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Elesawy WH, El-Sahar AE, Sayed RH, Ashour AM, Alsufyani SE, Arab HH, Kandil EA. Repurposing ezetimibe as a neuroprotective agent in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model in rats: Role of AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α signaling and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112640. [PMID: 38981225 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
As a severe neurological disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) is distinguished by dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN), culminating in motor impairments. Several studies have shown that activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α pathway contributes to an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and is a promising candidate for the management of PD. Furthermore, turning on the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α pathway causes autophagy activation, which is fundamental for maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Interestingly, ezetimibe is an antihyperlipidemic agent that was recently reported to possess pleiotropic properties in neurology by triggering the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective potential of ezetimibe in rats with rotenone-induced PD by activating AMPK. Adult male Wistar rats received rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) every other day for 21 days to induce experimental PD. Rats were treated with ezetimibe (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) 1 h before rotenone. Ezetimibe ameliorated the motor impairments in open field, rotarod and grip strength tests, restored striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase in the SN, up-regulated p-AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC1α striatal expression, upsurged the expression of ULK1, beclin1, and LC3II/I, reduced Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and alleviated rotenone-induced histopathological changes in striatum and SN. Our findings also verified the contribution of AMPK activation to the neuroprotective effect of ezetimibe by using the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. Together, this work revealed that ezetimibe exerts a neuroprotective impact in rotenone-induced PD by activating AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α signaling, enhancing autophagy, and attenuating apoptosis. Thus, ezetimibe's activation of AMPK could hold significant therapeutic promise for PD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam H Elesawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6 October, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuruq E Alsufyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany H Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lindquist BE. Spreading depolarizations pose critical energy challenges in acute brain injury. J Neurochem 2024; 168:868-887. [PMID: 37787065 PMCID: PMC10987398 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is an electrochemical wave of neuronal depolarization mediated by extracellular K+ and glutamate, interacting with voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. SD is increasingly recognized as a major cause of injury progression in stroke and brain trauma, where the mechanisms of SD-induced neuronal injury are intimately linked to energetic status and metabolic impairment. Here, I review the established working model of SD initiation and propagation. Then, I summarize the historical and recent evidence for the metabolic impact of SD, transitioning from a descriptive to a mechanistic working model of metabolic signaling and its potential to promote neuronal survival and resilience. I quantify the energetic cost of restoring ionic gradients eroded during SD, and the extent to which ion pumping impacts high-energy phosphate pools and the energy charge of affected tissue. I link energy deficits to adaptive increases in the utilization of glucose and O2, and the resulting accumulation of lactic acid and CO2 downstream of catabolic metabolic activity. Finally, I discuss the neuromodulatory and vasoactive paracrine signaling mediated by adenosine and acidosis, highlighting these metabolites' potential to protect vulnerable tissue in the context of high-frequency SD clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta E Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Diseases, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Kuai Z, Chao X, He Y, Ren W. Metformin attenuates inflammation and boosts autophagy in the liver and intestine of chronologically aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2023; 184:112331. [PMID: 37967593 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies found that autophagy levels in liver and intestinal segments of naturally aging rats were downregulated, and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors was increased. The increased expression of pro-inflammatory factors might be related to the downregulation of autophagy. AMPK is the most critical upstream targeting and regulating molecule of autophagy, and Metformin, as an agonist of AMPK, has the effects of anti-inflammation and anti-aging. We pretreated 29-month-old naturally aging rats with Metformin for a short period and observed the changes in autophagy levels and pro-inflammatory factors in the liver, ileum, and colon after 31 days of intervention and preliminarily investigated the mechanism of its action. METHODS 29-month-old SPF male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: The control group, the Metformin 100 mg/kg intervention group, and the Metformin 250 mg/kg intervention group, with eight rats in each group. At 29 months, different concentrations of Metformin (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg) were given by gavage once a day until 30 months, and the control group was kept generally until 30 months. Western Blot was used to assess the expression levels of AMPK, P-AMPK, LC3, and P62 proteins in the liver and intestinal tissues. Intestinal and liver tissues were immunofluorescence labeled for LC3 and P62 proteins. Moreover, RT-qPCR was conducted to detect the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and MMP-9 mRNA in liver and intestinal tissues. RESULTS Short-term Metformin pretreatment (31 days) in naturally aging rats (29 months old) increased autophagy levels and down-regulated the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-9, and IL-6) in various intestinal segments and the liver-the expression of LC3II protein enriched with the increase of Metformin concentration. The level of P62 protein decreased with the accumulation of Metformin concentration. And a higher concentration of Metformin was associated with increased expression of P-AMPK protein. CONCLUSIONS Metformin intervention can boost the autophagy level in the liver and intestine and reduce the expression of aging-related inflammatory factors in aged rats, and these effects may be related to the increase of the AMPK phosphorylation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kuai
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Chao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiying Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Seyyedabadi B, Babataheri S, Laher I, Soraya H. Neuroprotective effects of ivermectin against transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2807-2815. [PMID: 37755672 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent with potential anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer effects. However, the effects of ivermectin on the brain are poorly described. This study examined the effects of ivermectin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. A rat model of transient global IR was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 min. Rats received ivermectin (2 mg/kg/day, ip) one hour after inducing cerebral IR for three consecutive days at 24-h intervals. Next, we examined the effects of ivermectin on brain infarction, histopathology, malondialdehyde levels, myeloperoxidase activity, spatial learning and memory, and phospho-AMPK protein levels. The results showed that ivermectin reduced brain infarct size (P < 0.001) and histopathological changes such as cerebral leukocyte accumulation and edema (P < 0.05) compared to untreated rats with IR. Treatment with ivermectin also decreased myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) while increasing AMPK activity (P < 0.001), memory, and learning compared to the untreated IR group. Overall, we show for the first time that ivermectin conferred neuroprotective effects in a rat model of cerebral IR. Our results indicate that three days of treatment with ivermectin reduced brain infarct size, lipid peroxidation, and myeloperoxidase activity and improved memory and learning in rats with cerebral IR. These effects likely occurred via AMPK-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behdad Seyyedabadi
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shabnam Babataheri
