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Kunisawa K, Hara M, Yoshidomi K, Kon Y, Yamamoto Y, Fujigaki S, Wulaer B, Kosuge A, Tanabe M, Saitoh S, Takahashi K, Saito K, Nabeshima T, Mouri A. Ido2 Deficiency Exacerbates Motor Impairment and Reduces Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity through Decreased Kynurenine in a Chronic Demyelinating Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04263-9. [PMID: 38829509 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (Ido2) is a recently identified as catalytic enzyme involved in the rate-limiting step of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway that influences susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. However, the pathological role of Ido2 in demyelination remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether Ido2 deficiency influences the pathogenesis of proteolipid protein transgenic (Plp tg) mice, an animal model of chronic demyelination. Ido2 deficiency exacerbates impairments of motor function in the locomotor activity test, wire hanging test, and rotarod test. Ido2 deficiency caused severe demyelination associated with CD68-positive microglial activation in Plp tg mice. In the cerebellum of Plp tg mice, Ido2 deficiency significantly increased the expression of Tnfα. Ido2 deficiency reduced tryptophan metabolite kynurenine (KYN) levels and subsequent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity, which play an important role in anti-inflammatory response. These results suggest that Ido2 has an important role in preventing demyelination through AhR. Taken together, Ido2 could be a potential therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kunisawa
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Mitsuki Hara
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Koyo Yoshidomi
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Kon
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Suwako Fujigaki
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Bolati Wulaer
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aika Kosuge
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Moeka Tanabe
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Health and Medical Science Innovation, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan.
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2
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Syage A, Pachow C, Cheng Y, Mangale V, Green KN, Lane TE. Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1291255. [PMID: 38099152 PMCID: PMC10719854 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1291255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia serve numerous functions including maintenance of the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and are among the first responders to injury or infection. More recently, studies have demonstrated that microglia aid in tailoring innate and adaptive immune responses following infection by neurotropic viruses including flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and picornaviruses. These findings have emphasized an important role for microglia in host defense against these viral pathogens. In addition, microglia are also critical in optimizing immune-mediated control of JHMV replication within the CNS while restricting the severity of demyelination and enhancing remyelination. This review will highlight our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which microglia aid in host defense, limit neurologic disease, and promote repair following CNS infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vrushali Mangale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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3
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Stoka V, Vasiljeva O, Nakanishi H, Turk V. The Role of Cysteine Protease Cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15613. [PMID: 37958596 PMCID: PMC10650516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases are composed of 11 human cysteine cathepsins, originally located in the lysosomes. They exhibit broad specificity and act as endopeptidases and/or exopeptidases. Among them, only cathepsins B, H, C, and X/Z exhibit exopeptidase activity. Recently, cysteine cathepsins have been found to be present outside the lysosomes and often participate in various pathological processes. Hence, they have been considered key signalling molecules. Their potentially hazardous proteolytic activities are tightly regulated. This review aims to discuss recent advances in understanding the structural aspects of these four cathepsins, mechanisms of their zymogen activation, regulation of their activities, and functional aspects of these enzymes in neurodegeneration and cancer. Neurodegenerative effects have been evaluated, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cysteine cathepsins also participate in tumour progression and metastasis through the overexpression and secretion of proteases, which trigger extracellular matrix degradation. To our knowledge, this is the first review to provide an in-depth analysis regarding the roles of cysteine cathepsins B, H, C, and X in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Further advances in understanding the functions of cysteine cathepsins in these conditions will result in the development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Cheng Y, Javonillo DI, Pachow C, Scarfone VM, Fernandez K, Walsh CM, Green KN, Lane TE. Ablation of microglia following infection of the central nervous system with a neurotropic murine coronavirus infection leads to increased demyelination and impaired remyelination. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578133. [PMID: 37352687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia are the resident immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS) and are considered important in regulating events associated with neuroinflammation as well as influencing both white matter damage and remyelination. To better understand mechanisms by which microglia contribute to these immune-mediated events, JHMV-infected mice with established demyelination were treated with the small molecular inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), PLX5622, to deplete microglia. Treatment with PLX5622 did not affect viral replication within the CNS yet the severity of demyelination was increased and remyelination impaired compared to control mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that targeting microglia resulted in altered expression of genes associated with immune cell activation and phagocytosis of myelin debris. These findings indicate that microglia are not critical in viral surveillance in persistently JHMV-infected mice yet restrict white matter damage and remyelination, in part, by influencing phagocytosis of myelin debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Dominic Ibarra Javonillo
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Kellie Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA.
