, common features of depressive-like symptomatology. These results were accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-labelling and dopamine levels within the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, we also identify a marked astrocytic reaction, as well as proliferative and reactive microglia in lesioned areas. These results confirm the use of unilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA mice for the generation of a mild model of nigrostriatal degeneration and further evidences the recapitulation of key aspects of PD, thereby being suitable for future studies beholding new therapeutical interventions for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Loureiro-Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barata-Antunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Monteiro-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diogo Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.M.-P.); (C.S.-C.); (A.M.); (E.L.-C.); (J.C.); (S.B.-A.); (D.M.-F.); (D.S.); (S.D.-S.); (L.P.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-60-49-47
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Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Patnaik R, Menon PK, Tian ZR, Sahib S, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Skaper SD, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Histamine H3 and H4 receptors modulate Parkinson's disease induced brain pathology. Neuroprotective effects of nanowired BF-2649 and clobenpropit with anti-histamine-antibody therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:1-73. [PMID: 34689857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel deployed in combat operations are highly prone to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) in later lives. PD largely involves dopaminergic pathways with hallmarks of increased alpha synuclein (ASNC), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) precipitating brain pathology. However, increased histaminergic nerve fibers in substantia nigra pars Compacta (SNpc), striatum (STr) and caudate putamen (CP) associated with upregulation of Histamine H3 receptors and downregulation of H4 receptors in human cases of PD is observed in postmortem cases. These findings indicate that modulation of histamine H3 and H4 receptors and/or histaminergic transmission may induce neuroprotection in PD induced brain pathology. In this review effects of a potent histaminergic H3 receptor inverse agonist BF-2549 or clobenpropit (CLBPT) partial histamine H4 agonist with H3 receptor antagonist, in association with monoclonal anti-histamine antibodies (AHmAb) in PD brain pathology is discussed based on our own observations. Our investigation shows that chronic administration of conventional or TiO2 nanowired BF 2649 (1mg/kg, i.p.) or CLBPT (1mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 1 week together with nanowired delivery of HAmAb (25μL) significantly thwarted ASNC and p-tau levels in the SNpC and STr and reduced PD induced brain pathology. These observations are the first to show the involvement of histamine receptors in PD and opens new avenues for the development of novel drug strategies in clinical strategies for PD, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stephen D Skaper
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Department of Pharmacology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Wongtrakul J, Thongtan T, Kumrapich B, Saisawang C, Ketterman AJ. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera in the SH-SY5Y Parkinson cell model. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08172. [PMID: 34765761 PMCID: PMC8569401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most frequent neurodegenerative motor disorder. The clinical syndrome and pathology involve motor disturbance and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Root extracts of Withania. somnifera, commonly called Ashwagandha, contain several major chemical constituents known as withanolides. Studies have shown that W. somnifera extracts exhibit numerous therapeutic effects including inflammation and oxidative stress reduction, memory and cognitive function improvement. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of KSM-66, W. somnifera root extract, on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, as well as the associated oxidative response protein expression and redox regulation activity focused on S-glutathionylation. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 6-OHDA preceded or followed by treatment with the KSM-66 extract. Using KSM-66 concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/ml before and after treatment of the cells with 6-OHDA has resulted in an increased viability of SH-SY5Y cells. Interestingly, the extract significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity and thioltransferase activity upon pre- or post- 6-OHDA treatment. KSM-66 also modulated oxidative response proteins: peroxiredoxin-I, VGF and vimentin proteins upon 6-OHDA pre/post treatments. In addition, the extract controlled redox regulation via S-glutathionylation. Pre-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with KSM-66 decreased protein-glutathionylation levels in the cells treated with 6-OHDA. The rescue of mitochondria with 0.5 mg/ml KSM-66 extract showed an increase in ATP levels. These findings suggest that W. somnifera root extract acts as a neuroprotectant, thereby introducing a potential agent for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerang Wongtrakul
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Sriphum, Muang District, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thananya Thongtan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Kumrapich
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Sriphum, Muang District, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Saisawang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthol Road 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Albert J. Ketterman
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthol Road 4, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
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11
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Sanchez A, Morales I, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Sole-Sabater M, Rodriguez M. Astrocytes, a Promising Opportunity to Control the Progress of Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101341. [PMID: 34680458 PMCID: PMC8533570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no efficient treatment to prevent the evolution of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is generated by the concurrent activity of multiple factors, which is a serious obstacle for the development of etio-pathogenic treatments. Astrocytes may act on most factors involved in PD and the promotion of their neuroprotection activity may be particularly suitable to prevent the onset and progression of this basal ganglia (BG) disorder. The main causes proposed for PD, the ability of astrocytes to control these causes, and the procedures that can be used to promote the neuroprotective action of astrocytes will be commented upon, here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Getafe University Hospital, 28905 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sole-Sabater
- Department of Neurology, La Candelaria University Hospital, 38010 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain; (A.S.); (I.M.); (C.R.-S.)
