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Karthika V, Badrinathan Sridharan, Nam JW, Kim D, Gyun Lim H. Neuromodulation by nanozymes and ultrasound during Alzheimer's disease management. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:139. [PMID: 38555420 PMCID: PMC10981335 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathogenesis and effective clinical treatment strategies for this disease remain elusive. Interestingly, nanomedicines are under extensive investigation for AD management. Currently, existing redox molecules show highly bioactive property but suffer from instability and high production costs, limiting clinical application for neurological diseases. Compared with natural enzymes, artificial enzymes show high stability, long-lasting catalytic activity, and versatile enzyme-like properties. Further, the selectivity and performance of artificial enzymes can be modulated for neuroinflammation treatments through external stimuli. In this review, we focus on the latest developments of metal, metal oxide, carbon-based and polymer based nanozymes and their catalytic mechanisms. Recent developments in nanozymes for diagnosing and treating AD are emphasized, especially focusing on their potential to regulate pathogenic factors and target sites. Various applications of nanozymes with different stimuli-responsive features were discussed, particularly focusing on nanozymes for treating oxidative stress-related neurological diseases. Noninvasiveness and focused application to deep body regions makes ultrasound (US) an attractive trigger mechanism for nanomedicine. Since a complete cure for AD remains distant, this review outlines the potential of US responsive nanozymes to develop future therapeutic approaches for this chronic neurodegenerative disease and its emergence in AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Karthika
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Badrinathan Sridharan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Nam
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehun Kim
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Lipid peroxidation products' role in autophagy regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:375-383. [PMID: 38182071 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is responsible for removing damaged molecules, prevents their accumulation in cells, thus maintaining intracellular homeostasis. It is also responsible for removing the effects of oxidative stress, so its activation takes place during increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize all the available knowledge about the effect of protein modifications by lipid peroxidation products on autophagy activation and the impact of this interaction on the functioning of cells. This review shows that reactive aldehydes (including 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde), either directly or by the formation of adducts with autophagic proteins, can activate or prevent autophagy, depending on their concentration. This effect relates not only to the initial stages of autophagy, when 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde affect the levels of proteins involved in autophagy initiation and phagophore formation, but also to the final stage, degradation, when reactive aldehydes, by binding to the active center of cathepsins, inactivate their proteolytic functions. Moreover, this review also shows how little research exists on analyzing the impact of lipid peroxidation products and their protein adducts on autophagy. Such knowledge could be used in the therapy of diseases related to autophagy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069, Bialystok, Poland
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Yamashima T, Seike T, Mochly-Rosen D, Chen CH, Kikuchi M, Mizukoshi E. Implication of the cooking oil-peroxidation product "hydroxynonenal" for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1211141. [PMID: 37693644 PMCID: PMC10486274 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1211141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that reduces cell injuries via detoxification of lipid-peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (hydroxynonenal). It is generated exogenously via deep-frying of linoleic acid-rich cooking oils and/or endogenously via oxidation of fatty acids involved in biomembranes. Although its toxicity for human health is widely accepted, the underlying mechanism long remained unknown. In 1998, Yamashima et al. have formulated the "calpain-cathepsin hypothesis" as a molecular mechanism of ischemic neuronal death. Subsequently, they found that calpain cleaves Hsp70.1 which became vulnerable after the hydroxynonenal-induced carbonylation at the key site Arg469. Since it is the pivotal aberration that induces lysosomal membrane rupture, they suggested that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease similarly occurs by chronic ischemia via the calpain-cathepsin cascade triggered by hydroxynonenal. For nearly three decades, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide was thought to be a root substance of Alzheimer's disease. However, because of both the insignificant correlations between Aβ depositions and occurrence of neuronal death or dementia, and the negative results of anti-Aβ medicines tested so far in the patients with Alzheimer's disease, the strength of