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5
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Drake SS, Zaman A, Simas T, Fournier AE. Comparing RNA-sequencing datasets from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in multiple sclerosis identifies novel dysregulated genes relevant to inflammation and myelination. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1594. [PMID: 36600404 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a key factor in multiple sclerosis (MS). Invasion of peripheral immune cells into the CNS resulting from an unknown signal or combination of signals results in activation of resident immune cells and the hallmark feature of the disease: demyelinating lesions. These lesion sites are an amalgam of reactive peripheral and central immune cells, astrocytes, damaged and dying oligodendrocytes, and injured neurons and axons. Sustained inflammation affects cells directly located within the lesion site and further abnormalities are apparent diffusely throughout normal-appearing white matter and grey matter. It is only relatively recently, using animal models, new tissue sampling techniques, and next-generation sequencing, that molecular changes occurring in CNS resident cells have been broadly captured. Advances in cell isolation through Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and laser-capture microdissection together with the emergence of single-cell sequencing have enabled researchers to investigate changes in gene expression in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes derived from animal models of MS as well as from primary patient tissue. The contribution of some dysregulated pathways has been followed up in individual studies; however, corroborating results often go unreported between sequencing studies. To this end, we have consolidated results from numerous RNA-sequencing studies to identify and review novel patterns of differentially regulated genes and pathways occurring within CNS glial cells in MS. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sienna S Drake
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aliyah Zaman
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tristan Simas
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Zhao X, Liu S, Yang X, Liu Y, Liu G, Fan K, Ma J. Cathepsin C aggravates neuroinflammation via promoting production of CCL2 and CXCL2 in glial cells and neurons in a cryogenic brain lesion. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105107. [PMID: 34171415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokines regulate infiltration of immune cells to brain in inflammation. Cathepsin C (CatC), a lysosomal protease, has been found to participate in neuroinflammation. However, how CatC affects chemokines expression in neuroinflammation triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of CatC on chemokines and neuroinflammation in TBI. METHODS The present study used CatC knockdown (KD) and overexpression (OE) mice to generate cryogenic brain lesion model and determined effects of CatC on expression of chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL2 and infiltration of immune cells in acute and chronic phases of the lesion. Further, cellular sources of various chemokines were demonstrated in vitro. Values were compared with wild type (WT) mice. RESULTS The results found that 6 h after lesion, CatC expression,IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA and protein expression were strongly induced in the lesions; CCL2 and CXCL2 mRNA and protein expression were increased in CatC OE mice, while decreased in CatC KD mice. On the 3rd day after lesion, macrophages and neutrophils were mainly infiltrated to the lesions. Simultaneously, Iba-1+ cells in CatC OE mice were increased, while MPO + cells in CatC KD mice were decreased. In contrast, on the 28th day after lesion, a few lymphocytes were infiltrated surrounding new blood vessels. CatC OE mice showed larger volumes of scar areas, higher expression of CCL2,CXCL2,IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6 and iNOS, as well as stronger GFAP+ and Iba-1+ signals, while CatC KD mice had reversed effects. No significant differences of CCL5 expression were found in various genotype mice. Further, in vitro study demonstrated CatC-induced expression of CCL2 were mainly derived from microglia and neurons, while CXCL2 derived from microglia and astrocytes. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that CatC aggravates neuroinflammation via promoting production of CCL2 and CXCL2 in glial cells and neurons in a cryogenic brain lesion, providing potential cellular and molecular targets for future intervention of TBI and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnan Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Department of Morphology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Mangale V, Syage AR, Ekiz HA, Skinner DD, Cheng Y, Stone CL, Brown RM, O'Connell RM, Green KN, Lane TE. Microglia influence host defense, disease, and repair following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Glia 2020; 68:2345-2360. [PMID: 32449994 PMCID: PMC7280614 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines functional contributions of microglia in host defense, demyelination, and remyelination following infection of susceptible mice with a neurotropic coronavirus. Treatment with PLX5622, an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) that efficiently depletes microglia, prior to infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) resulted in increased mortality compared with control mice that correlated with impaired control of viral replication. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) of CD45+ cells isolated from the CNS revealed that PLX5622 treatment resulted in muted CD4+ T cell activation profile that was associated with decreased expression of transcripts encoding MHC class II and CD86 in macrophages but not dendritic cells. Evaluation of spinal cord demyelination revealed a marked increase in white matter damage in PLX5622-treated mice that corresponded with elevated expression of transcripts encoding disease-associated proteins Osteopontin (Spp1), Apolipoprotein E (Apoe), and Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) that were enriched within macrophages. In addition, PLX5622 treatment dampened expression of Cystatin F (Cst7), Insulin growth factor 1 (Igf1), and lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) within macrophage populations which have been implicated in promoting repair of damaged nerve tissue and this was associated with impaired remyelination. Collectively, these findings argue that microglia tailor the CNS microenvironment to enhance control of coronavirus replication as well as dampen the severity of demyelination and influence repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Mangale