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-319361; Fax: +34-922-319397
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12
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Alpha-Synuclein as a Prominent Actor in the Inflammatory Synaptopathy of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126517. [PMID: 34204581 PMCID: PMC8234932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered the most common disorder of synucleinopathy, which is characterised by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein in various brain regions, and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. During the early prodromal phase of PD, synaptic alterations happen before cell death, which is linked to the synaptic accumulation of toxic α-syn specifically in the presynaptic terminals, affecting neurotransmitter release. The oligomers and protofibrils of α-syn are the most toxic species, and their overexpression impairs the distribution and activation of synaptic proteins, such as the SNARE complex, preventing neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal synaptic communication. In the last few years, the role of the immune system in PD has been increasingly considered. Microglial and astrocyte activation, the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, and the infiltration of immune cells from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main features of the inflammatory response. One of the actors of these processes is α-syn accumulation. In light of this, here, we provide a systematic review of PD-related α-syn and inflammation inter-players.
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13
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Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Sampaolese B, Casalbore P, Volonté C, Romano Spica V, Parnigotto PP, Di Liddo R, Amadio S, Ria F. Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:446-458. [PMID: 33971224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly expressed by astrocytes, but also localized in other definite neural and extra-neural cell types. While its presence in biological fluids is widely recognized as a reliable biomarker of active injury, growing evidence now indicates that high levels of S100B are suggestive of pathogenic processes in different neural, but also extra-neural, disorders. Indeed, modulation of S100B levels correlates with the occurrence of clinical and/or toxic parameters in experimental models of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, acute neural injury, inflammatory bowel disease, uveal and retinal disorders, obesity, diabetes and cancer, thus directly linking the levels of S100B to pathogenic mechanisms. In general, deletion/inactivation of the protein causes the improvement of the disease, whereas its over-expression/administration induces a worse clinical presentation. This scenario reasonably proposes S100B as a common therapeutic target for several different disorders, also offering new clues to individuate possible unexpected connections among these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling (T.E.S.) Onlus, Padua, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C. Emerging role of S100B protein implication in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1445-1453. [PMID: 33052436 PMCID: PMC11073186 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, lacking effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In search of novel molecular factors that may contribute to PD pathogenesis, emerging evidence highlights the multifunctional role of the calcium-binding protein S100B that is widely expressed in the brain and predominantly in astrocytes. Preclinical evidence points towards the possible time-specific contributing role of S100B in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including PD, mainly by regulating neuroinflammation and dopamine metabolism. Although existing clinical evidence presents some contradictions, estimation of S100B in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid seems to hold a great promise as a potential PD biomarker, particularly regarding the severity of motor and non-motor PD symptoms. Furthermore, given the recent development of S100B inhibitors that are able to cross the blood brain barrier, novel opportunities are arising in the research field of PD therapeutics. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in the implication of S100B protein in the pathogenesis of PD and discuss relevant studies investigating the biomarker potential of S100B in PD, aiming to shed more light on clinical targeting approaches related to this incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Izco M, Blesa J, Verona G, Cooper JM, Alvarez-Erviti L. Glial activation precedes alpha-synuclein pathology in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:330-340. [PMID: 33316306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether neuroinflammation contributes to nigral degeneration in PD or is merely a secondary marker of neurodegeneration. We aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between synucleopathy, neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal degeneration in a mouse model of PD. Mice received unilateral intrastriatal injection of alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils, alpha-synuclein monomer or vehicle and were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 90 days post-injection. Intrastriatal inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils led to significant alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra peaking at 30 days after injection while the significant increase in Iba-1 cells, GFAP cells and IL-1β expression peaked earlier at 15 days. At 90 days, the striatal dopaminergic denervation was associated with astroglial activation. Alpha-synuclein monomer did not result in long-term glia activation or increase in inflammatory markers. The spread of alpha-synuclein aggregates into the cortex was not associated with any changes to neuroinflammatory markers. Our results demonstrate that in the substantia nigra glial activation is an early event that precedes alpha-synuclein inclusion formation, suggesting neuroinflammation could play an important early role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3(th)floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Av. Carlos V, 70, 28938, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guglielmo Verona
- Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Mark Cooper
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3(th)floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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16
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122623. [PMID: 33297340 PMCID: PMC7762285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD patients exhibit motor symptoms such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although the pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown, there is a consensus on the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the progression of PD pathology. Astrocytes are the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system. Normally, astrocytes protect neurons by releasing neurotrophic factors, producing antioxidants, and disposing of neuronal waste products. However, in pathological situations, astrocytes are known to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, various studies have reported that astrocyte dysfunction also leads to neurodegeneration in PD. In this article, we summarize the interaction of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons, review the pathogenic role of astrocytes in PD, and discuss therapeutic strategies for the prevention of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This review highlights neuron-astrocyte interaction as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD in the future.
