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Mysiewicz S, Hibl B, Dopico A, Bukiya A. Commonly used anesthetics modify alcohol and (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo effects on rat cerebral arterioles. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:411. [PMID: 38087263 PMCID: PMC10714523 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethyl alcohol and cannabis are widely used recreational substances with distinct effects on the brain. These drugs increase accidental injuries requiring treatment under anesthesia. Moreover, alcohol and cannabis are often used in anesthetized rodents for biomedical research. Here, we compared the influence of commonly used forms of anesthesia, injectable ketamine/xylazine (KX) versus inhalant isoflurane, on alcohol- and (-)-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) effects on cerebral arteriole diameter evaluated in vivo. METHODS Studies were performed on male and female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to intracarotid catheter placement for drug infusion, and cranial window surgery for monitoring pial arteriole diameter. Depth of anesthesia was monitored every 10-15 min by toe-pinch. Under KX, the number of toe-pinch responders was maximal after the first dose of anesthesia and diminished over time in both males and females. In contrast, the number of toe-pinch responders under isoflurane slowly raised over time, leading to increase in isoflurane percentage until deep anesthesia was re-established. Rectal temperature under KX remained stable in males while dropping in females. As expected for gaseous anesthesia, both males and females exhibited rectal temperature drops under isoflurane. RESULTS Infusion of 50 mM alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) into the cerebral circulation rendered robust constriction in males under KX anesthesia, this alcohol action being significantly smaller, but still present under isoflurane anesthesia. In females, EtOH did not cause measurable changes in pial arteriole diameter regardless of the anesthetic. These findings indicate a strong sex bias with regards to EtOH induced vasoconstriction. Infusion of 42 nM THC in males and females under isoflurane tended to constrict cerebral arterioles in both males and females when compared to isovolumic infusion of THC vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide in saline). Moreover, THC-driven changes in arteriole diameter significantly differed in magnitude depending on the anesthetic used. Simultaneous administration of 50 mM alcohol and 42 nM THC to males constricted cerebral arterioles regardless of the anesthetic used. In females, constriction by the combined drugs was also observed, with limited influence by anesthetic presence. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that two commonly used anesthetic formulations differentially influence the level of vasoconstriction caused by alcohol and THC actions in cerebral arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mysiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Brianne Hibl
- Laboratory Animal Care Unit, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Alex Dopico
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Anna Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
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Amiran MR, Taghdir M, Abasi Joozdani F. Investigation of the inhibitory behavior of XFE and mitoxantrone molecules in interaction with AKT1 protein: a molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:153. [PMID: 37086344 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is one of the important pathways in many cancers. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase protein identified as a drug target for cancer treatment. Therefore, anticancer drugs are essential therapeutic targets for this pathway. In the current study, the inhibitory effect of two anticancer molecules, XFE and mitoxantrone, on AKT1 protein that can impact the activity of the AKT1 protein was investigated by using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The molecular docking results presented a relatively higher binding affinity of the mitoxantrone molecule in interaction with AKT1 than the XFE molecule. These results were validated by the MM/PBSA technique that was performed on obtained trajectories of 25 ns MD simulations. The mitoxantrone molecule has an intense binding energy of - 880.536 kcal/mol with AKT1 protein, while the XFE molecule shows a binding energy value of - 83.569 kcal/mol. Our findings from molecular dynamics simulations indicated that both molecules have favorite interactions with AKT1 protein. Other analyses, such as RMSF and hydrogen binding on trajectories obtained from MD simulations, indicated that the mitoxantrone molecule could be a relatively potent inhibitor for AKT1. Based on the results of this study and the structure of mitoxantrone, it is expected to be a good candidate for cancer treatment as a (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Amiran
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran.