the "amyloid cascade hypothesis" has been weakened. Recent works have suggested that hydroxynonenal is a mediator of programmed cell death not only in the brain, but also in the liver, pancreas, heart, etc. Increment of hydroxynonenal was considered an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. This review aims at suggesting ways out of the tunnel, focusing on the implication of hydroxynonenal in this disease. Herein, the mechanism of Alzheimer neuronal death is discussed by focusing on Hsp70.1 with a dual function as chaperone protein and lysosomal stabilizer. We suggest that Aβ is not a culprit of Alzheimer's disease, but merely a byproduct of autophagy/lysosomal failure resulting from hydroxynonenal-induced Hsp70.1 disorder. Enhancing ALDH2 activity to detoxify hydroxynonenal emerges as a promising strategy for preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsumori Yamashima
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Seike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eishiro Mizukoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Li P. The applications of nanozymes in neurological diseases: From mechanism to design. Theranostics 2023; 13:2492-2514. [PMID: 37215578 PMCID: PMC10196824 DOI: 10.7150/thno.83370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activities. Due to their multiple catalytic activities, as well as their good stability, modifiable activity and other advantages over natural enzymes, they have a wide range of application prospects in sterilization, the treatment of inflammation, cancer, and neurological diseases, and other fields. In recent years, it has been found that various nanozymes have antioxidant activity, allowing them to simulate the endogenous antioxidant system and play an important role in cell protection. Therefore, nanozymes can be applied in the treatment of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related neurological diseases. Another advantage of nanozymes is that they can be customized and modified in a variety of ways to increase their catalytic activity beyond that of classical enzymes. In addition, some nanozymes have unique properties, such as the ability to effectively penetrate the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) or to depolymerize or otherwise eliminate misfolded proteins, making them potentially useful therapeutic tools for the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we review the catalytic mechanisms of antioxidant-like nanozymes, as well as the latest research progress and strategies for designing therapeutic nanozymes, aiming to promote the development of more effective nanozymes for the treatment of neurological diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China. E-mail address: ; . Tel.: +86-532-82991791(P.L. & Y.Z.)
| | | | | | - Peifeng Li
- ✉ Corresponding author: Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Deng Zhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, P. R. China. E-mail address: ; . Tel.: +86-532-82991791(P.L. & Y.Z.)
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Lamorie‐Foote K, Liu Q, Shkirkova K, Ge B, He S, Morgan TE, Mack WJ, Sioutas C, Finch CE, Mack WJ. Particulate matter exposure and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion promote oxidative stress and induce neuronal and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:384-402. [PMID: 36464774 PMCID: PMC10107949 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) may amplify the neurotoxicity of nanoscale particulate matter (nPM), resulting in white matter injury. This study characterized the joint effects of nPM (diameter ≤ 200 nm) and CCH secondary to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) exposure on neuronal and white matter injury in a murine model. nPM was collected near a highway and re-aerosolized for exposure. Ten-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomized into four groups: filtered air (FA), nPM, FA + BCAS, and nPM + BCAS. Mice were exposed to FA or nPM for 10 weeks. BCAS surgeries were performed. Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were examined. nPM + BCAS exposure increased brain hemisphere TNFα protein compared to FA. iNOS and HNE immunofluorescence were increased in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex of nPM + BCAS mice compared to FA. While nPM exposure alone did not decrease cortical neuronal cell count, nPM decreased corpus callosum oligodendrocyte cell count. nPM exposure decreased mature oligodendrocyte cell count and increased oligodendrocyte precursor cell count in the corpus callosum. nPM + BCAS mice exhibited a 200% increase in cortical neuronal TUNEL staining and a 700% increase in corpus callosum oligodendrocyte TUNEL staining compared to FA. There was a supra-additive interaction between nPM and BCAS on cortical neuronal TUNEL staining (2.6× the additive effects of nPM + BCAS). nPM + BCAS exposure increased apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum. nPM + BCAS exposure increased neuronal apoptosis above the separate responses to each exposure. However, oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum demonstrated a greater susceptibility to the combined neurotoxic effects of nPM + BCAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Lamorie‐Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kristina Shkirkova
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brandon Ge