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17
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Diniz LP, Araujo APB, Matias I, Garcia MN, Barros-Aragão FGQ, de Melo Reis RA, Foguel D, Braga C, Figueiredo CP, Romão L, Gomes FCA. Astrocyte glutamate transporters are increased in an early sporadic model of synucleinopathy. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104758. [PMID: 32439533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein protein (α-syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. These diseases are characterized by abnormal motor symptoms, such as tremor at rest, slowness of movement, rigidity of posture, and bradykinesia. Histopathological features of PD include preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of fibrillar intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are composed primarily of the α-syn protein. Currently, it is well accepted that α-syn oligomers (αSO) are the main toxic agent responsible for the etiology of PD. Glutamatergic excitotoxicity is associated with several neurological disorders, including PD. Excess glutamate in the synaptic cleft can be taken up by the astrocytic glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1. Although this event is the main defense against glutamatergic excitotoxicity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process have not yet been investigated in an early sporadic model of synucleinopathy. Here, using an early sporadic model of synucleinopathy, we demonstrated that the treatment of astrocytes with αSO increased glutamate uptake. This was associated with higher levels of GLAST and GLT-1 in astrocyte cultures and in a mouse model of synucleinopathy 24 h and 45 days after inoculation with αSO, respectively. Pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) pathway in vivo reverted GLAST/GLT-1 enhancement induced by αSO injection. Therefore, our study describes a new neuroprotective role of astrocytes in an early sporadic model of synucleinopathy and sheds light on the mechanisms of glutamate transporter regulation for neuroprotection against glutamatergic excitotoxicity in synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Pereira Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Bérgamo Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isadora Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Q Barros-Aragão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Foguel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Braga
- Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia P Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Romão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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18
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Morales I, Sanchez A, Puertas-Avendaño R, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Perez-Barreto A, Rodriguez M. Neuroglial transmitophagy and Parkinson's disease. Glia 2020; 68:2277-2299. [PMID: 32415886 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is essential for the health of dopaminergic neurons because mitochondrial damage is a keystone of Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present work was to study the degradation of mitochondria in the degenerating dopaminergic synapse. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats and YFP-Mito-DAn mice with fluorescent mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons were injected in the lateral ventricles with 6-hydroxydopamine, a toxic that inhibits the mitochondrial chain of dopaminergic neurons and blockades the axonal transport. Dopaminergic terminals closest to the lateral ventricle showed an axonal fragmentation and an accumulation of damaged mitochondria in 2-9 μ saccular structures (spheroids). Damaged mitochondria accumulated in spheroids initiated (showing high Pink1, parkin, ubiquitin, p-S65-Ubi, AMBRA1, and BCL2L13 immunoreactivity and developing autophagosomes) but did not complete (mitochondria were not polyubiquitinated, autophagosomes had no STX17, and no lysosomes were found in spheroids) the mitophagy process. Then, spheroids were penetrated by astrocytic processes and DAergic mitochondria were transferred to astrocytes where they were polyubiquitinated (UbiK63+) and linked to mature autophagosomes (STX17+) which became autophagolysosomes (Lamp1/Lamp2 which co-localized with LC3). Present data provide evidence that the mitophagy of degenerating dopaminergic terminals starts in the dopaminergic spheroids and finishes in the surrounding astrocytes (spheroid-mediated transmitophagy). The neuron-astrocyte transmitophagy could be critical for preventing the release of damaged mitochondria to the extracellular medium and the neuro-inflammatory activity which characterizes Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ricardo Puertas-Avendaño