| | - Farzane Abasi Joozdani
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underly the Combined Treatment of Fasudil and Bone Marrow Derived-Neuronal Stem Cells in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1826-1835. [PMID: 36580198 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BM-NSCs) have shed light on novel therapeutic approaches for PD with the potential to halt or even reverse disease progression. Various strategies have been developed to promote therapeutic efficacy via optimizing implanted cells and the microenvironment of transplantation in the central nervous system (CNS). This current study further proved that the combination of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, and BM-NSCs exhibited a synergetic effect on restoring neuron loss in the MPTP-PD mice model. It simultaneously unveiled cellular mechanisms underlying synergistic neuron-protection effects of fasudil and BM-NSCs, which included promoting the proliferation, and migration of endogenous NSCs, and contributing to microglia shift into the M2 phenotype. Corresponding molecular mechanisms were observed, including the inhibition of inflammatory responses, the elevation of neurotrophic factors, and the induction of WNT/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Our study provides evidence for the co-intervention of BM-NSCs and fasudil as a promising therapeutic method with enhanced efficacy in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Wang W, Jiang S, Xu C, Tang L, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Interactions between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: The role of microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:976316. [PMID: 36408101 PMCID: PMC9667037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.976316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD), such as constipation, sleep disorders, and olfactory deficits, may emerge up to 20 years earlier than motor symptoms. A series of evidence indicates that the pathology of PD may occur from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Numerous studies support that the gut microbiota communicates with the brain through the immune system, special amino acid metabolism, and the nervous system in PD. Recently, there is growing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways via the “gut microbiota-brain axis” (GMBA). Many gut microbiota metabolites, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and bile acids, convey signaling functions as they mediate the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host physiology. Amino acids' abundance and species alteration, including glutamate and tryptophan, may disturb the signaling transmission between nerve cells and disrupt the normal basal ganglia function in PD. Specific amino acids and their receptors are considered new potential targets for ameliorating PD. The present study aimed to systematically summarize all available evidence on the gut microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism alterations associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Zhao
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Guoxue Zhu
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Zeng J, Wang X, Pan F, Mao Z. The relationship between Parkinson's disease and gastrointestinal diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:955919. [PMID: 36034146 PMCID: PMC9399652 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.955919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have provided evidence for the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) may derive from the gut. Firstly, Lewy pathology can be induced in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and be transported to the central nervous system (CNS) via the vagal nerve. Secondly, the altered composition of gut microbiota causes an imbalance between beneficial and deleterious microbial metabolites which interacts with the increased gut permeability and the gut inflammation as well as the systemic inflammation. The activated inflammatory status then affects the CNS and promotes the pathology of PD. Given the above-mentioned findings, researchers start to pay attention to the connection between PD and gastrointestinal diseases including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis (MC), gastrointestinal infections, gastrointestinal neoplasms, and colonic diverticular disease (CDD). This review focuses on the association between PD and gastrointestinal diseases as well as the pathogenesis of PD from the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Saré RM, Torossian A, Loutaev I, Smith CB. Confirmation of Decreased Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis In Vivo in a Mouse Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0480-21.2022. [PMID: 35851298 PMCID: PMC9347307 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0480-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder that results in intellectual disability and, in ∼50% of patients, autism spectrum disorder. The protein products that are altered in TSC (TSC1 and TSC2) form a complex to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR; mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)] pathway. This pathway has been shown to affect the process of mRNA translation through its action on ribosomal protein S6 and 4-elongation binding protein 1. It is thought that mutations in the TSC proteins lead to upregulation of the mTORC1 pathway and consequently an increase in protein synthesis. Unexpectedly, our previous study of a mouse model of TSC (Tsc2Djk +/) demonstrated decreased in vivo rates of protein synthesis throughout the brain. In the present study, we confirm those results in another Tsc2+/- mouse model, one with a different mutation locus and on a mixed background (Tsc2Mjg +/-). We