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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El-Latif AMA, Rabie MA, Sayed RH, Fattah MAAE, Kenawy SA. Inosine attenuates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats by alleviating the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1159-1174. [PMID: 37170799 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to impaired autophagy as one of the major factors implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Autophagy is a downstream target of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Inosine has already demonstrated a neuroprotective effect against neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases, mainly due its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We, herein, aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of inosine against rotenone-induced PD in rats and to focus on the activation of AMPK-mediated autophagy. Inosine successfully increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio in PD rats and improved their motor performance and muscular co-ordination (assessed by rotarod, open field, and grip strength tests, as well as by manual gait analysis). Furthermore, inosine was able to mitigate the rotenone-induced histopathological alterations and to restore the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in PD rats' substantia nigra. Inosine-induced AMPK activation resulted in an autophagy enhancement, as demonstrated by the increased striatal Unc-S1-like kinase1 and beclin-1 expression, and also by the increment light chain 3II to light chain 3I ratio, along with the decline in striatal mammalian target of rapamycin and p62 protein expressions. The inosine-induced stimulation of AMPK also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and promoted antioxidant activity. Unsurprisingly, these neuroprotective effects were antagonized by a preadministration of dorsomorphin (an AMPK inhibitor). In conclusion, inosine exerted neuroprotective effects against the rotenone-induced neuronal loss via an AMPK activation and through the restoration of the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis. These findings support potential application of inosine in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Abd El-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A Kenawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen Z, Gu Q, Chen R. miR-146a-5p regulates autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in epithelial barrier damage in the in vitro cell model of ulcerative colitis through the RNF8/Notch1/mTORC1 pathway. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152386. [PMID: 37329823 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the colon that can be influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aims to investigate the impact of miR-146a-5p on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Caco-2/HT-29 cell autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanism, with the aim of identifying potential therapeutic targets. We used LPS to establish Caco-2/HT-29 cell models and measured cell viability by CCK-8. The levels of miR-146a-5p, RNF8, markers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy, proteins involved in the Notch1/mTORC1 pathway, and inflammatory factors were assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Intestinal epithelial barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Autophagic flux was measured using tandem fluorescent-labeled LC3. miR-146a-5p was highly-expressed in LPS-induced Caco-2/HT-29 cells, and autophagy flux was blocked at the autolysosomal stage after LPS induction. Inhibition of miR-146a-5p suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reduced intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and facilitated autophagy inhibition in LPS-induced Caco-2/HT-29 cells. The autophagy inhibitor NH4Cl partially nullified the inhibitory effects of miR-146a-5p inhibition on NLRP3 inflammation activation. miR-146a-5p targeted RNF8, and silencing RNF8 partly abrogated the action of miR-146a-5p inhibition on promoting autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. miR-146a-5p inhibition suppressed the Notch1/mTORC1 pathway activation by upregulating RNF8. Inhibition of the Notch1/mTORC1 pathway partially nullified the function of silencing RNF8 on inhibiting autophagy and bolstering NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In conclusion, miR-146a-5p inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach for UC, as it facilitates autophagy of LPS-stimulated Caco-2/HT-29 cells, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reduces intestinal epithelial barrier damage by upregulating RNF8 and suppressing the Notch1/mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qinglong Gu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Xuzhou City Hospital of TCM, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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Su AC, Zhang LY, Zhang JG, Hu YY, Liu XY, Li SC, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. The Regulation of Autophagy by p38 MAPK-PPARγ Signaling During the Brain Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:838-849. [PMID: 35944278 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicated that autophagy activation participates in brain ischemic tolerance (BIT) induced by cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP). However, the mechanism of autophagy activation during the process still remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of p38 MAPK-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling cascade in autophagy during the CIP-induced BIT. The results shown that, initially, autophagy activation was observed after CIP in the model of global cerebral ischemia in rats, as was indicated by the upregulation of Beclin 1 expression, an increase in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, the enhanced LC3 immunofluorescence, and a rise in the number of autophagosomes in the neurons of the hippocampal CA1 area. Besides, the inhibitor of autophagy 3-methyladenine obliterated the neuroprotection induced by CIP. Furthermore, the upregulation of p-p38 MAPK and PPARγ expressions was earlier than autophagy activation after CIP. In addition, pretreatment with SB203580 (the inhibitor of p38 MAPK) reversed CIP-induced PPARγ upregulation, autophagy activation, and neuroprotection. Pretreatment with GW9662 (the inhibitor of PPARγ) reversed autophagy activation and neuroprotection, while it had no effect on p-p38 MAPK upregulation induced by CIP. These data suggested that the p38 MAPK-PPARγ signaling pathway participates in autophagy activation during the induction of BIT by CIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Chou Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Chao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Shen Z, Xiang M, Chen C, Ding F, Wang Y, Shang C, Xin L, Zhang Y, Cui X. Glutamate excitotoxicity: Potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113125. [PMID: 35609367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is an important mechanism leading to post ischemic stroke damage. After acute stroke, the sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow is most initially followed by ion transport protein dysfunction and disruption of ion homeostasis, which in turn leads to impaired glutamate release, reuptake, and excessive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, promoting neuronal death. Despite extensive evidence from preclinical studies suggesting that excessive NMDAR stimulation during ischemic stroke is a central step in post-stroke damage, NMDAR blockers have failed to translate into clinical stroke treatment. Current treatment options for stroke are very limited, and there is therefore a great need to develop new targets for neuroprotective therapeutic agents in ischemic stroke to extend the therapeutic time window. In this review, we highlight recent findings on glutamate release, reuptake mechanisms, NMDAR and its downstream cellular signaling pathways in post-ischemic stroke damage, and review the pathological changes in each link to help develop viable new therapeutic targets. We then also summarize potential neuroprotective drugs and therapeutic approaches for these new targets in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Laiyun Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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Gao X, Zeb S, He YY, Guo Y, Zhu YM, Zhou XY, Zhang HL. Valproic Acid Inhibits Glial Scar Formation after Ischemic Stroke. Pharmacology 2022; 107:263-280. [PMID: 35316816 DOI: 10.1159/000514951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia induces reactive proliferation of astrocytes (astrogliosis) and glial scar formation. As a physical and biochemical barrier, the glial scar not only hinders spontaneous axonal regeneration and neuronal repair but also deteriorates the neuroinflammation in the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of the valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid, VPA) against ischemic stroke, but its effects on the ischemia-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar are still unknown. As targeting astrogliosis has become a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke, this study was designed to determine whether VPA can inhibit the ischemic stroke-induced glial scar formation and to explore its molecular mechanisms. METHODS Glial scar formation was induced by an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model in vivo and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-reoxygenation (OGD/Re) model in vitro. Animals were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of VPA (250 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, and the ischemic stroke-related behaviors were assessed. RESULTS Four weeks of VPA treatment could markedly reduce the brain atrophy volume and improve the behavioral deficits in rats' I/R injury model. The results showed that VPA administrated upon reperfusion or 1 day post-reperfusion could also decrease the expression of the glial scar makers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurocan, and phosphacan in the peri-infarct region after I/R. Consistent with the in vivo data, VPA treatment showed a protective effect against OGD/Re-induced astrocytic cell death in the in vitro model and also decreased the expression of GFAP, neurocan, and phosphacan. Further studies revealed that VPA significantly upregulated the expression of acetylated histone 3, acetylated histone 4, and heat-shock protein 70.1B in the OGD/Re-induced glial scar formation model. CONCLUSION VPA produces neuroprotective effects and inhibits the glial scar formation during the recovery period of ischemic stroke via inhibition of histone deacetylase and induction of Hsp70.1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Salman Zeb