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Adrian Perez-Barreto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Zhu YF, Wang WP, Zheng XF, Chen Z, Chen T, Huang ZY, Jia LJ, Lei WL. Characteristic response of striatal astrocytes to dopamine depletion. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:724-730. [PMID: 31638097 PMCID: PMC6975155 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and astrocyte-related proteins play important roles in maintaining normal brain function, and also regulate pathological processes in brain diseases and injury. However, the role of astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum remains unclear. A rat model of Parkinson’s disease was therefore established by injecting 10 μL 6-hydroxydopamine (2.5 μg/μL) into the right medial forebrain bundle. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the striatum, and to investigate the co-expression of GFAP with S100B and STAT3. Western blot assay was used to measure the protein expression of GFAP, S100B, and STAT3 in the striatum. Results demonstrated that striatal GFAP-immunoreactive cells had an astrocytic appearance under normal conditions, but that dopamine depletion induced a reactive phenotype with obvious morphological changes. The normal striatum also contained S100B and STAT3 expression. S100B-immunoreactive cells were uniform in the striatum, with round bodies and sparse, thin processes. STAT3-immunoreactive cells presented round cell bodies with sparse processes, or were darkly stained with a large cell body. Dopamine deprivation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine significantly enhanced the immunohistochemical positive reaction of S100B and STAT3. Normal striatal astrocytes expressed both S100B and STAT3. Striatal dopamine deprivation increased the number of GFAP/S100B and GFAP/STAT3 double-labeled cells, and increased the protein levels of GFAP, S100B, and STAT3. The present results suggest that morphological changes in astrocytes and changes in expression levels of astrocyte-related proteins are involved in the pathological process of striatal dopamine depletion. The study was approved by Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University, China (Zhongshan Medical Ethics 2014 No. 23) on September 22, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wang
- Periodical Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zi-Yun Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin-Ju Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wan-Long Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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20
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Yilmaz C, Karali K, Fodelianaki G, Gravanis A, Chavakis T, Charalampopoulos I, Alexaki VI. Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100788. [PMID: 31513776 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), display inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes. Intriguingly, the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly steroidogenic environment synthesizing steroids de novo, as well as metabolizing steroids deriving from the circulation. Neurosteroid synthesis can be substantially affected by neuroinflammation, while, in turn, several steroids, such as 17β-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and allopregnanolone, can regulate neuroinflammatory responses. Here, we review the role of neurosteroids in neuroinflammation in the context of MS, AD, PD and TBI and describe underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we introduce the concept that synthetic neurosteroid analogues could be potentially utilized for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canelif Yilmaz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kanelina Karali
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Fodelianaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Requejo C, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Bengoetxea H, Bulnes S, Ugedo L, Lafuente JV. Deleterious Effects of VEGFR2 and RET Inhibition in a Preclinical Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:201-212. [PMID: 28840516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a promising therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD). They exert their function through tyrosine kinase receptors. Our goal was to assess the effects of administering a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (vandetanib) that blocks VEGFR2 and RET receptors in a preclinical model of PD. Rats underwent intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Two weeks later, the rats received 30 mg/kg vandetanib or saline orally. The effects were assessed using the rotational behavioral test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, and western blot. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, motor symptoms were almost undetectable, but morphological and biochemical changes were significant. Vandetanib treatment, combined with the presence of 6-OHDA lesions, significantly increased behavioral impairment and morphological and biochemical changes. Therefore, after vandetanib treatment, the TH-immunopositive striatal volume, the percentage of TH+ neurons, and the extent of the axodendritic network in the substantia nigra decreased. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positivity significantly decreased in the striatum and substantia nigra in the vandetanib-treated group. In addition, p-Akt and p-ERK 1/2 levels were significantly lower and caspase-3 expression significantly increased after vandetanib administration. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the deleterious effect of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor on the dopaminergic system, supporting the beneficial and synergistic effect of NTFs reported in previous papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Requejo
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain.