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - H. Atakan Ekiz
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Dominic D. Skinner
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Colleen L. Stone
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - R. Marshall Brown
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Ryan M. O'Connell
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Li J, Durose WW, Ito J, Kakita A, Iguchi Y, Katsuno M, Kunisawa K, Shimizu T, Ikenaka K. Exploring the factors underlying remyelination arrest by studying the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of cystatin F gene. J Neurochem 2020; 157:2070-2090. [PMID: 32947653 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination plays an important role in determining the fate of demyelinating disorders. However, it is arrested during chronic disease states. Cystatin F, a papain-like lysosomal cysteine proteinase inhibitor, is a crucial regulator of demyelination and remyelination. Using hemizygous proteolipid protein transgenic 4e (PLP4e/- ) mice, an animal model of chronic demyelination, we found that cystatin F mRNA expression was induced at 2.5 months of age and up-regulated in the early phase of demyelination, but significantly decreased in the chronic phase. We next investigated cystatin F regulatory factors as potential mechanisms of remyelination arrest in chronic demyelinating disorders. We used the CysF-STOP-tetO::Iba-mtTA mouse model, in which cystatin F gene expression is driven by the tetracycline operator. Interestingly, we found that forced cystatin F mRNA over-expression was eventually decreased. Our findings show that cystatin F expression is modulated post-transcriptionally. We next identified embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, drosophila like RNA-binding protein 1 (ELAVL-1), and miR29a as cystatin F mRNA stabilizing and destabilizing factors, respectively. These roles were confirmed in vitro in NIH3T3 cells. Using postmortem plaque samples from human multiple sclerosis patients, we also confirmed that ELAVL-1 expression was highly correlated with the previously reported expression pattern of cystatin F. These data indicate the important roles of ELAVL-1 and miR29a in regulating cystatin F expression. Furthermore, they provide new insights into potential therapeutic targets for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wilaiwan Wisessmith Durose
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan.,Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.,Department of Pediatrics, Hematology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Junko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yohei Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan.,Research Division of Advanced Diagnostic System, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
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9
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Nemeth CL, Tomlinson SN, Rosen M, O'Brien BM, Larraza O, Jain M, Murray CF, Marx JS, Delannoy M, Fine AS, Wu D, Trifunovic A, Fatemi A. Neuronal ablation of mt-AspRS in mice induces immune pathway activation prior to severe and progressive cortical and behavioral disruption. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113164. [PMID: 31887305 PMCID: PMC7448750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is a rare, slowly progressive white matter disease caused by mutations in the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-AspRS, or DARS2). While patients show characteristic MRI T2 signal abnormalities throughout the cerebral white matter, brainstem, and spinal cord, the phenotypic spectrum is broad and a multitude of gene variants have been associated with the disease. Here, Dars2 disruption in CamKIIα-expressing cortical and hippocampal neurons results in slowly progressive increases in behavioral activity at five months, and culminating by nine months as severe brain atrophy, behavioral dysfunction, reduced corpus callosum thickness, and microglial morphology indicative of neuroinflammation. Interestingly, RNAseq based gene expression studies performed prior to the presentation of this severe phenotype reveal the upregulation of several pathways involved in immune activation, cytokine production and signaling, and defense response regulation. RNA transcript analysis demonstrates that activation of immune and cell stress pathways are initiated in advance of a behavioral phenotype and cerebral deficits. An understanding of these pathways and their contribution to significant neuronal loss in CamKII-Dars2 deficient mice may aid in deciphering mechanisms of LBSL pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Rosen
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Brett M O'Brien
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Oscar Larraza
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Bone and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Connor F Murray
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Joel S Marx
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Microscope Facility, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amena S Fine
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- CECAD Research Centre, Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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