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Li H, Pang B, Nie B, Qu S, Zhang K, Xu J, Yang M, Liu J, Li S. Dioscin promotes autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway in ulcerative colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:238-246. [PMID: 35174751 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2037632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioscin is reported to alleviate the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Autophagy plays an anti-inflammatory role in UC. We herein aimed to explore the biological functions of dioscin in autophagy in UC. METHODS To explore the effects of dioscin on UC progression, a DSS-induced mouse model of UC was established. Body weight, disease activity index and macroscopic damage index scores were recorded for seven days. Hematoxylin & Eosin (HE) staining was used to stain colon sections and an BX53 microscope was prepared to observe pathological changes. The activities of glutathione, superoxidative dismutase, and malondialdehyde were determined by commercially available kits. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein levels of p-AMPK/AMPK, p-mTOR/mTOR and autophagy-related genes. RESULTS The DSS-induced colitis and oxidative stress in mice were ameliorated after dioscin treatment. Dioscin promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK to inhibit mTOR activation and facilitated autophagy in DSS-induced mice model of UC. CONCLUSION Dioscin promotes autophagy by promoting the phosphorylation of AMPK to inhibit mTOR activation in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shifang Qu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuanxin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Yongyue Z, Yang S, Li Z, Rongjin Z, Shumin W. Functional Brain Imaging Based on the Neurovascular Unit for Evaluating Neural Networks after Strok. ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.37015/audt.2022.210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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Zhang L, Sui R, Zhang L. Fingolimod protects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by reducing inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136413. [PMID: 34942319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist. Here, to understand biological activity of FTY720 pretreatment and post-treatment on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO/R) model was generated. Neurological deficit scoring was assessed after tMCAO/R. Four groups were established including sham-operated control group, operated group, and two FTY720-treated groups. Neuron damage was observed by Nissl staining. Gene expression was measured using qPCR and western blot analysis. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We uncovered that neurological score in two FTY720-treated groups was significantly lower than that in the operated group. FTY720 pretreatment or posttreatment groups had a significantly increased number of Nissl bodies in cerebral cortex as compared with the operated group, indicating that FTY720 administration reduced neuronal damage. Besides, FTY720 posttreatment improved memory impairment induced by tMCAO/R. In addition, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of two FTY720-treated groups were significantly decreased in comparison to the operated group, showing that FTY720 could reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines in brain tissue. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p38MAPK and NF-κB pathway-related molecules in ischemic brain tissues of FTY720 group were markedly down-regulated compared to the operated group. Together, FTY720 pretreatment or posttreatment improved the neurological deficit of middle cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat model and reduced neuronal damage by decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and attenuating the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK and NF-κB pathway-associated molecules. FTY720 exhibits neuroprotective effects against ischemic reperfusion injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Nursing College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, PR China.
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13
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Elksnis A, Schiffer TA, Palm F, Wang Y, Cen J, Turpaev K, Ngamjariyawat A, Younis S, Huang S, Shen Y, Leng Y, Bergsten P, Karlsborn T, Welsh N, Wang X. Imatinib protects against human beta-cell death via inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and activation of AMPK. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2243-2263. [PMID: 34569605 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is used in the treatment of various malignancies but may also promote beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize the mechanisms by which imatinib protects insulin producing cells. Treatment of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with imatinib resulted in increased beta-cell AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Imatinib activated AMPK also in vitro, resulting in decreased ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation and protection against islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)-aggregation, thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) up-regulation and beta-cell death. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) mimicked and compound C counteracted the effect of imatinib on beta-cell survival. Imatinib-induced AMPK activation was preceded by reduced glucose/pyruvate-dependent respiration, increased glycolysis rates, and a lowered ATP/AMP ratio. Imatinib augmented the fractional oxidation of fatty acids/malate, possibly via a direct interaction with the beta-oxidation enzyme enoyl coenzyme A hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial (ECHS1). In non-beta cells, imatinib reduced respiratory chain complex I and II-mediated respiration and acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation, suggesting that mitochondrial effects of imatinib are not beta-cell specific. In conclusion, tyrosine kinase inhibitors modestly inhibit mitochondrial respiration, leading to AMPK activation and TXNIP down-regulation, which in turn protects against beta-cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Elksnis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yun Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Cen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kyril Turpaev
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anongnad Ngamjariyawat
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shady Younis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Suling Huang
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Leng
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tony Karlsborn
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, KBC Byggnaden, Plan 3, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nils Welsh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xuan Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Su J, Zhang J, Bao R, Xia C, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Lv Q, Qi Y, Xue J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are attenuated through activation of AMPK/GSK-3β/PP2A pathway in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174202. [PMID: 34048739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological disorder worldwide, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons and decrease of dopamine content. Mitochondria plays an important role in the development of PD. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3β) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are all key proteins that regulate mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis, and they are involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aimed to explore the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP)-induced PD mice and MPP+ iodide-induced PC12 cells. MPTP-induced mice were subjected to behavioral testing to assess PD-like behaviors. Various molecular biological techniques including ELISA, Western blot, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, and the important instruments Seahorse XF24 Extracellular and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were used to identify the underlying molecular events of mitochondria. Treatment with the AMPK activator GSK621 dramatically ameliorated PD by increasing the levels of dopamine and rescuing the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which is dependent on the mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, regulation of AMPK/GSK-3β/PP2A pathway-related proteins by GSK621 was partially inhibited the development of PD, suggesting a negative feedback loop exists between AMPK action and mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis. Our data preliminarily indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of PD might be mediated by AMPK/GSK-3β/PP2A pathway action, which might be a promising new option for future therapy of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Su
- Neurology Department, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Neurology Department, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changbo Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No. 16, Nanmen Street, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No. 16, Nanmen Street, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No. 16, Nanmen Street, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Neurology Department, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqin Xue
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No. 16, Nanmen Street, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, Penninger JM, Uversky VN, Pratico D, Henninger N, Reiter RJ, Bruno A, Joshipura K, Aslkhodapasandhokmabad H, Klionsky DJ, Ren J. Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107848. [PMID: 33823204 PMCID: PMC8263472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke constitutes the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Stroke is normally classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (HS) although 87% of cases belong to ischemic nature. Approximately 700,000 individuals suffer an ischemic stroke (IS) in the US each year. Recent evidence has denoted a rather pivotal role for defective macroautophagy/autophagy in the pathogenesis of IS. Cellular response to stroke includes autophagy as an adaptive mechanism that alleviates cellular stresses by removing long-lived or damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and surplus cellular components via the autophagosome-lysosomal degradation process. In this context, autophagy functions as an essential cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis and organismal survival. However, unchecked or excessive induction of autophagy has been perceived to be detrimental and its contribution to neuronal cell death remains largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize the role of autophagy in IS, and discuss potential strategies, particularly, employment of natural compounds for IS treatment through manipulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; School of Medicine Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Askiel Bruno
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kaumudi Joshipura
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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16