| | - J A Ruiz-Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - H Bengoetxea
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - S Bulnes
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - J V Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
- Nanoneurosurgery Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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22
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Cis-4-[18F]fluoro-D-proline detects neurodegeneration in patients with akinetic-rigid parkinsonism. Nucl Med Commun 2019; 40:383-387. [PMID: 30875335 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether the amino acid PET tracer cis-4-[F]fluoro-D-proline [D-cis-[F]FPro] shows increased uptake in the basal ganglia of patients with neurodegenerative akinetic-rigid parkinsonism. D-Cis-[F]FPro is a sensitive PET tracer for inflammation-associated neurodegeneration in animal models. We hypothesized that D-cis-[F]FPro might also be a sensitive marker of alterations of the basal ganglia in parkinsonian syndromes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Ten patients with neurodegenerative akinetic-rigid parkinsonism (five with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and five with atypical parkinsonian syndromes) were imaged with D-cis-[F]FPro and compared with 13 patients with brain tumors who had no basal ganglia involvement. PET images 20-50 min after injection were evaluated and tracer uptake in the basal ganglia was quantified using volume-of-interest analysis with basal ganglia to background ratios. The severity of disease was assessed with unified Parkinson's disease rating scale III and correlated with D-cis-[F]FPro uptake. RESULTS In patients with parkinsonism, volume-of-interest analysis showed mild, but significantly increased D-cis-[F]FPro uptake in the basal ganglia, pronounced in the lenticular nucleus. Disease severity correlated with D-cis-[F]FPro uptake in the right pallidum (r=-0.687, P=0.041). CONCLUSION Data suggest that D-cis-[F]FPro is a sensitive marker of inflammation-associated degenerative processes in parkinsonian syndromes.
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Aucubin alleviates glial cell activation and preserves dopaminergic neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian mice. Neuroreport 2019; 29:1075-1083. [PMID: 29985188 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aucubin (AUC) is a major bioactive ingredient in Eucommia ulmoides, Plantain asiatica, and Aucuba japonica, and has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects. We explore the neuroprotective effects of AUC in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonian mice. Mice were administered MPTP (30 mg/kg) daily for 5 days, followed by treatment with AUC for 7 days. Measurement of dopamine levels was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tyrosine hydroxylase expression was assessed by western blot. Our results showed that AUC treatment improved mobility in the pole descent test and the traction test, and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced parkinsonian mice. AUC treatment rescued the decreased dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the striatum of parkinsonian mice. Furthermore, AUC treatment reduced both microglia and astrocyte activation in the substantia nigra of parkinsonian mice. These findings suggest that AUC exerts neuroprotective effects, in part by reducing inflammation and preserving dopaminergic neurons. Possible protection mechanisms involved in MPTP-induced parkinsonian mice need to be clarified further.
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24
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Gil-Martínez AL, Cuenca L, Estrada C, Sánchez-Rodrigo C, Fernández-Villalba E, Herrero MT. Unexpected Exacerbation of Neuroinflammatory Response After a Combined Therapy in Old Parkinsonian Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:451. [PMID: 30559650 PMCID: PMC6284242 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of therapeutic strategies that focus on the repositioning of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs are a great bet to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the fact that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related pathology, almost all experimental studies are carried out in young animals. Here, we evaluated the possible neuroprotective effect of the combination of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the anti-inflammatory HA-1077 in aged 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice (C57BL/6 mice, 20 months old), whose individual treatment has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in this Parkinsonism model. Interestingly, NAC+HA-1077-based treatment produced a significant increase in dopaminergic neuronal death accompanied by an increase in microglial and astroglial activation in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum of old-Parkinsonian mice compared to their control group. The astroglial response was also explored by co-immunostaining for GFAP and S100b together with p-JNK and it was found to be particularly exacerbated in the MPTP+NAC+HA-1077 group. The unexpected toxic effects found in the combined use of NAC and HA-1077 in old-Parkinsonian mice highlight the importance of taking into account that in elderly Parkinsonian patients the combination of some drugs (most of them used for other different age-related alterations) can have side effects that may result in the exacerbation of the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Gil-Martínez
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Cuenca
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Rodrigo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emiliano Fernández-Villalba
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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25
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Michetti F, D'Ambrosi N, Toesca A, Puglisi MA, Serrano A, Marchese E, Corvino V, Geloso MC. The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury. J Neurochem 2018; 148:168-187. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | - Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Department of Biology; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Amelia Toesca
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | | | - Alessia Serrano
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
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Neuroprotective effects of Astilbin on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice: Glial reaction, α-synuclein expression and oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:19-27. [PMID: 30419450 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Astilbin (AST), a dihydro-flavonol glycoside, is a major bioactive ingredient in Astilbe thunbergii, Engelhardia roxburghiana, Smilax corbularia and Erythroxylum gonocladum, and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and neuroprotective effects, suggesting potential therapeutic value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). We explored the neuroprotective effects of AST in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Mice were administered with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p) daily for 5 days, to establish a subacute Parkinson's disease model, followed by daily treatment with AST or saline for 7 days. Pole and traction tests showed that AST ameliorated the impaired motor functions in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that AST treatment prevented MPTP-induced decreases in striatal dopamine levels. Immunofluorescence assays showed that AST reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the substantia nigra. Western blot analyses revealed that AST suppressed α-synuclein overexpression and activated PI3K/Akt in the striatum following MPTP treatment. AST also prevented the MPTP-induced reduction in total superoxide dismutase and glutathione activity in the striatum. AST exerts neuroprotective effects on MPTP-induced PD mice by suppressing gliosis, α-synuclein overexpression and oxidative stress, suggesting that AST could serve as a therapeutic drug to ameliorate PD.