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shannon He
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wendy J. Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern California, Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Holubiec MI, Gellert M, Hanschmann EM. Redox signaling and metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1003721. [PMID: 36408110 PMCID: PMC9670316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction and oxidation reactions are essential for biochemical processes. They are part of metabolic pathways and signal transduction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as second messengers and oxidative modifications of cysteinyl (Cys) residues are key to transduce and translate intracellular and intercellular signals. Dysregulation of cellular redox signaling is known as oxidative distress, which has been linked to various pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology linked to both, abnormal amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, generating Aβ peptide, and Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation. Signs of oxidative distress in AD include: increase of ROS (H2O2, O2 •-), decrease of the levels or activities of antioxidant enzymes, abnormal oxidation of macromolecules related to elevated Aβ production, and changes in mitochondrial homeostasis linked to Tau phosphorylation. Interestingly, Cys residues present in APP form disulfide bonds that are important for intermolecular interactions and might be involved in the aggregation of Aβ. Moreover, two Cys residues in some Tau isoforms have been shown to be essential for Tau stabilization and its interaction with microtubules. Future research will show the complexities of Tau, its interactome, and the role that Cys residues play in the progression of AD. The specific modification of cysteinyl residues in redox signaling is also tightly connected to the regulation of various metabolic pathways. Many of these pathways have been found to be altered in AD, even at very early stages. In order to analyze the complex changes and underlying mechanisms, several AD models have been developed, including animal models, 2D and 3D cell culture, and ex-vivo studies of patient samples. The use of these models along with innovative, new redox analysis techniques are key to further understand the importance of the redox component in Alzheimer's disease and the identification of new therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Holubiec
- IBioBA-MPSP Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifwald, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Shandilya S, Kumar S, Kumar Jha N, Kumar Kesari K, Ruokolainen J. Interplay of gut microbiota and oxidative stress: Perspective on neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. J Adv Res 2022; 38:223-244. [PMID: 35572407 PMCID: PMC9091761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research on the implications of gut microbiota on brain functions has helped to gather important information on the relationship between them. Pathogenesis of neurological disorders is found to be associated with dysregulation of gut-brain axis. Some gut bacteria metabolites are found to be directly associated with the increase in reactive oxygen species levels, one of the most important risk factors of neurodegeneration. Besides their morbid association, gut bacteria metabolites are also found to play a significant role in reducing the onset of these life-threatening brain disorders. Aim of Review Studies done in the recent past raises two most important link between gut microbiota and the brain: "gut microbiota-oxidative stress-neurodegeneration" and gut microbiota-antioxidant-neuroprotection. This review aims to gives a deep insight to our readers, of the collective studies done, focusing on the gut microbiota mediated oxidative stress involved in neurodegeneration along with a focus on those studies showing the involvement of gut microbiota and their metabolites in neuroprotection. Key Scientific Concepts of Review This review is focused on three main key concepts. Firstly, the mounting evidences from clinical and preclinical arenas shows the influence of gut microbiota mediated oxidative stress resulting in dysfunctional neurological processes. Therefore, we describe the potential role of gut microbiota influencing the vulnerability of brain to oxidative stress, and a budding causative in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Secondly, contributing roles of gut microbiota has been observed in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation via its own metabolites or by producing secondary metabolites and, also modulation in gut microbiota population with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory probiotics have shown promising neuro resilience. Thirdly, high throughput in silico tools and databases also gives a correlation of gut microbiome, their metabolites and brain health, thus providing fascinating perspective and promising new avenues for therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shandilya
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Haryana, India
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, Helsinki 00180, Finland