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Su S, Wang X, Xi X, Zhu L, Chen Q, Zhang H, Qin Y, Yang B, Che N, Cao H, Zhong W, Wang B. Phellodendrine promotes autophagy by regulating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and treats ulcerative colitis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5707-5720. [PMID: 34002930 PMCID: PMC8184668 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the therapeutic effects of phellodendrine in ulcerative colitis (UC) through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Volunteers were recruited to observe the therapeutic effects of Compound Cortex Phellodendri Liquid (Huangbai liniment). The main components of Compound Cortex Phellodendri Liquid were analysed via network pharmacology. The target of phellodendrine was further analysed. Caco-2 cells were cultured, and H2 O2 was used to stimulate in vitro cell model. Expression levels of LC3, AMPK, p-AMPK, mTOR and p-mTOR were detected via Western blotting and through immunofluorescence experiments. The therapeutic effects of phellodendrine were analysed via expression spectrum chip sequencing. The sequencing of intestinal flora further elucidated the therapeutic effects of phellodendrine. Compared with the control group, Compound Cortex Phellodendri Liquid could substantially improve the healing of intestinal mucosa. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that phellodendrine is the main component of Compound Cortex Phellodendri Liquid. Moreover, this alkaloid targets the AMPK signalling pathway. Results of animal experiments showed that phellodendrine could reduce the intestinal damage of UC compared with the model group. Findings of cell experiments indicated that phellodendrine treatment could activate the p-AMPK /mTOR signalling pathway, as well as autophagy. Expression spectrum chip sequencing showed that treatment with phellodendrine could promote mucosal healing and reduce inflammatory responses. Results of intestinal flora detection demonstrated that treatment with phellodendrine could increase the abundance of flora and the content of beneficial bacteria. Phellodendrine may promote autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR signalling pathway, thereby reducing intestinal injury due to UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Xiaonan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of PharmacyNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lanping Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Qiuyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Yuan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and MedicineZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Boli Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Na Che
- Department of PathologyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of PathologyGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin Institute of Digestive DiseaseTianjinChina
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17
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Zhang LQ, Zhang W, Li T, Yang T, Yuan X, Zhou Y, Zou Q, Yang H, Gao F, Tian Y, Mei W, Tian XB. GLP-1R activation ameliorated novel-object recognition memory dysfunction via regulating hippocampal AMPK/NF-κB pathway in neuropathic pain mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107463. [PMID: 34015440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidences indicate that neuropathic pain is frequently accompanied with cognitive impairments, which aggravate the decrease in the quality of life of chronic pain patients. Furthermore, it has been shown that the activation of Glucagon-like-peptide-1receptor (GLP-1R) improved memory deficit in multiple diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke. However, whether GLP-1R activation could improve memory impairment induced by neuropathic pain and the mechanisms underlying the effect of the activation of GLP-1R on memory protection have not yet been established. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model was established as a kind of neuropathic pain. And novel-object recognition memory (hippocampus-dependent memory) was tested by the novel object recognition test (NORT). The expression levels of GLP-1, GLP-1R, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPKThr172, nuclear factor κ B p65 (NF-κB p65), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-1β p17 (mature IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the synaptic proteins were tested in the murine hippocampus with memory deficits caused by neuropathic pain. Then, exenatide acetate (Ex-4, a GLP-1R agonist), exendin (9-39) (Ex(9-39), a GLP-1R antagonist) and Compound C dihydrochloride (CC, an AMPK inhibitor) were used to test the effects of the activation of GLP-1R in the mice with neuropathic pain. First, we uncovered that neuropathic pain could inhibit GLP-1/GLP-R axis, disturb inflammatory signaling pathway, increase the expression of IL-1β, IL-1β p17 and TNF-α, downregulate the synaptic proteins (postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and Arc). Subsequently, we reported that Ex-4 treatment could improve recognition memory impairment, increase the ratio of p-AMPKThr172/AMPK, inhibit the phosphorylation NF-κB p65 and decrease the expression of IL-1β, IL-1β p17 and TNF-α, upregulate the levels of PSD95 and Arc. Moreover, we found that Ex(9-39) and CC treatment could abrogate the memory protection of activation of GLP-1R in mice with neuropathic pain. The results indicated that the activation of GLP-1R could improve recognition memory impairment via regulating AMPK/NF-κB pathway, improving neuroinflammation, reversing the decreased level of synaptic proteins in neuropathic pain mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoman Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - YuKe Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Bi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Zhu YM, Lin L, Wei C, Guo Y, Qin Y, Li ZS, Kent TA, McCoy CE, Wang ZX, Ni Y, Zhou XY, Zhang HL. The Key Regulator of Necroptosis, RIP1 Kinase, Contributes to the Formation of Astrogliosis and Glial Scar in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:991-1017. [PMID: 33629276 PMCID: PMC8557200 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis initiation relies on the receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K). We recently reported that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RIP1K produces protection against ischemic stroke-induced astrocytic injury. However, the role of RIP1K in ischemic stroke-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar remains unknown. Here, in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model and an oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/Re)-induced astrocytic injury model, we show that RIP1K was significantly elevated in the reactive astrocytes. Knockdown of RIP1K or delayed administration of RIP1K inhibitor Nec-1 down-regulated the glial scar markers, improved ischemic stroke-induced necrotic morphology and neurologic deficits, and reduced the volume of brain atrophy. Moreover, knockdown of RIP1K attenuated astrocytic cell death and proliferation and promoted neuronal axonal generation in a neuron and astrocyte co-culture system. Both vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and its receptor VEGFR-3 were elevated in the reactive astrocytes; simultaneously, VEGF-D was increased in the medium of astrocytes exposed to OGD/Re. Knockdown of RIP1K down-regulated VEGF-D gene and protein levels in the reactive astrocytes. Treatment with 400 ng/ml recombinant VEGF-D induced the formation of glial scar; conversely, the inhibitor of VEGFR-3 suppressed OGD/Re-induced glial scar formation. RIP3K and MLKL may be involved in glial scar formation. Taken together, these results suggest that RIP1K participates in the formation of astrogliosis and glial scar via impairment of normal astrocyte responses and enhancing the astrocytic VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 signaling pathways. Inhibition of RIP1K promotes the brain functional recovery partially via suppressing the formation of astrogliosis and glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361001, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shi-Zi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire E McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Greens, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zhan-Xiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361001, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Yang W, Li G, Cao K, Ma P, Guo Y, Tong W, Wan J. Exogenous insulin-like growth factor 1 attenuates acute ischemic stroke-induced spatial memory impairment via modulating inflammatory response and tau phosphorylation. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102082. [PMID: 32863068 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the effects of exogenous insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on the cognitive injuries induced by acute ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms. Acute ischemic stroke rat model was established via transient occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery to male Sprague-Dawley rats. IGF-1 was administered intravenously every other day 24 h after surgery for 14 days. Cognitive functions were determined by Morris water maze assay. Cerebral infarction and edema were determined by riphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and cerebral water content measurement. ELISA and Western blot were performed to detect concentrations of target proteins. Ischemic stroke rats exhibited reduced plasma IGF-1 level and impaired cognitive functions. Intravenous IGF-1 delivery increased the IGF-1 levels in plasma, ischemic amygdala, hippocampus and cortex, improved the neurological dysfunction, cognitive deficits, cerebral infarction and brain edema. Furthermore, IGF-1 relieved the systemic and cerebral inflammatory response by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in serum and ischemic hippocampus of ischemic rats. Additionally, IGF-1 attenuated tau phosphorylation in ischemic hippocampus. In short, intravenous IGF-1 administration attenuates acute ischemic stroke-induced cognitive injuries in the experimental rat model possibly via modulating inflammatory response and tau phosphorylation, and might be of promising therapeutic value to ischemic stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Gaoyi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Yijun Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Wusong Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China.