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27
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Fujita A, Yamaguchi H, Yamasaki R, Cui Y, Matsuoka Y, Yamada KI, Kira JI. Connexin 30 deficiency attenuates A2 astrocyte responses and induces severe neurodegeneration in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride Parkinson's disease animal model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:227. [PMID: 30103794 PMCID: PMC6090688 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first pathology observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is ‘dying back’ of striatal dopaminergic (DA) terminals. Connexin (Cx)30, an astrocytic gap junction protein, is upregulated in the striatum in PD, but its roles in neurodegeneration remain elusive. We investigated Cx30 function in an acute PD model by administering 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to wild-type (WT) and Cx30 knockout (KO) mice. Methods On days 1 and 7 after MPTP administration, we evaluated changes in astrocytic Cx30, Cx43, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 expression by immunostaining and biochemical analysis. Loss of DA neurons was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. Gene expression was analysed using A1, A2, pan-reactive astrocyte microarray gene sets, and M1, M2, and M1/M2 mixed microglial microarray gene sets. Real-time PCR and in situ hybridisation were performed to evaluate glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) and S100a10 expression. Striatal GDNF protein levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results MPTP treatment induced upregulation of Cx30 and Cx43 levels in the striatum of WT and KO mice. DA neuron loss was accelerated in Cx30 KO compared with WT mice after MPTP administration, despite no change in the striatal concentration of methyl-4-phenylpyridinium+. Astrogliosis in the striatum of Cx30 KO mice was attenuated by MPTP, whereas microglial activation was unaffected. Microarrays of the striatum showed reduced expression of pan-reactive and A2 astrocyte genes after MPTP treatment in Cx30 KO compared with WT mice, while M1, M2, and M1/M2 mixed microglial gene expression did not change. MPTP reduced the number of striatal astrocytes co-expressing Gdnf mRNA and S100β protein or S100a10 mRNA and S100β protein and also reduced the level of GDNF in the striatum of Cx30 KO compared with WT mice. Conclusions These findings indicate that Cx30 plays critical roles in astrocyte neuroprotection in an MPTP PD model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1251-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yiwen Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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28
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Lee CT, Boeshore KL, Wu C, Becker KG, Errico SL, Mash DC, Freed WJ. Cocaine promotes primary human astrocyte proliferation via JNK-dependent up-regulation of cyclin A2. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:965-976. [PMID: 27834787 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astrocytes perform a plethora of important functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity. Previously, we showed that while cocaine decreased cyclin A2 expression in primary human neural progenitor cells, it increased cyclin A2 expression in human astrocytes. Since cyclin A2 is an essential regulator of the cell cycle, the aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of cocaine on proliferation of human astrocytes and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Primary human astrocytes were treated with either 1, 10, or 100 μM cocaine for 48 hr, and cell proliferation was measured using the CyQUANT cell proliferation assay. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which cocaine affects the proliferation of astrocytes, we analyzed gene expression profiles in cocaine-treated primary human astrocytes using a human focused cDNA array. Gene ontology/pathway enrichment analysis, STRING protein-protein interaction analysis, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were used to identify signal transduction pathways that are involved in cocaine-induced astrocyte dysfunction. RESULTS Cocaine at 10 and 100 μM significantly increased human astrocyte proliferation. Gene expression profiling revealed the JNK MAP kinase pathway as a driver of cell proliferation affected by cocaine in human astrocytes. Further experiments showed that cocaine-induced JNK activation induced up-regulation of cyclin A2, leading to enhanced proliferation of human astrocytes. CONCLUSION Cocaine-induced abnormal increases in the number of astrocytes may cause disruption in neuron-glia signaling and contribute to synaptic impairment in the CNS. Understanding the mechanisms of cocaine's effects on human astrocytes may help to reveal the involvement of glial cells in addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Chun Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, IRP, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacie L Errico
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William J Freed
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
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29