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot no. 32–34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | | | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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Zia A, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Molecular and cellular pathways contributing to brain aging. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2021; 17:6. [PMID: 34118939 PMCID: PMC8199306 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the leading risk factor for several age-associated diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the biology of aging mechanisms is essential to the pursuit of brain health. In this regard, brain aging is defined by a gradual decrease in neurophysiological functions, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and oxidatively modified molecules and organelles. Numerous pathways lead to brain aging, including increased oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbances in energy metabolism such as deregulated autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and IGF-1, mTOR, ROS, AMPK, SIRTs, and p53 as central modulators of the metabolic control, connecting aging to the pathways, which lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Also, calorie restriction (CR), physical exercise, and mental activities can extend lifespan and increase nervous system resistance to age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroprotective effect of CR involves increased protection against ROS generation, maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and inhibition of apoptosis. The recent evidence about the modem molecular and cellular methods in neurobiology to brain aging is exhibiting a significant potential in brain cells for adaptation to aging and resistance to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), 9717853577 Birjand, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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In Pursuit of Healthy Aging: Effects of Nutrition on Brain Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095026. [PMID: 34068525 PMCID: PMC8126018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming a balanced, nutritious diet is important for maintaining health, especially as individuals age. Several studies suggest that consuming a diet rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory components such as those found in fruits, nuts, vegetables, and fish may reduce age-related cognitive decline and the risk of developing various neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been published over the last decade focusing on nutrition and how this impacts health. The main objective of the current article is to review the data linking the role of diet and nutrition with aging and age-related cognitive decline. Specifically, we discuss the roles of micronutrients and macronutrients and provide an overview of how the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis and nutrition impact brain function in general and cognitive processes in particular during aging. We propose that dietary interventions designed to optimize the levels of macro and micronutrients and maximize the functioning of the microbiota-gut-brain axis can be of therapeutic value for improving cognitive functioning, particularly during aging.
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Zulu SS, Abboussi O, Simola N, Mabandla MV, Daniels WMU. Effects of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART) on hippocampal neuroplasticity in female mice. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:325-333. [PMID: 33710598 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) continues despite the introduction of combination antiretroviral drugs (cART). Several studies have reported the neurotoxicity of individual antiretroviral drugs (monotherapy), while the common approach for HIV treatment is through cART. Hence, the current study investigated the effects of long-term exposure to cART on cognitive function, oxidative damage, autophagy, and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of mice. Female Balb/c mice received a once-a-day oral dose of cART composed of emtricitabine + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or vehicle for 8 weeks. On week 7 of drug administration, all mice were assessed for spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), and then on week 8, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampal tissue dissected from the brain. For biochemical analyses, we measured the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal, and the expression of autophagic marker LC3B, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Our results showed that cART exposure increased escape latency in the MWM test. The cART-treated mice also showed increased 4-hydroxynonenal concentration and expression of LC3B. Furthermore, cART treatment decreased the expression of synaptophysin and BDNF. These findings further support the evidence that cART may be neurotoxic and therefore may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo Siyanda Zulu
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa. .,Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
| | - Oualid Abboussi
- Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic of Human Pathologies Research Centre, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Musa Vuyisile Mabandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine , and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - William Mark Uren Daniels
