1
|
Gising J, Honarnejad S, Bras M, Baillie GL, McElroy SP, Jones PS, Morrison A, Beveridge J, Hallberg M, Larhed M. The Discovery of New Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by a High-Throughput Screening of 400,000 Drug-like Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4084. [PMID: 38612894 PMCID: PMC11012289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the ambition to identify novel chemical starting points that can be further optimized into small drug-like inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and serve as potential future cognitive enhancers in the clinic, we conducted an ultra-high-throughput screening campaign of a chemically diverse compound library of approximately 400,000 drug-like small molecules. Three biochemical and one biophysical assays were developed to enable large-scale screening and hit triaging. The screening funnel, designed to be compatible with high-density microplates, was established with two enzyme inhibition assays employing either fluorescent or absorbance readouts. As IRAP is a zinc-dependent enzyme, the remaining active compounds were further evaluated in the primary assay, albeit with the addition of zinc ions. Rescreening with zinc confirmed the inhibitory activity for most compounds, emphasizing a zinc-independent mechanism of action. Additionally, target engagement was confirmed using a complementary biophysical thermal shift assay where compounds causing positive/negative thermal shifts were considered genuine binders. Triaging based on biochemical activity, target engagement, and drug-likeness resulted in the selection of 50 qualified hits, of which the IC50 of 32 compounds was below 3.5 µM. Despite hydroxamic acid dominance, diverse chemotypes with biochemical activity and target engagement were discovered, including non-hydroxamic acid compounds. The most potent compound (QHL1) was resynthesized with a confirmed inhibitory IC50 of 320 nM. Amongst these compounds, 20 new compound structure classes were identified, providing many new starting points for the development of unique IRAP inhibitors. Detailed characterization and optimization of lead compounds, considering both hydroxamic acids and other diverse structures, are in progress for further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Saman Honarnejad
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Maaike Bras
- Pivot Park Screening Centre, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands; (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Gemma L. Baillie
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Philip S. Jones
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo‘Ness Road, Newhouse, Motherwell ML1 5UH, UK; (G.L.B.); (S.P.M.); (P.S.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Julia Beveridge
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.B.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mpakali A, Barla I, Lu L, Ramesh KM, Thomaidis N, Stern LJ, Giastas P, Stratikos E. Mechanisms of Allosteric Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168449. [PMID: 38244767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase is being actively explored for the treatment of several human diseases and several classes of inhibitors have been developed although no clinical applications have been reported yet. Here, we combine enzymological analysis with x-ray crystallography to investigate the mechanism employed by two of the most studied inhibitors of IRAP, an aryl sulfonamide and a 2-amino-4H-benzopyran named HFI-419. Although both compounds have been hypothesized to target the enzyme's active site by competitive mechanisms, we discovered that they instead target previously unidentified proximal allosteric sites and utilize non-competitive inhibition mechanisms. X-ray crystallographic analysis demonstrated that the aryl sulfonamide stabilizes the closed, more active, conformation of the enzyme whereas HFI-419 locks the enzyme in a semi-open, and likely less active, conformation. HFI-419 potency is substrate-dependent and fails to effectively block the degradation of the physiological substrate cyclic peptide oxytocin. Our findings demonstrate alternative mechanisms for inhibiting IRAP through allosteric sites and conformational restricting and suggest that the pharmacology of HFI-419 may be more complicated than initially considered. Such conformation-specific interactions between IRAP and small molecules can be exploited for the design of more effective second-generation allosteric inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mpakali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Ioanna Barla
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Liying Lu
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01650, USA
| | - Karthik M Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01650, USA
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01650, USA