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area, No. 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201299, China.
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20
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Hao Y, Xin M, Feng L, Wang X, Wang X, Ma D, Feng J. Review Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance and Preconditioning: Methods, Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Front Neurol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 33071923 PMCID: PMC7530891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. The limited therapeutic window and potential severe side effects prevent the widespread clinical application of the venous injection of thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator and thrombectomy, which are regarded as the only approved treatments for acute ischemic stroke. Triggered by various types of mild stressors or stimuli, ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) induces adaptive endogenous tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by activating a multitude cascade of biomolecules, for example, proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and others, which eventually lead to transcriptional regulation and epigenetic and genomic reprogramming. During the past 30 years, IPreC has been widely studied to confirm its neuroprotection against subsequent I/R injury, mainly including local ischemic preconditioning (LIPreC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC), and cross preconditioning. Although LIPreC has a strong neuroprotective effect, the clinical application of IPreC for subsequent cerebral ischemia is difficult. There are two main reasons for the above result: Cerebral ischemia is unpredictable, and LIPreC is also capable of inducing unexpected injury with only minor differences to durations or intensity. RIPreC and pharmacological preconditioning, an easy-to-use and non-invasive therapy, can be performed in a variety of clinical settings and appear to be more suitable for the clinical management of ischemic stroke. Hoping to advance our understanding of IPreC, this review mainly focuses on recent advances in IPreC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Han M, Cao Y, Xue H, Chu X, Li T, Xin D, Yuan L, Ke H, Li G, Wang Z. Neuroprotective Effect of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Neural Functional Injury: A Pivotal Role for AMPK and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Modulation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2865-2876. [PMID: 32764885 PMCID: PMC7381771 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s248892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the main factor that leads to poor prognosis of cerebral ischemia. Apoptosis has been shown to occur during the process of CIRI. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs-EVs) have shown broad potential for treating brain dysfunction and eliciting neuroprotective effects after stroke through neurogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of action of extracellular vesicles during CIRI is not well known. Methods A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was induced by the modified Longa method, and MSCs-EVs were injected via the tail vein. Results Our results showed that MSCs-EVs significantly alleviated neurological deficits, reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and brain water content, improved pathological lesions in cortical brain tissue, and attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex at 24 h and 48 h after MCAO in rats. Western blotting analysis showed that MSCs-EVs significantly upregulated p-AMPK and downregulated p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and p-NF-κB. In addition, an AMPK pathway blocker reversed the effect of MSCs-EVs on brain damage. Conclusion These results indicate that MSCs-EVs protected MCAO-injured rats, possibly by regulating the AMPK and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways. This study supports the use of MSCs-EVs as a potential treatment strategy for MCAO in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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Ma HX, Hou F, Chen AL, Li TT, Zhu YF, Zhao QP. Mu-Xiang-You-Fang protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112583. [PMID: 31978519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mu-Xiang-You-Fang (MXYF) is a classic prescription of Hui medicine. It is composed of five herbs and has been used to treat ischemic stroke for many years. However, the potential pharmacological mechanisms of MXYF remain unclear. The present research is aimed to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanisms of MXYF treatment in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS An oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model of PC12 cells was established. The effect of MXYF on the cell viability after OGD/R injury was determined using a cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay. The colorimetric method was used to determine the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate. The calcium concentration was determined by the chemical fluorescence method, and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using flow cytometry. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and electron microscopic analysis were then conducted to detect autophagy after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion in PC12 cells. Immunofluorescence and western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of proteins associated with autophagy. RESULTS It was found that MXYF (1, 2, 4 μg/mL) could significantly increase cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and decrease the calcium concentration and LDH release rate in PC12 cells. After OGD/R injury in PC12 cells, the number of autophagosomes and autophagolysosome significantly increased. MXYF (4 μg/mL) inhibited the autophagy induced by OGD/R and inhibited the expression of LC3, beclin1, p-AMPK, and ULK1. In contrast, the expression of p-mTOR, p-p70s6k, and p62 was significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MXYF inhibits autophagy after OGD/R-induced PC12 cell injury through the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Thus, MXYF might have therapeutic potential in treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Fan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ai-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
| | - Qi-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Hui Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
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23
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Sun X, Wang D, Zhang T, Lu X, Duan F, Ju L, Zhuang X, Jiang X. Eugenol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy via AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32153404 PMCID: PMC7047211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus, has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nonetheless, the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated. In the present study, cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. The results showed that eugenol pre-treatment relieved cerebral I/R injury as evidenced by improving neurological deficits and reducing infarct volume. Autophagy was induced by MCAO, which was further promoted by eugenol administration. Moreover, rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, promoted eugenol-induced decreases in neurological score, infarct volume, brain water content, and apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy, led to the opposite results. Similarly, eugenol pretreatment increased the viability and restrained apoptosis of OGD/R-challenged HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced autophagy was strengthened by eugenol. Mechanically, eugenol promoted autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, pretreatment with eugenol attenuated cerebral I/R injury by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejian Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ju
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhuang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xicheng Jiang
- Department of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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24
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Francillard I, Grangeon L, Cornillot A, Houivet E, Ozkul-Wermester O, Triquenot-Bagan A, Hebant B, Maltete D, Gerardin E, Guegan-Massardier E. Is there a timing for sensitivity to acute cerebral ischemia in migraine patients? J Neurol Sci 2020; 408:116528. [PMID: 31677557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine may be a factor of increased cerebral sensitivity to ischemia. Previous studies were conducted within 6 to 72 after stroke onset. We aimed to determine if an accelerated infarct growth exists in migraine patients within the first 4.5 h. METHOD A retrospective case-control study was conducted where all patients admitted for acute stroke started <4.5 h before and who underwent perfusion CT were assessed. The hypoperfusion and necrosis volumes on initial CT perfusion were analyzed, as well as the final infarct volume on MRI performed within 72 h after admission. A no-mismatch pattern was defined as a ratio necrosis/hypoperfusion volume > 83%. RESULTS 24 patients with personal history of migraine were identified, 8 of them with aura. The control cohort included 51 patients. No difference was found between groups in terms of demographics, initial severity or outcome or presumed cause of stroke. Mean time to CT scan was 125 min in migraine patients and 127 min in the control group. A no-mismatch pattern was equally found in migraine patients and controls, even after adjustment for age, sex and presence of proximal occlusion (p = .22). The final infarct volume was also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Migraine patients did not display more no-mismatch pattern than controls within the 4.5 h of stroke onset. This deviates from previous studies and may be due to our earlier time from stroke onset to CT scan. A history of migraine may lead to malignant progression of ischemia but occurring only after several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France.