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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11
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Rudolph TE, Mayorga EJ, Roths M, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. The effect of Mitoquinol (MitoQ) on heat stressed skeletal muscle from pigs, and a potential confounding effect of biological sex. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102900. [PMID: 33863453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) poses a major threat to human health and agricultural production. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to play key roles in muscle injury caused by HS. We hypothesized that mitoquinol (MitoQ), would alleviate oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction in skeletal muscle during HS. To address this, crossbred barrows (male pigs) were treated with placebo or MitoQ (40 mg/d) and were then exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 20 °C) or HS (35 °C) conditions for 24 h. Pigs were euthanized following the environmental challenge and the red portion of the semitendinosus (STR) was collected for analysis. Unexpectedly, malondialdehyde concentration, an oxidative stress marker, was similar between environmental and supplement treatments. Heat stress decreased LC3A/B-I (p < 0.05) and increased the ratio of LC3A/B-II/I (p < 0.05), while p62 was similar among groups suggesting increased degradation of autophagosomes during HS. These outcomes were in disagreement with our previous results in muscle from gilts (female pigs). To probe the impact of biological sex on HS-mediated injury in skeletal muscle, we compared STR from these barrows to archived STR from gilts subjected to a similar environmental intervention. We confirmed our previous findings of HS-mediated dysfunction in muscle from gilts but not barrows. These data also raise the possibility that muscle from gilts is more susceptible to environment-induced hyperthermia than muscle from barrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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12
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Ijomone OM, Ifenatuoha CW, Aluko OM, Ijomone OK, Aschner M. The aging brain: impact of heavy metal neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:801-814. [PMID: 33210961 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1838441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by critical changes in cellular and molecular functions, which upset the homeostatic balance in the central nervous system. Accumulation of metals renders the brain susceptible to neurotoxic insults by mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal calcium-ion dyshomeostasis, buildup of damaged molecules, compromised DNA repair, reduction in neurogenesis, and impaired energy metabolism. These hallmarks have been identified to be responsible for neuronal injuries, resulting in several neurological disorders. Various studies have shown solid associations between metal accumulation, abnormal protein expressions, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review highlights metals (such as manganese, zinc, iron, copper, and nickel) for their accumulation, and consequences in the development of neurological disorders, in relation to the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Chibuzor W Ifenatuoha
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Olayemi K Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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13
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Abstract
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The biological responses to dienone compounds with a 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadienyl
pharmacophore have been studied extensively. Despite their expected
general thiol reactivity, these compounds display considerable degrees
of tumor cell selectivity. Here we review in vitro and preclinical studies of dienone compounds including b-AP15, VLX1570,
RA-9, RA-190, EF24, HO-3867, and MCB-613. A common property of these
compounds is their targeting of the ubiquitin–proteasome system
(UPS), known to be essential for the viability of tumor cells. Gene
expression profiling experiments have shown induction of responses
characteristic of UPS inhibition, and experiments using cellular reporter
proteins have shown that proteasome inhibition is associated with
cell death. Other mechanisms of action such as reactivation of mutant
p53, stimulation of steroid receptor coactivators, and induction of
protein cross-linking have also been described. Although unsuitable
as biological probes due to widespread reactivity, dienone compounds
are cytotoxic to apoptosis-resistant tumor cells and show activity