also examine mTORC1 signaling and possible effects of prior isoflurane anesthesia. Because measurements of protein synthesis rates in vivo require surgical preparation of the animal and anesthesia, we examine mTORC1 signaling pathways both under baseline conditions and following recovery from anesthesia. Our results demonstrate regionally selective effects of prior anesthesia. Overall, our results in both in vivo models suggest differences to the central hypothesis regarding TSC and show the importance of studying protein synthesis in vivo Significance StatementProtein synthesis is an important process for brain function. In the disorder, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is reduced and this is thought to lead to excessive protein synthesis. Most studies of protein synthesis in models of TSC have been conducted in vitro We report here confirmation of our previous in vivo study showing decreased brain protein synthesis rates in a second mouse model of TSC, results counter to the central hypothesis regarding TSC. We also explore the possible influence of prior isoflurane exposure on signaling pathways involved in regulation of protein synthesis. This study highlights a novel aspect of TSC and the importance of studying cellular processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Michelle Saré
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Anita Torossian
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Inna Loutaev
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Carolyn Beebe Smith
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Xu DA, DeYoung TP, Kondoleon NP, Eckenhoff RG, Eckenhoff MF. Anesthetic Effects on the Progression of Parkinson Disease in the Rat DJ-1 Model. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1140-1151. [PMID: 34673725 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease is a chronic and progressive movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The causes of Parkinson disease are not clear but may involve genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors. As in other neurodegenerative disorders, individuals predisposed to Parkinson disease may have an accelerated onset of symptoms following perioperative stress such as anesthesia, surgery, pain, and inflammation. We hypothesized that anesthesia alone accelerates the onset of Parkinson disease-like pathology and symptoms. METHODS A presymptomatic Parkinson rat model (the protein, DJ-1, encoded by the Park7 gene [DJ-1], PARK7 knockout) was exposed to a surgical plane of isoflurane or 20% oxygen balanced with nitrogen for 2 hours on 3 occasions between 6 and 7 months of age. Acute and long-term motor and neuropathological effects were examined from 7 to 12 months of age in male DJ-1 rats, using the ladder rung, rotarod, and novel object recognition assays, as well as the immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1) microglial activation in the substantia nigra and hippocampus. RESULTS In the acute group, after the third anesthetic exposure at 7 months of age, the isoflurane group had a significant reduction in the density of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc compared to controls. However, this reduction was not associated with increased microglial activation in the hippocampus or substantia nigra. With the ladder rung motor skills test, there was no effect of anesthetic exposure on the total number of foot faults or the ladder rung pattern in the acute group. The rotarod test also detected no differences before and after the third exposure in controls. For the long-term group, immunohistochemical analyses detected no differences in the density of dopaminergic neurons or microglial cells compared to unexposed DJ-1 rats from 8 to 12 months of age. The ladder rung test in the long-term group showed no differences in the total number of foot faults with time and exposure or between ladder rung patterns. The rotarod test detected no significant effect of exposure with time or between groups at any time point. The novel object recognition task in the long-term group revealed no differences in short- or long-term memory or in the number of rearings as a function of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Multiple isoflurane exposures in this rat model of Parkinson disease transiently enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SNpc that resolved over time and had no effects on progression in this Parkinson disease-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Xu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Fang H, Du Y, Pan S, Zhong M, Tang J. Patients with Parkinson's disease predict a lower incidence of colorectal cancer. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:564. [PMID: 34663210 PMCID: PMC8522030 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent theory on the "gut-brain axis" suggests a close relationship between the dysfunction of the gut and the disorders of the brain. METHODS We performed a systemic literature search followed by a multi-step inclusion selection for all studies on the risk of Colorectal cancer (CRC) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE and WOS. Relative risk (RR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using either the random-effects model or the fixed-effects meta-analysis model, based on the assessment of heterogeneity. RESULTS Seventeen studies involving a total of 375,964 PD patients and 879,307 cancer patients were included. Independent meta-analyses for cohort studies and case-control studies showed that the overall pooled RR of the cohort studies was 0.78 (0.66-0.91), and that of the case-control studies was 0.78 (0.65-0.94), indicating that patients with PD have a significantly decreased risk for CRC. The significant lower risk is present in both the colon and the rectum subgroups classified by tumor location. Moreover, the risk for CRC is significantly lower in America (RR = 0.58), Europe (RR = 0.82) and Asia (RR = 0.83) compared to the control population. CONCLUSION The occurrence of CRC was significantly lower in patients with diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Fang