| | - Petros Giastas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens 15341, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Telianidis J, Hunter A, Widdop R, Kemp-Harper B, Pham V, McCarthy C, Chai SY. Inhibition of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase confers neuroprotection in a conscious model of ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19722. [PMID: 37957163 PMCID: PMC10643421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity with a paucity of effective pharmacological treatments. We have previously identified insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) as a potential target for the development of a new class of drugs for the treatment of stroke, as global deletion of this gene in mice significantly protected against ischemic damage. In the current study, we demonstrate that small molecular weight IRAP inhibitors reduce infarct volume and improve neurological outcome in a hypertensive animal model of ischemic stroke. The effects of two structurally distinct IRAP inhibitors (HFI419 or SJM164) were investigated in a model of stroke where the middle cerebral artery was transiently occluded with endothelin-1 in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. IRAP inhibitor was administered into the lateral ventricle at 2 or 6 h after stroke, with subsequent doses delivered at 24, 48 and 70 h post-stroke. Functional outcomes were assessed prior to drug treatment, and on day 1 and 3 post-stroke. Histological analyses and neuroinflammatory cytokine profiling were conducted at 72 and 24 h post-stroke respectively. IRAP inhibitor treatment following stroke significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and motor deficits. These protective effects were maintained even when the therapeutic window was extended to 6 h. Examination of the cellular architecture at 72 h post-stroke demonstrated that IRAP expression was upregulated in CD11b positive cells and activated astrocytes. Furthermore, IRAP inhibitor treatment significantly increased gene expression for interleukin 6 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in the ischemic core. This study provides proof-of-principle that selective inhibition of IRAP activity with two structurally distinct IRAP inhibitors reduces infarct volume and improves functional outcome even when the first dose is administered 6 h post-stroke. This is the first direct evidence that IRAP inhibitors are a class of drug with potential use in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Telianidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Hunter
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Robert Widdop
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Barbara Kemp-Harper
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Claudia McCarthy
- Department Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang J, Wu Y, Chai X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Hou Y, Ma Y, Chen S, Zhao S, Zhu X. β-Hydroxybutyric acid improves cognitive function in a model of heat stress by promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:57. [PMID: 37676574 PMCID: PMC10441921 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has multiple potential effects on the brain, such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis defects, and cognitive impairment. β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has been demonstrated to play neuroprotective roles in various models of neurological diseases. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of BHBA in alleviating heat stress-induced impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Mice were exposed to 43 ℃ for 15 min for 14 days after administration with saline, BHBA, or minocycline. Here, we showed for the first time that BHBA normalized memory ability in the heat stress-treated mice and attenuated heat stress-impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. Consistently, BHBA noticeably improved the synaptic plasticity in the heat stress-treated hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the decrease of synapse-associated proteins and the density of dendritic spines. Moreover, BHBA inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the heat stress-treated hippocampus by activating the protein kinase B (Akt)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) pathways. These findings indicate that BHBA is a potential agent for improving cognitive functions in heat stress-treated mice. The action may be mediated by ER stress, and Akt-CREB-BDNF and MeCP2 pathways to improve adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Toxicity Is Reversed by the Macrocyclic IRAP-Inhibitor HA08 in Primary Hippocampal Cell Cultures. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5000-5012. [PMID: 36286055 PMCID: PMC9601255 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Ang IV), a metabolite of Angiotensin II, is a bioactive hexapeptide that inhibits the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). This transmembrane zinc metallopeptidase with many biological functions has in recent years emerged as a new pharmacological target. IRAP is expressed in a variety of tissues and can be found in high density in the hippocampus and neocortex, brain regions associated with cognition. Ang IV is known to improve memory tasks in experimental animals. One of the most potent IRAP inhibitors known today is the macrocyclic compound HA08 that is significantly more stable than the endogenous Ang IV. HA08 combines structural elements from Ang IV and the physiological substrates oxytocin and vasopressin, and binds to the catalytic site of IRAP. In the present study we evaluate whether HA08 can restore cell viability in rat primary cells submitted to hydrogen peroxide damage. After damaging the cells with hydrogen peroxide and subsequently treating them with HA08, the conceivable restoring effects of the IRAP inhibitor were assessed. The cellular viability was determined by measuring mitochondrial activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The mitochondrial activity was significantly higher in primary hippocampal cells, whereas the amount of LDH was unaffected. We conclude that the cell viability can be restored in this cell type by blocking IRAP with the potent macrocyclic inhibitor HA08, although the mechanism by which HA08 exerts its effects remains unclear.