| | - Agathe Cornillot
- Department of Radiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Houivet
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, INSERM U 1219, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Benjamin Hebant
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - David Maltete
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - Emmanuel Gerardin
- Department of Radiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031, Rouen, France
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25
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Feng Z, Sun Q, Chen W, Bai Y, Hu D, Xie X. The neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgolides and bilobalide in cerebral ischemic injury: a literature review. Mol Med 2019; 25:57. [PMID: 31864312 PMCID: PMC6925848 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of strokes have increased over the past three decades in China. Ischemic strokes can cause a sequence of detrimental events in patients, including increased permeability and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, metabolic disturbance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, neuron death and apoptosis, and cognitive impairment. Thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and mechanical embolectomy with a retrievable stent are two recognized strategies to achieve reperfusion after a stroke. Nevertheless, rtPA has a narrow therapeutic timeframe, and mechanical embolectomy has limited rates of good neurological outcomes. EGb761 is a standardized and extensively studied extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The ginkgolides and bilobalide that constitute a critical part of EGb761 have demonstrated protective properties towards cerebral injury. Ginkgolides include Ginkgolide A (GA), Ginkgolide B (GB), Ginkgolide C (GC), Ginkgolide J (GJ), Ginkgolide K (GK), Ginkgolide L (GL), and Ginkgolide M (GM). This review seeks to elucidate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of ginkgolides, especially GA and GB, and bilobalide in cerebral injury following ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Feng
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No.1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No.1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Chen
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No.1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No.1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daihua Hu
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No.1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
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Ma C, Wang X, Xu T, Yu X, Zhang S, Liu S, Gao Y, Fan S, Li C, Zhai C, Cheng F, Wang Q. Qingkailing injection ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and modulates the AMPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signalling pathway. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:320. [PMID: 31747940 PMCID: PMC6868863 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia is the second-leading cause of death and the main cause of permanent adult disabilities worldwide. Qingkailing (QKL) injection, a patented Chinese medicine approved by the China Food and Drug Administration, has been widely used in clinical practice to treat cerebral ischemia in China. The NOD-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated in cerebral ischemia and thus, is an effective therapeutic target. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Methods We investigated the potential of QKL injection to provide neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (210–230 g) were randomly divided into three groups which consist of sham, MCAO and 3 ml/kg QKL. Rats in the QKL group received intraperitoneal injections of 3 ml/kg QKL, while rats in other groups were given saline in the same volumes. After 90 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion, neurological function, laser speckle imaging, brain infarction, brain water content and brain blood barrier permeability were examined and cell apoptosis at prefrontal cortex were evaluated 24 h after MCAO, and western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also researched, respectively. Results Intraperitoneal administration of QKL alleviated neurological deficiencies, cerebral infarction, blood-brain barrier permeability, brain oedema and brain cell apoptosis after MCAO induction. QKL decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. Furthermore, QKL activated phosphorylated AMPK, decreased oxidative stress and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions QKL relieved cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and suppressed the inflammatory response by inhibiting AMPK-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. These results suggest that QKL might have potential in treating brain inflammatory response and attenuating the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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27
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Wang MM, Feng YS, Yang SD, Xing Y, Zhang J, Dong F, Zhang F. The Relationship Between Autophagy and Brain Plasticity in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:228. [PMID: 31244604 PMCID: PMC6542992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic degradation system, is utilized for destroying and recycling the damaged or unnecessary cellular components. Brain plasticity refers to the remarkable characteristics of brain neurons that change their structure and function according to previous experience. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in databases of SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science, from respective inception to January 2019. Here, we review the neuroprotective effect of autophagy in neurological diseases and the mechanism of autophagy in brain plasticity. Moreover, the mechanism of autophagy in the process of brain plasticity can provide the possibility for the development of new treatment methods in the future, thus benefiting patients with neurological diseases. In summary, autophagy and brain plasticity play important roles in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si-Dong Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Finley J. Cellular stress and AMPK links metformin and diverse compounds with accelerated emergence from anesthesia and potential recovery from disorders of consciousness. Med Hypotheses 2019; 124:42-52. [PMID: 30798915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neural correlates of consciousness and the mechanisms by which general anesthesia (GA) modulate such correlates to induce loss of consciousness (LOC) has been described as one of the biggest mysteries of modern medicine. Several cellular targets and neural circuits have been identified that play a critical role in LOC induced by GA, including the GABAA receptor and ascending arousal nuclei located in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brain stem. General anesthetics (GAs) including propofol and inhalational agents induce LOC in part by potentiating chloride influx through the GABAA receptor, leading to neural inhibition and LOC. Interestingly, nearly all GAs used clinically may also induce paradoxical excitation, a phenomenon in which GAs promote neuronal excitation at low doses before inducing unconsciousness. Additionally, emergence from GA, a passive process that occurs after anesthetic removal, is associated with lower anesthetic concentrations in the brain compared to doses associated with induction of GA. AMPK, an evolutionarily conserved kinase activated by cellular stress (e.g. increases in calcium [Ca2+] and/or reactive oxygen species [ROS], etc.) increases lifespan and healthspan in several model organisms. AMPK is located throughout the mammalian brain, including in neurons of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and striatum as well as in pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and cortex. Increases in ROS and Ca2+ play critical roles in neuronal excitation and glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, activates AMPK in cortical neurons. Nearly every neurotransmitter released from ascending arousal circuits that promote wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness activates AMPK, including acetylcholine, histamine, orexin-A, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Several GAs that are commonly used to induce LOC in human patients also activate AMPK (e.g. propofol, sevoflurane, isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam). Various compounds that accelerate emergence from anesthesia, thus mitigating problematic effects associated with delayed emergence such as delirium, also activate AMPK (e.g. nicotine, caffeine, forskolin, carbachol). GAs and neurotransmitters also act as preconditioning agents and the GABAA receptor inhibitor bicuculline, which reverses propofol anesthesia, also activates AMPK in cortical neurons. We propose the novel hypothesis that cellular stress-induced AMPK activation links wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness with paradoxical excitation and accelerated emergence from anesthesia. Because AMPK activators including metformin and nicotine promote proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus, AMPK activation may also enhance brain repair and promote potential recovery from disorders of consciousness (i.e. minimally conscious state, vegetative state, coma).