- Department of gastrointestinal surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlan Du
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuting Pan
- Clinical Center for Investigation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of gastrointestinal surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiayin Tang
- Department of gastrointestinal surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Kohtala S. Ketamine-50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:323-345. [PMID: 33609274 PMCID: PMC7994242 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been studied and used for several new indications, ranging from chronic pain to drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder. The discovery of the rapid-acting antidepressant effects of ketamine has resulted in a surge of interest towards understanding the precise mechanisms driving its effects. Indeed, ketamine may have had the largest impact for advancements in the research and treatment of psychiatric disorders in the past few decades. While intense research efforts have been aimed towards uncovering the molecular targets underlying ketamine's effects in treating depression, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. These efforts are made more difficult by ketamine's complex dose-dependent effects on molecular mechanisms, multiple pharmacologically active metabolites, and a mechanism of action associated with the facilitation of synaptic plasticity. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the different uses of ketamine, with an emphasis on examining ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects spanning molecular, cellular, and network levels. Another focus of the review is to offer a perspective on studies related to the different doses of ketamine used in antidepressant research. Finally, the review discusses some of the latest hypotheses concerning ketamine's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kohtala
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Huang S, Yuan H, Li W, Liu X, Zhang X, Xiang D, Luo S. Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Protect against MPP-Induced Neurotoxicity via the Akt/mTOR and Nrf2 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8843899. [PMID: 33520086 PMCID: PMC7817274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8843899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polygonatum sibiricum, a well-known life-prolonging tonic in Chinese medicine, has been widely used for nourishing nerves in the orient, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that P. sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) ameliorated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2.3,6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP-) induced locomotor activity deficiency and dopaminergic neuronal loss in an in vivo Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model. Additionally, PSP pretreatment inhibited N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) induced the production of reactive oxygen species, increasing the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione. In vitro experiments showed that PSP promoted the proliferation of N2a cells in a dose-dependent manner, while exhibiting effects against oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis elicited by MPP+. These effects were found to be associated with the activation of Akt/mTOR-mediated p70S6K and 4E-BP1 signaling pathways, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc), and glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (Gclm), resulting in antiapoptotic and antioxidative effects. Meanwhile, PSP exhibited no chronic toxicity in C57BJ/6 mice. Together, our results suggest that PSP can serve as a promising therapeutic candidate with neuroprotective properties in preventing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Wenqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shilin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha 410011, China
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Competing Endogenous RNA Networks as Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249582. [PMID: 33339180 PMCID: PMC7765627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is classically considered the main cause of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, increasing evidence suggests that alteration of RNA metabolism is a key factor in the etiopathogenesis of these complex disorders. Non-coding RNAs are the major contributor to the human transcriptome and are particularly abundant in the central nervous system, where they have been proposed to be involved in the onset and development of NDDs. Interestingly, some ncRNAs (such as lncRNAs, circRNAs and pseudogenes) share a common functionality in their ability to regulate gene expression by modulating miRNAs in a phenomenon known as the competing endogenous RNA mechanism. Moreover, ncRNAs are found in body fluids where their presence and concentration could serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers of NDDs. In this review, we summarize the ceRNA networks described in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxia type 7, and discuss their potential as biomarkers of these NDDs. Although numerous studies have been carried out, further research is needed to validate these complex interactions between RNAs and the alterations in RNA editing that could provide specific ceRNET profiles for neurodegenerative disorders, paving the way to a better understanding of these diseases.