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Lafuente JV, Requejo C, Carrasco A, Bengoetxea H. Nanoformulation: A Useful Therapeutic Strategy for Improving Neuroprotection and the Neurorestorative Potential in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 137:99-122. [PMID: 29132545 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, but current therapies are only symptomatic. Experimental models are necessary to go deeper in the comprehension of pathophysiological mechanism and to assess new therapeutic strategies. The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion either in medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or into the striatum in rats affords to study various stages of PD depending on the evolution time lapsed. A promising alternative to address the neurodegenerative process is the use of neurotrophic factors; but its clinical use has been limited due to its short half-life and rapid degradation after in vivo administration, along with difficulties for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining revealed a significant decrease of the TH-immunopositive striatal volume in 6-OHDA group from rostral to caudal one. The loss of TH-ir neurons and axodendritic network (ADN) was higher in caudal sections showing a selective vulnerability of the topological distributed dopaminergic system. In addition to a remarkable depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system, the administration of 6-OHDA into MFB induces some other neuropathological changes such as an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells in substantia nigra (SN) as well as in striatum. Intrastriatal implantation of micro- or nanosystems delivering neurotrophic factor in parkinsonized rats for bypassing BBB leads to a significative functional and morphological recovery. Neurorestorative morphological changes (preservation of the TH-ir cells and ADN) along the rostrocaudal axis of caudoputamen complex and SN have been probed supporting a selective recovering after the treatment as well. Others innovative therapeutic strategies, such as the intranasal delivery, have been recently assessed in order to search the NTF effects. In addition some others methodological key points are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Lafuente
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Catalina Requejo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrasco
- Group Nanoneurosurgery, Institute of Health Research Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain; Service Neurosurgery, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Harkaitz Bengoetxea
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (LaNCE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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30
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Morales I, Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Sabate C, Rodriguez M. Striatal astrocytes engulf dopaminergic debris in Parkinson's disease: A study in an animal model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185989. [PMID: 29028815 PMCID: PMC5640218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in Parkinson’s disease is still not well understood. This work studied the astrocytic response to the dopaminergic denervation. Rats were injected in the lateral ventricles with 6-hydroxydopamine (25μg), inducing a dopaminergic denervation of the striatum not accompanied by non-selective tissue damage. The dopaminergic debris were found within spheroids (free-spheroids) which retained some proteins of dopaminergic neurons (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase, the dopamine transporter protein, and APP) but not others (e.g., α-synuclein). Free-spheroids showed the initial (LC3-autophagosomes) but not the late (Lamp1/Lamp2-lysosomes) components of autophagy (incomplete autophagy), preparing their autophagosomes for an external phagocytosis (accumulation of phosphatidylserine). Free-spheroids were penetrated by astrocyte processes (fenestrated-spheroids) which made them immunoreactive for GFAP and S100β, and which had some elements needed to continue the debris degradation (Lamp1/Lamp2). Finally, proteins normally found in neurons (TH, DAT and α-synuclein) were observed within astrocytes 2–5 days after the dopaminergic degeneration, suggesting that the intracellular contents of degenerated cells had been transferred to astrocytes. Taken together, present data suggest phagocytosis as a physiological role of striatal astrocytes, a role which could be critical for cleaning striatal debris during the initial stages of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Morales
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Sabate
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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31
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Xu YD, Cui C, Sun MF, Zhu YL, Chu M, Shi YW, Lin SL, Yang XS, Shen YQ. Neuroprotective Effects of Loganin on MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice: Neurochemistry, Glial Reaction and Autophagy Studies. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3495-3510. [PMID: 28338241 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, involving resting tremor and bradykinesia, for which no recognized therapies or drugs are available to halt or slow progression. In recent years, natural botanic products have been considered relatively safe, with limited side effects, and are expected to become an important source for clinical mediation of PD in the future. Our study focuses on the ability of loganin, a compound derived from fruits of cornus, to mediate neuroprotection in a mouse model of PD. Mice were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with a dosage of 30 mg/kg daily for 5 days to establish a subacute PD model and treated with loganin. Locomotor activity was assessed by a pole test, then mice were euthanized at 1 and 3 days after the last treatment, and brain tissue was prepared for subsequent assays. Loganin rescued decrease of dopamine levels and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the striatum, and shortened total locomotor activity (TLA) time of mice. Furthermore, loganin alleviated microglia and astrocyte activation, and suppressed TNF-α and caspase-3 expression through a c-Abl-p38-NFκB pathway. Loganin also downregulated LC3-II and Drp1 expression, and decreased the level of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). Loganin exerts neuroprotective effects on MPTP-induced PD mice by decreasing inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis, suggesting that loganin could serve as a therapeutic drug to ameliorate PD. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3495-3510, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Xu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chun Cui