in animal tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Fedorova TN, Logvinenko AA, Poleshchuk VV, Muzychuk OA, Shabalina AA, Illarioshkin SN. Lipid Peroxidation Products in the Blood Plasma of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease as Possible Biomarkers of Different Stages of the Disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Rossetti ML, Esser KA, Lee C, Tomko RJ, Eroshkin AM, Gordon BS. Disruptions to the limb muscle core molecular clock coincide with changes in mitochondrial quality control following androgen depletion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E631-E645. [PMID: 31361545 PMCID: PMC6842919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00177.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Androgen depletion in humans leads to significant atrophy of the limb muscles. However, the pathways by which androgens regulate limb muscle mass are unclear. Our laboratory previously showed that mitochondrial degradation was related to the induction of autophagy and the degree of muscle atrophy following androgen depletion, implying that decreased mitochondrial quality contributes to muscle atrophy. To increase our understanding of androgen-sensitive pathways regulating decreased mitochondrial quality, total RNA from the tibialis anterior of sham and castrated mice was subjected to microarray analysis. Using this unbiased approach, we identified significant changes in the expression of genes that compose the core molecular clock. To assess the extent to which androgen depletion altered the limb muscle clock, the tibialis anterior muscles from sham and castrated mice were harvested every 4 h throughout a diurnal cycle. The circadian expression patterns of various core clock genes and known clock-controlled genes were disrupted by castration, with most genes exhibiting an overall reduction in phase amplitude. Given that the core clock regulates mitochondrial quality, disruption of the clock coincided with changes in the expression of genes involved with mitochondrial quality control, suggesting a novel mechanism by which androgens may regulate mitochondrial quality. These events coincided with an overall increase in mitochondrial degradation in the muscle of castrated mice and an increase in markers of global autophagy-mediated protein breakdown. In all, these data are consistent with a novel conceptual model linking androgen depletion-induced limb muscle atrophy to reduced mitochondrial quality control via disruption of the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Rossetti
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Robert J Tomko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alexey M Eroshkin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
- Rancho BioSciences, San Diego, California
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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16
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Lysosomal Dysfunction in Down Syndrome Is APP-Dependent and Mediated by APP-βCTF (C99). J Neurosci 2019; 39:5255-5268. [PMID: 31043483 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0578-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal failure underlies pathogenesis of numerous congenital neurodegenerative disorders and is an early and progressive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we report that lysosomal dysfunction in Down ayndrome (trisomy 21), a neurodevelopmental disorder and form of early onset AD, requires the extra gene copy of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is specifically mediated by the β cleaved carboxy terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF, C99). In primary fibroblasts from individuals with DS, lysosomal degradation of autophagic and endocytic substrates is selectively impaired, causing them to accumulate in enlarged autolysosomes/lysosomes. Direct measurements of lysosomal pH uncovered a significant elevation (0.6 units) as a basis for slowed LC3 turnover and the inactivation of cathepsin D and other lysosomal hydrolases known to be unstable or less active when lysosomal pH is persistently elevated. Normalizing lysosome pH by delivering acidic nanoparticles to lysosomes ameliorated lysosomal deficits, whereas RNA sequencing analysis excluded a transcriptional contribution to hydrolase declines. Cortical neurons cultured from the Ts2 mouse model of DS exhibited lysosomal deficits similar to those in DS cells. Lowering APP expression with siRNA or BACE1 inhibition reversed cathepsin deficits in both fibroblasts and neurons. Deleting one Bace1 allele from adult Ts2 mice had similar rescue effects in vivo The modest elevation of endogenous APP-βCTF needed to disrupt lysosomal function in DS is relevant to sporadic AD where APP-βCTF, but not APP, is also elevated. Our results extend evidence that impaired lysosomal acidification drives progressive lysosomal failure in multiple forms of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Down syndrome (trisomy 21) (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder invariably leading to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We showed in cells from DS individuals and neurons of DS models that one extra copy of a normal amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene impairs lysosomal acidification, thereby depressing lysosomal hydrolytic activities and turnover of autophagic and endocytic substrates, processes vital to neuronal survival. These deficits, which were reversible by correcting lysosomal pH, are mediated by elevated levels of endogenous β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF). Notably, similar endosomal-lysosomal pathobiology emerges early in sporadic AD, where neuronal APP-βCTF is also elevated, underscoring its importance as a therapeutic target and underscoring the functional and pathogenic interrelationships between the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and genes causing AD.