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12
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So LY, Miller JE. Social context-dependent singing alters molecular markers of synaptic plasticity signaling in finch basal ganglia Area X. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112955. [PMID: 33031871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication is a crucial skill required throughout life. However, there is a critical gap in our understanding of the underlying molecular brain mechanisms, thereby motivating our use of the zebra finch songbird model. Adult male zebra finches show differences in neural activity patterns in song-dedicated brain nuclei when they sing in two distinct social contexts: a male singing by himself (undirected, UD) and a male singing to a female (female-directed, FD). In our prior work, we showed that in song-dedicated basal ganglia Area X, protein levels of a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B) increased with more UD song and decreased with more FD song. We hypothesized that molecules downstream of this receptor would show differential protein expression levels in Area X between UD and FD song. Specifically, we investigated calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CaMKIIB), homer scaffold protein 1 (HOMER1), serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt), and mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) following singing and non-singing states in Area X. We show relationships between social context and protein levels. HOMER1 protein levels decreased with time spent singing FD song, and mTOR protein levels decreased with the amount of and time spent singing FD song. For both HOMER1 and mTOR, there were no differences with the amount of UD song. With time spent singing UD, CaMKIIB protein levels trended in a U-shaped curve whereas Akt protein levels trended down. Both molecules showed no change with FD song. Our results support differential involvement of molecules in synaptic plasticity pathways between UD and FD song behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y So
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Julie E Miller
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Building, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
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13
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Theilmann W, Rosenholm M, Hampel P, Löscher W, Rantamäki T. Lack of antidepressant effects of burst-suppressing isoflurane anesthesia in adult male Wistar outbred rats subjected to chronic mild stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235046. [PMID: 32579566 PMCID: PMC7313995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ictal emergence of slow wave EEG (electroencephalogram) activity and burst-suppression has been associated with the therapeutic effects of the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), indicating that mere “cerebral silence” may elicit antidepressant actions. Indeed, brief exposures to burst-suppressing anesthesia has been reported to elicit antidepressant effects in a subset of patients, and produce behavioral and molecular alterations, such as increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), connected with antidepressant responses in rodents. Here, we have further tested the cerebral silence hypothesis by determining whether repeated exposures to isoflurane anesthesia reduce depressive-like symptoms or influence BDNF expression in male Wistar outbred rats (Crl:WI(Han)) subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), a model which is responsive to repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS, a model of ECT). Stress-susceptible, stress-resilient, and unstressed rats were exposed to 5 doses of isoflurane over a 15-day time period, with administrations occurring every third day. Isoflurane dosing is known to reliably produce rapid EEG burst-suppression (4% induction, 2% maintenance; 15 min). Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of isoflurane were assessed after the first, third, and fifth drug exposure by measuring sucrose consumption, as well as performance on the open field and the elevated plus maze tasks. Tissue samples from the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were collected, and levels of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) protein were assessed. We find that isoflurane anesthesia had no impact on the behavior of stress-resilient or anhedonic rats in selected tests; findings which were consistent—perhaps inherently related—with unchanged levels of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Theilmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marko Rosenholm
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Hampel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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14
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Xu F, Na L, Li Y, Chen L. Roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases and tumours. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:54. [PMID: 32266056 PMCID: PMC7110906 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3 K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of signal transduction and biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and angiogenesis. Compared with those of other signalling pathways, the components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are complicated. The regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are important in many human diseases, including ischaemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumours. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway inhibitors include single-component and dual inhibitors. Numerous PI3K inhibitors have exhibited good results in preclinical studies, and some have been clinically tested in haematologic malignancies and solid tumours. In this review, we briefly summarize the results of research on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the structural composition, activation, communication processes, regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai, 201318 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Lixin Na
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Linjun Chen
- Department of Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
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15