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Zhao R, Jiang J, Li H, Chen M, Liu R, Sun S, Ma D, Liang X, Wang S. Phosphatidylserine-microbubble targeting-activated microglia/macrophage in inflammation combined with ultrasound for breaking through the blood-brain barrier. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:334. [PMID: 30501630 PMCID: PMC6271401 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Inflammatory reaction plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. It has been shown that activated microglia long-term existed in cerebral ischemia and induced second injury. Therefore, we hypothesize that prepared phosphatidylserine (PS)-modified microbubbles (PS-MBs) combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) can safely open the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and target activated microglia for inflammatory area in the later stage of ischemia reperfusion. Methods To verify our hypothesis, rat model of IR was established, then the change of activated microglia/macrophage (M/M) and permeability of BBB at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days could be clearly observed post IR. And the activated M/M still can be observed during the whole experiment. Results The Evans blue extravasation of BBB gradually declined from day 1 to day 21. Compared to the control group, microbubbles containing PS were taken up more by activated M/M (approximately twofold) both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions PS-MBs combined with ultrasound (US) exposure could safely open BBB, and the resulting PS nanoparticles (PS-NPs) could further target activated M/M in the neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1368-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhao
- Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, 017000, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huiwen Li
- Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, 017000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 10019, China
| | - Renfa Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 10019, China
| | - Sujuan Sun
- Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, 017000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - De Ma
- Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, 017000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Shumin Wang
- Ordos Center Hospital, Ordos, 017000, Inner Mongolia, China. .,Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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30
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Yu J, Li X, Matei N, McBride D, Tang J, Yan M, Zhang JH. Ezetimibe, a NPC1L1 inhibitor, attenuates neuronal apoptosis through AMPK dependent autophagy activation after MCAO in rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:12-23. [PMID: 29852178 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy activation exerts neuroprotective effects in the ischemic stroke model. Ezetimibe (Eze), a Niemann-Pick disease type C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) pharmacological inhibitor, has been reported to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis via autophagy activation. In this study, we explored whether Eze could attenuate neuronal apoptosis in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), specifically via activation of the AMPK/ULK1/autophagy pathway. Two hundred and one male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient MCAO followed by reperfusion. Eze was administered 1 h after MCAO. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, Dorsomorphin, a selective AMPK inhibitor, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, were injected intracerebroventricularly before MCAO. Infarct volume, neurological score, brain cholesterol levels, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining were used to evaluate the effects of Eze. The endogenous NPC1L1 expression increased and mainly expressed in neurons after MCAO. Intranasal administration of Eze reduced brain infarct volume at 24 and 72 h after MCAO, with improved short and long-term neurological functions after MCAO. Eze reduced brain cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters) and the number of FJC-positive neurons. The expression of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and downstream ULK1, Beclin1, LC3BII, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl increased, while P62 and proapoptotic Bax decreased after treatment with Eze. Pretreatment with Dorsomorphin and 3-MA reversed the beneficial effects of Eze. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of Eze plays neuroprotective role through autophagy activation after MCAO in rats. Lowered cholesterol levels and AMPK activation may act in conjunction to induce autophagy after treatment with Eze. Eze merits further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin McBride
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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31
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Klass A, Sánchez-Porras R, Santos E. Systematic review of the pharmacological agents that have been tested against spreading depolarizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1149-1179. [PMID: 29673289 PMCID: PMC6434447 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18771440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) occurs alongside brain injuries and it can lead to neuronal damage. Therefore, pharmacological modulation of SD can constitute a therapeutic approach to reduce its detrimental effects and to improve the clinical outcome of patients. The major objective of this article was to produce a systematic review of all the drugs that have been tested against SD. Of the substances that have been examined, most have been shown to modulate certain SD characteristics. Only a few have succeeded in significantly inhibiting SD. We present a variety of strategies that have been proposed to overcome the notorious harmfulness and pharmacoresistance of SD. Information on clinically used anesthetic, sedative, hypnotic agents, anti-migraine drugs, anticonvulsants and various other substances have been compiled and reviewed with respect to the efficacy against SD, in order to answer the question of whether a drug at safe doses could be of therapeutic use against SD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klass
- Neurosurgery Department, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Edgar Santos
- Neurosurgery Department, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Gao XL, Li JQ, Dong YT, Cheng EJ, Gong JN, Qin YL, Huang YQ, Yang JJ, Wang SJ, An DD. Upregulation of microRNA-335-5p reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting FASN through the activation of AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway in a septic mouse model. Cytokine 2018; 110:466-478. [PMID: 29866515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) subtype, is generally characterized by infection. Emerging evidence has highlighted dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the progression of sepsis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of miR-335-5p on inflammatory responses in a septic mouse model. The hypothesis was subsequently asserted that the FASN gene and AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway may participate in the regulation of miR-335-5p. A septic mouse model was established in order to validate the effect of miR-335-5p on the inflammatory response by means of suppressing the endogenous expression of FASN by siRNA against FASN in endothelial cells. A target prediction program and luciferase activity was employed to ascertain as to whether miR--335-5p targets FASN. The levels of inflammatory factors including IL-6 and IL-1β were determined by means of ELISA assay. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to determine the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway-, apoptosis- and autophagy-related genes. Flow cytometry was employed in order to evaluate sepsis-induced cell apoptosis in response to miR-335-5p and FASN alternations. FASN was identified as a target gene of miR--335-5p. Gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-335-5p acted to enhance autophagy, reduce cell apoptosis, promote cell cycle entry in endothelial cells, and reduce inflammatory response through the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in endothelial cells. The effect of miR-335-5p on endothelial cells was increased when FASN was suppressed by siRNA as well as when the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway was activated, suggesting that miR-335-5p influences sepsis by targeting and inhibiting FASN, and activating the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway. Our study provides evidence indicating that overexpressed miR-335-5p enhances autophagy by targeting FASN through activation of the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway working to alleviate the inflammatory response in septic mouse models, emphasizing the value of the functional upregulation of miR-335-5p as therapeutic strategy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ting Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Er-Jing Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Jian-Nan Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | | | | | | | - Dong-Dong An
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, PR China