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17
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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18
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Mattson MP, Arumugam TV. Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1176-1199. [PMID: 29874566 PMCID: PMC6039826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network activity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, the accrual of oxidatively modified molecules and organelles, and inflammation. These alterations render the aging brain vulnerable to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and stroke. Emerging findings are revealing mechanisms by which sedentary overindulgent lifestyles accelerate brain aging, whereas lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges (exercise, fasting, and intellectual challenges) foster healthy brain aging. Here we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging, how those processes interface with disease-specific neurodegenerative pathways, and how metabolic states influence brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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19
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Reisz JA, Barrett AS, Nemkov T, Hansen KC, D'Alessandro A. When nature's robots go rogue: exploring protein homeostasis dysfunction and the implications for understanding human aging disease pathologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:293-309. [PMID: 29540077 PMCID: PMC6174679 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1453362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteins have been historically regarded as 'nature's robots': Molecular machines that are essential to cellular/extracellular physical mechanical properties and catalyze key reactions for cell/system viability. However, these robots are kept in check by other protein-based machinery to preserve proteome integrity and stability. During aging, protein homeostasis is challenged by oxidation, decreased synthesis, and increasingly inefficient mechanisms responsible for repairing or degrading damaged proteins. In addition, disruptions to protein homeostasis are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative diseases and diseases disproportionately affecting the elderly. Areas covered: Here we summarize age- and disease-related changes to the protein machinery responsible for preserving proteostasis and describe how both aging and disease can each exacerbate damage initiated by the other. We focus on alteration of proteostasis as an etiological or phenomenological factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, along with Down syndrome, ophthalmic pathologies, and cancer. Expert commentary: Understanding the mechanisms of proteostasis and their dysregulation in health and disease will represent an essential breakthrough in the treatment of many (senescence-associated) pathologies. Strides in this field are currently underway and largely attributable to the introduction of high-throughput omics technologies and their combination with novel approaches to explore structural and cross-link biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Reisz
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Alexander S Barrett
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
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20
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Zhang J, Culp ML, Craver JG, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrial function and autophagy: integrating proteotoxic, redox, and metabolic stress in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 144:691-709. [PMID: 29341130 PMCID: PMC5897151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with widespread neurodegeneration in the brain. Significant oxidative, reductive, metabolic, and proteotoxic alterations have been observed in PD postmortem brains. The alterations of mitochondrial function resulting in decreased bioenergetic health is important and needs to be further examined to help develop biomarkers for PD severity and prognosis. It is now becoming clear that multiple hits on metabolic and signaling pathways are likely to exacerbate PD pathogenesis. Indeed, data obtained from genetic and genome association studies have implicated interactive contributions of genes controlling protein quality control and metabolism. For example, loss of key proteins that are responsible for clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through a process called mitophagy has been found to cause PD, and a significant proportion of genes associated with PD encode proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In this review, we highlight the evidence for the targeting of mitochondria by proteotoxic, redox and metabolic stress, and the role autophagic surveillance in maintenance of mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, we summarize the role of α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and tau in modulating mitochondrial function and autophagy. Among the stressors that can overwhelm the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, we will discuss 4-hydroxynonenal and nitric oxide. The impact of autophagy is context depend and as such can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of targeting mitochondria and autophagic function as an integrated therapeutic strategy and the emerging contribution of the microbiome to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - M Lillian Culp
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jason G Craver
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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21