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Hu S, Hu M, Liu J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Zhou FH, Wang L, Dong J. Phosphorylation of Tau and α-Synuclein Induced Neurodegeneration in MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:651-663. [PMID: 32184604 PMCID: PMC7061418 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the pathologic hallmark of PD. It is known that α-Synuclein is phosphorylated (p-α-Synuclein) in PD and tau-hyperphosphorylation (p-Tau) is also a pathologic feature of PD. However, the relationship between p-Synuclein and p-Tau in PD is not clear, in particular in the MPTP model of PD. The purpose of this study was to reveal their relationship in the mouse MPTP model. METHODS Firstly, the p-α-Synuclein, α-Synuclein, p-Tau and Tau protein levels were analyzed. Then, GSK3β activation was determined using immunoblot and immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the dopaminergic neurodegeneration was assessed using Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) staining and retrograde labeling and microglial marker were labeled. Microglial activation and nigrostriatal pathway degeneration were observed. RESULTS The results showed that p-α-Synuclein, α-Synuclein, p-Tau and Tau were upregulated in both hippocampus and substantia nigra of the PD mouse model. Furthermore, p-α-Synuclein and p-Tau were localized in the same regions of substantial nigra (SN) and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus (Hippo). The activated form of GSK3β (phosphor GSK3β Y216) was increased in multiple brain areas. The GSK3β inhibitor AZD1080 injected in MPTP mice suppressed the expression of p-Tau and p-GSK3β and improved motor functions. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that p-α-Synuclein and p-Tau proteins are key pathological events leading to neurodegeneration and motor dysfunctions in the mouse MPTP model of PD. Our data suggest that the interference with the GSK3β activity may be an effective approach for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Good Clinical Practice Center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meigui Hu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China
| | - Fiona H Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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16
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Wang L, Zhang Z, Hou L, Wang Y, Zuo J, Xue M, Li X, Liu Y, Song J, Pan F, Pu T. Phytic acid attenuates upregulation of GSK-3β and disturbance of synaptic vesicle recycling in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease models. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Christie BR, Trivino‐Paredes J, Pinar C, Neale KJ, Meconi A, Reid H, Hutton CP. A Rapid Neurological Assessment Protocol for Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Awake Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpns.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Juan Trivino‐Paredes
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cristina Pinar
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Katie J. Neale
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hannah Reid
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Craig P. Hutton
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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18
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Dose-dependent effects of isoflurane on TrkB and GSK3β signaling: Importance of burst suppression pattern. Neurosci Lett 2019; 694:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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TrkB neurotrophin receptor at the core of antidepressant effects, but how? Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:115-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Salort G, Álvaro-Bartolomé M, García-Sevilla JA. Pentobarbital and other anesthetic agents induce opposite regulations of MAP kinases p-MEK and p-ERK, and upregulate p-FADD/FADD neuroplastic index in brain during hypnotic states in mice. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:59-72. [PMID: 30423425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Midazolam and ketamine-induced anesthesia were recently shown to induce a disruption of MEK/ERK sequential phosphorylation with parallel upregulation of p-FADD in the mouse brain. The present study was designed to assess whether other structurally diverse anesthetic agents (pentobarbital, ethanol, chloral hydrate, isoflurane) also impair brain p-MEK to p-ERK signal and increase p-FADD during the particular time course of 'sleep' in mice. Pentobarbital (50 mg/kg)-, ethanol (4000 mg/kg)-, chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg)-, and isoflurane (2% in O2)-induced anesthesia (range: 24-60 min) were associated with unaltered or increased p-MEK1/2 (up to +155%) and decreased p-ERK1/2 (up to -60%) contents, revealing disruption of MEK to ERK activation in mouse brain cortex. These anesthetic agents also upregulated cortical p-FADD (up to +110%), but not total FADD (moderately decreased), which resulted in increased neuroplastic/survival p-FADD/FADD ratios (up to +2.8 fold). The inhibition of pentobarbital metabolism with SKF525-A (a cytochrome P450 inhibitor) augmented barbiturate anesthesia (2.6 times) and induced a greater and sustained upregulation of p-MEK with p-ERK downregulation, as well as prolonged increases of p-FADD content and p-FADD/FADD ratio (effects lasting for more than 240 min). Pentobarbital also upregulated significantly the cortical contents of other markers of neuroplasticity such as the ERK inhibitor p-PEA-15 (up to +46%), the transcription factor NF-κB (up to +27%) and the synaptic density protein PSD-95 (up to +20%) during 'sleep'. The results reveal a paradoxical stimulation of p-MEK without the concomitant (canonical) activation of p-ERK (e.g. with pentobarbital and isoflurane), for which various molecular mechanisms are discussed. The downregulation of brain p-ERK may participate in the manifestations of adverse effects displayed by most hypnotic/anesthetic agents in clinical use (e.g. amnesia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Salort
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut d'investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María Álvaro-Bartolomé
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut d'investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut d'investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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21
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Xu J, Kang E, Mintz CD. Anesthetics disrupt brain development via actions on the mTOR pathway. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-4. [PMID: 30083288 PMCID: PMC6067894 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1451719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments conducted in non-human primates have recently provided new evidence supporting a longstanding concern that exposure to general anesthesia during late intrauterine life or early childhood can cause lasting cognitive deficits through harmful effects on brain development. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling system plays a key role in both normal brain development and in a wide range of developmental disorders that are characterized by cognitive deficits. Intriguingly, our recently published work shows that anesthetics can chronically alter mTOR signaling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and that normalization of mTOR signaling can prevent anesthesia-induced perturbation of structure and function. In this addendum, we briefly discuss the putative role of mTOR in developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eunchai Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C David Mintz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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