Collapse
|
6
|
Vanga SR, Åqvist J, Hallberg A, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Structural Basis of Inhibition of Human Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Benzopyran-Based Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:625274. [PMID: 33869280 PMCID: PMC8047434 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.625274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) improves memory and cognition in animal models. The enzyme has recently been crystallized and several series of inhibitors reported. We herein focused on one series of benzopyran-based inhibitors of IRAP known as the HFI series, with unresolved binding mode to IRAP, and developed a robust computational model to explain the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and potentially guide their further optimization. The binding model here proposed places the benzopyran ring in the catalytic binding site, coordinating the Zn2+ ion through the oxygen in position 3, in contrast to previous hypothesis. The whole series of HFI compounds was then systematically simulated, starting from this binding mode, using molecular dynamics and binding affinity estimated with the linear interaction energy (LIE) method. The agreement with experimental affinities supports the binding mode proposed, which was further challenged by rigorous free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations. Here, we found excellent correlation between experimental and calculated binding affinity differences, both between selected compound pairs and also for recently reported experimental data concerning the site directed mutagenesis of residue Phe544. The computationally derived structure-activity relationship of the HFI series and the understanding of the involvement of Phe544 in the binding of this scaffold provide valuable information for further lead optimization of novel IRAP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hallberg M, Larhed M. From Angiotensin IV to Small Peptidemimetics Inhibiting Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590855. [PMID: 33178027 PMCID: PMC7593869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported three decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin IV (Ang IV, Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) improved memory and learning in the rat. There are several explanations for these positive effects of the hexapeptide and related analogues on cognition available in the literature. In 2001, it was proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a main target for Ang IV and that Ang IV serves as an inhibitor of the enzyme. The focus of this review is the efforts to stepwise transform the hexapeptide into more drug-like Ang IV peptidemimetics serving as IRAP inhibitors. Moreover, the discovery of IRAP inhibitors by virtual and substance library screening and direct design applying knowledge of the structure of IRAP and of related enzymes is briefly presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vear A, Gaspari T, Thompson P, Chai SY. Is There an Interplay Between the Functional Domains of IRAP? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585237. [PMID: 33134302 PMCID: PMC7550531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the M1 family of aminopeptidases, insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is characterized by distinct binding motifs at the active site in the C-terminal domain that mediate the catalysis of peptide substrates. However, what makes IRAP unique in this family of enzymes is that it also possesses trafficking motifs at the N-terminal domain which regulate the movement of IRAP within different intracellular compartments. Research on the role of IRAP has focused predominantly on the C-terminus catalytic domain in different physiological and pathophysiological states ranging from pregnancy to memory loss. Many of these studies have utilized IRAP inhibitors, that bind competitively to the active site of IRAP, to explore the functional significance of its catalytic activity. However, it is unknown whether these inhibitors are able to access intracellular sites where IRAP is predominantly located in a basal state as the enzyme may need to be at the cell surface for the inhibitors to mediate their effects. This property of IRAP has often been overlooked. Interestingly, in some pathophysiological states, the distribution of IRAP is altered. This, together with the fact that IRAP possesses trafficking motifs, suggest the localization of IRAP may play an important role in defining its physiological or pathological functions and provide insights into the interplay between the two functional domains of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Vear
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Georgiadis D, Ziotopoulou A, Kaloumenou E, Lelis A, Papasava A. The Discovery of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) Inhibitors: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585838. [PMID: 33071797 PMCID: PMC7538644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3) is a multi-tasking member of the M1 family of zinc aminopeptidases. Among its diverse biological functions, IRAP is a regulator of oxytocin levels during late stages of pregnancy, it affects cellular glucose uptake by trafficking of the glucose transporter type 4 and it mediates antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Accumulating evidence show that pharmacological inhibition of IRAP may hold promise as a valid approach for the treatment of several pathological states such as memory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Aiming to the investigation of physiological roles of IRAP and therapeutic potential of its regulation, intense research efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, reliable structure-activity relationships have been largely facilitated by recent crystal structures of IRAP and detailed computational studies. This review aims to summarize efforts of medicinal chemists toward the design and development of IRAP inhibitors, with special emphasis to factors affecting inhibitor selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Ziotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kaloumenou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lelis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Papasava