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Zhang S, Eitan E, Wu TY, Mattson MP. Intercellular transfer of pathogenic α-synuclein by extracellular vesicles is induced by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 61:52-65. [PMID: 29035751 PMCID: PMC5705257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by accumulations of toxic α-synuclein aggregates in vulnerable neuronal populations in the brainstem, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. Recent findings suggest that α-synuclein pathology can be propagated transneuronally, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Advances in the genetics of rare early-onset familial PD indicate that increased production and/or reduced autophagic clearance of α-synuclein can cause PD. The cause of the most common late-onset PD is unclear, but may involve metabolic compromise and oxidative stress upstream of α-synuclein accumulation. As evidence, the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is elevated in the brain during normal aging and moreso in brain regions afflicted with α-synuclein pathology. Here, we report that HNE increases aggregation of endogenous α-synuclein in primary neurons and triggers the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing cytotoxic oligomeric α-synuclein species. EVs released from HNE-treated neurons are internalized by healthy neurons which as a consequence degenerate. Levels of endogenously generated HNE are elevated in cultured cells overexpressing human α-synuclein, and EVs released from those cells are toxic to neurons. The EV-associated α-synuclein is located both inside the vesicles and on their surface, where it plays a role in EV internalization by neurons. On internalization, EVs harboring pathogenic α-synuclein are transported both anterogradely and retrogradely within axons. Focal injection of EVs containing α-synuclein into the striatum of wild-type mice results in spread of synuclein pathology to anatomically connected brain regions. Our findings suggest a scenario for late-onset PD in which lipid peroxidation promotes intracellular accumulation and then extrusion of EVs containing toxic α-synuclein species; the EVs are then internalized by adjacent neurons, so propagating the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, BRC 5C214, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, BRC 5C214, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tsung-Yu Wu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, BRC 5C214, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, BRC 5C214, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: Roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:40-51. [PMID: 28988799 PMCID: PMC5748263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), largely owing to a triplication of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. In DS and AD, defects in endocytosis and lysosomal function appear at the earliest stages of disease development and progress to widespread failure of intraneuronal waste clearance, neuritic dystrophy and neuronal cell death. The same genetic factors that cause or increase AD risk are also direct causes of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, underscoring the essential partnership between this dysfunction and APP metabolites in AD pathogenesis. The appearance of APP-dependent endosome anomalies in DS beginning in infancy and evolving into the full range of AD-related endosomal-lysosomal deficits provides a unique opportunity to characterize the earliest pathobiology of AD preceding the classical neuropathological hallmarks. Facilitating this characterization is the authentic recapitulation of this endosomal pathobiology in peripheral cells from people with DS and in trisomy mouse models. Here, we review current research on endocytic-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and AD, the emerging importance of APP/βCTF in initiating this dysfunction, and the potential roles of additional trisomy 21 genes in accelerating endosomal-lysosomal impairment in DS. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing value of investigating DS to probe the biological origins of AD as well as to understand and ameliorate the developmental disability of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Colacurcio
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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23
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Different Molecular Mechanisms Mediate Direct or Glia-Dependent Prion Protein Fragment 90-231 Neurotoxic Effects in Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:381-397. [PMID: 28540665 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glia over-stimulation associates with amyloid deposition contributing to the progression of central nervous system neurodegenerative disorders. Here we analyze the molecular mechanisms mediating microglia-dependent neurotoxicity induced by prion protein (PrP)90-231, an amyloidogenic polypeptide corresponding to the protease-resistant portion of the pathological prion protein scrapie (PrPSc). PrP90-231 neurotoxicity is enhanced by the presence of microglia within neuronal culture, and associated to a rapid neuronal [Ca++] i increase. Indeed, while in "pure" cerebellar granule neuron cultures, PrP90-231 causes a delayed intracellular Ca++ entry mediated by the activation of NMDA receptors; when neuron and glia are co-cultured, a transient increase of [Ca++] i occurs within seconds after treatment in both granule neurons and glial cells, then followed by a delayed and sustained [Ca++] i raise, associated with the induction of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and phagocytic NADPH oxidase. [Ca++] i fast increase in neurons is dependent on the activation of multiple pathways since it is not only inhibited by the blockade of voltage-gated channel activity and NMDA receptors but also prevented by the inhibition of nitric oxide and PGE2 release from glial cells. Thus, Ca++ homeostasis alteration, directly induced by PrP90-231 in cerebellar granule cells, requires the activation of NMDA receptors, but is greatly enhanced by soluble molecules released by activated glia. In glia-enriched cerebellar granule cultures, the activation of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase represents the main mechanism of toxicity since their pharmacological inhibition prevented PrP90-231 neurotoxicity, whereas NMDA blockade by D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid is ineffective; conversely, in pure cerebellar granule cultures, NMDA blockade but not iNOS inhibition strongly reduced PrP90-231 neurotoxicity. These data indicate that amyloidogenic peptides induce neurotoxic signals via both direct neuron interaction and glia activation through different mechanisms responsible of calcium homeostasis disruption in neurons and potentiating each other: the activation of excitotoxic pathways via NMDA receptors and the release of radical species that establish an oxidative milieu.
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