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meng-Fei Sun
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying-Li Zhu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Min Chu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun-Wei Shi
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Stanley Li Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | | | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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32
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Litim N, Morissette M, Di Paolo T. Effects of progesterone administered after MPTP on dopaminergic neurons of male mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:209-218. [PMID: 28192111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone neuroprotection of striatal dopamine (DA) in male mice lesioned with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was previously reported when administered before MPTP or an hour after. A dose of MPTP to induce a partial lesion was used to model early stages or prodromal Parkinson. We hypothesized that brain DA can be restored by progesterone administered early (24 h) or later (5 days) after MPTP. Male mice received 4 injections of MPTP (8 mg/kg) and progesterone (8 mg/kg) once daily for 5 days started 24 h or 5 days after MPTP. The lesion decreased striatal DA and its metabolites but not serotonin contents. MPTP mice treated with progesterone starting 24 h but not 5 days after MPTP had higher striatal DA and its metabolites content than vehicle-treated MPTP mice. Striatal DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) specific binding decreased in lesioned mice and were corrected with progesterone treatment starting 24 h but not 5 days after MPTP. Striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, a marker of activated astrocytes, were elevated by the MPTP lesion and were corrected with progesterone treatment starting 24 h after MPTP. Striatal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were decreased by the MPTP lesion and were prevented by progesterone treatments whereas no change of Akt, GSK3β, ERK1 and 2 and their phosphorylated forms were observed. Thus, progesterone administered after MPTP in mice protected dopaminergic neurons through modulation of neuroinflammation and BDNF. In humans, progesterone could possibly be used as a disease-modifying drug in prodromal Parkinson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhir Litim
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL, Quebec City, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.
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33
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Carta AR, Mulas G, Bortolanza M, Duarte T, Pillai E, Fisone G, Vozari RR, Del-Bel E. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and neuroinflammation: do microglia and astrocytes play a role? Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:73-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Terence Duarte
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Pillai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rita Raisman Vozari
- INSERM U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR S 1127; Institut Du Cerveau et de La Moelle Epiniére; ICM; Paris France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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Morphological Changes in a Severe Model of Parkinson's Disease and Its Suitability to Test the Therapeutic Effects of Microencapsulated Neurotrophic Factors. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7722-7735. [PMID: 27844282 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in rats affords us to study the advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Numerous evidences suggest synergic effects when various neurotrophic factors are administered in experimental models of PD. The aim of the present work was to assess the morphological changes along the rostro-caudal axis of caudo-putamen complex and substantia nigra (SN) in the referred model in order to test the suitability of a severe model to evaluate new neurorestorative therapies. Administration of 6-OHDA into MFB in addition to a remarkable depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system induced an increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in SN and an intense immunoreactivity for OX-42, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Lycopersycum esculentum agglutinin (LEA) in striatum and SN. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining revealed a significant decrease of the TH-immunopositive striatal volume in 6-OHDA group from rostral to caudal one. The loss of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and axodendritic network (ADN) was higher in caudal sections. Morphological recovery after the implantation of microspheres loaded with VEGF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in parkinsonized rats was related to the preservation of the TH-ir cell number and ADN in the caudal region of the SN. In addition, these findings support the neurorestorative role of VEGF+GDNF in the dopaminergic system and the synergistic effect between both factors. On the other hand, a topological distribution of the dopaminergic system was noticeable in the severe model, showing a selective vulnerability to 6-OHDA and recovering after treatment.
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