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Building GLUT4 Vesicles: CHC22 Clathrin's Human Touch. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:705-719. [PMID: 32620516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose transport by triggering regulated delivery of intracellular vesicles containing the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane. This process is defective in diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While studies in rodent cells have been invaluable in understanding GLUT4 traffic, evolutionary plasticity must be considered when extrapolating these findings to humans. Recent work has identified species-specific distinctions in GLUT4 traffic, notably the participation of a novel clathrin isoform, CHC22, in humans but not rodents. Here, we discuss GLUT4 sorting in different species and how studies of CHC22 have identified new routes for GLUT4 trafficking. We further consider how different sorting-protein complexes relate to these routes and discuss other implications of these pathways in cell biology and disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Segarra AB, Prieto I, Banegas I, Martínez-Cañamero M, de Gasparo M, Vanderheyden P, Zorad S, Ramírez-Sánchez M. The Type of Fat in the Diet Influences the Behavior and the Relationship Between Cystinyl and Alanyl Aminopeptidase Activities in Frontal Cortex, Liver, and Plasma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:94. [PMID: 32500082 PMCID: PMC7242642 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP, cystinyl aminopeptidase, CysAP) and aminopeptidase M (alanyl aminopeptidase, AlaAP) are closely related enzymes involved in cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular functions. These functions may be modulated by the type of fat used in the diet. In order to analyze a possible coordinated response of both enzymes we determined simultaneously their activities in frontal cortex, liver, and plasma of adult male rats fed diets enriched with fats differing in their percentages of saturated, mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids such as sesame, sunflower, fish, olive, Iberian lard, and coconut. The systolic blood pressure, food intake, body and liver weight as well as glucose and total cholesterol levels in plasma were measured. The type of fat in the diet influences the enzymatic activities depending on the enzyme and its location. These results suggest cognitive improvement properties for diets with predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Physiological parameters such as systolic blood pressure, food intake, and biochemical factors such as cholesterol and glucose in plasma were also modified depending on the type of diet, supporting beneficial properties for diets rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Inter-tissue correlations between the analyzed parameters were also modified depending on the type of diet. If the type of fat used in the diet modifies the behavior and relationship between CysAP and AlaAP in and between frontal cortex, liver and plasma, the functions in which they are involved could also be modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | | | - Marc de Gasparo
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Syndrome Adviser, Rossemaison, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Zorad
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engen K, Vanga SR, Lundbäck T, Agalo F, Konda V, Jensen AJ, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Hallberg M, Larhed M, Rosenström U. Synthesis, Evaluation and Proposed Binding Pose of Substituted Spiro-Oxindole Dihydroquinazolinones as IRAP Inhibitors. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:325-337. [PMID: 32154052 PMCID: PMC7050655 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a new potential macromolecular target for drugs aimed for treatment of cognitive disorders. Inhibition of IRAP by angiotensin IV (Ang IV) improves the memory and learning in rats. The majority of the known IRAP inhibitors are peptidic in character and suffer from poor pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we present a series of small non-peptide IRAP inhibitors derived from a spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinone screening hit (pIC50 5.8). The compounds were synthesized either by a simple microwave (MW)-promoted three-component reaction, or by a two-step one-pot procedure. For decoration of the oxindole ring system, rapid MW-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings (1 min) were performed. A small improvement of potency (pIC50 6.6 for the most potent compound) and an increased solubility could be achieved. As deduced from computational modelling and MD simulations it is proposed that the S-configuration of the spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinones accounts for the inhibition of IRAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca SE-431 83 Göteborg SWEDEN
| | - Faith Agalo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Vivek Konda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Annika Jenmalm Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mats Larhed
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| |
Collapse
|