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Wang JF, Mei ZG, Fu Y, Yang SB, Zhang SZ, Huang WF, Xiong L, Zhou HJ, Tao W, Feng ZT. Puerarin protects rat brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:989-998. [PMID: 29926825 PMCID: PMC6022469 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin suppresses autophagy to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and accumulating evidence indicates that the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway regulates the activation of the autophagy pathway through the coordinated phosphorylation of ULK1. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of puerarin and its role in modulating autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with puerarin, 50 or 100 mg/kg, daily for 7 days. Then, 30 minutes after the final administration, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes. Then, after 24 hours of reperfusion, the Longa score and infarct volume were evaluated in each group. Autophagosome formation was observed by transmission electron microscopy. LC3, Beclin-1 p62, AMPK, mTOR and ULK1 protein expression levels were examined by immunofluorescence and western blot assay. Puerarin substantially reduced the Longa score and infarct volume, and it lessened autophagosome formation in the hippocampal CA1 area following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with puerarin (50 or 100 mg/kg) reduced Beclin-1 expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, as well as p-AMPK and pS317-ULK1 levels. In comparison, it increased p62 expression. Furthermore, puerarin at 100 mg/kg dramatically increased the levels of p-mTOR and pS757-ULK1 in the hippocampus on the ischemic side. Our findings suggest that puerarin alleviates autophagy by activating the APMK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. Thus, puerarin might have therapeutic potential for treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Wang
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Mei
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Song-Bai Yang
- Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Clinical Medical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Zhang
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei-Feng Huang
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhou
- The Institute of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Feng
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
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34
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How AMPK and PKA Interplay to Regulate Mitochondrial Function and Survival in Models of Ischemia and Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4353510. [PMID: 29391924 PMCID: PMC5748092 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4353510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved, redox-activated master regulator of cell metabolism. In the presence of oxidative stress, AMPK promotes cytoprotection by enhancing the conservation of energy by suppressing protein translation and by stimulating autophagy. AMPK interplays with protein kinase A (PKA) to regulate oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. AMPK and dual-specificity A-kinase anchoring protein 1 (D-AKAP1), a mitochondrial-directed scaffold of PKA, interact to regulate mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in cardiac and endothelial cells. Ischemia and diabetes, a chronic disease that increases the onset of cardiovascular diseases, suppress the cardioprotective effects of AMPK and PKA. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which AMPK and D-AKAP1/PKA interplay to regulate mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and signaling pathways that prime endothelial cells, cardiac cells, and neurons for cytoprotection against oxidative stress. We discuss recent literature showing how temporal dynamics and localization of activated AMPK and PKA holoenzymes play a crucial role in governing cellular bioenergetics and cell survival in models of ischemia, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Finally, we propose therapeutic strategies that tout localized PKA and AMPK signaling to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and death of neurons and cardiac and endothelial cells during ischemia and diabetes.
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35
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AMP-activated protein kinase protects against anoxia in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 214:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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36
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Neuroprotective Effects of Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4653936. [PMID: 28757878 PMCID: PMC5512103 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4653936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the most common subtype of stroke, has been one of the leading causes of mobility and mortality worldwide. However, it is still lacking of efficient agents. Stem cell therapy, with its vigorous advantages, has attracted researchers around the world. Numerous experimental researches in animal models of stroke have demonstrated the promising efficacy in treating ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanism involved antiapoptosis, anti-inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis and neurogenesis, formation of new neural cells and neuronal circuitry, antioxidation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) protection. This review would focus on the types and neuroprotective actions of stem cells and its potential mechanisms for ischemic stroke.
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37
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Guo Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Huang S, Wen Y, Zou F, Cheng J. Autophagy-related gene microarray and bioinformatics analysis for ischemic stroke detection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:48-55. [PMID: 28528975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms of IS induced injury are still poorly understood. The main aim of this study is to explore the role of autophagy in IS. Ten pairs of whole blood samples of IS patients and matched controls were included to select differential expressed genes (DE genes) by autophagy-related functional gene microarray analysis. And then, one hundred and fifty pairs of whole blood samples of IS patients and matched controls were included to validate the DE genes. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) analyses and Pathway analyses were also performed based on the DE gene results. Our results indicated that the co-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis took part in IS-induced injuries, and mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis played a crucial role in this process. Furthermore, lysosome, protein kinase and endopeptidase also participated in IS. These findings clarified the role of mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in ischemic stroke and provided more important biomarkers for the prevention diagnosis and therapeutic implications in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Guo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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38
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Zhu YM, Gao X, Ni Y, Li W, Kent TA, Qiao SG, Wang C, Xu XX, Zhang HL. Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Neuroscience 2017; 356:125-141. [PMID: 28501505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to astrocyte's activation and glial scar formation. Glial scar can inhibit axonal regeneration during the recovery phase. It has demonstrated that sevoflurane has neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke, but its effects on ischemia-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar are unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on astrogliosis and glial scar formation in ischemic stroke model both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that 2.5% of sevoflurane postconditioning could significantly reduce infarction volume and improve neurologic deficits. And it could also decrease the expression of the glial scar marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurocan and phosphacan in the peri-infarct region and markedly reduce the thickness of glial scar after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Consistent with the in vivo data, in the oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/Re) model, sevoflurane postconditioning could protect astrocyte against OGD/Re-induced injury, decrease the expression of GFAP, neurocan and phosphacan. Further studies demonstrated that sevoflurane postconditioning could down-regulate the expression of Lamp1 and active cathepsin B, and block I/R or OGD/Re-induced release of cathepsin B from the lysosomes into cytoplasm. In order to confirm whether inhibition of cathepsin B could attenuate the formation of glial scar, we used cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074Me as a positive control. The results showed that inhibition of cathepsin B could decrease the expression of GFAP, neurocan and phosphacan. Taken together, sevoflurane postconditioning can attenuate astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemic stroke, associating with inhibition of the activation and release of lysosomal cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Stroke Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston 77030, TX, United States
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, and Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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