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Tang Y, Wu X, Li J, Li Y, Xu X, Li G, Zhang P, Qin C, Wu LJ, Tang Z, Tian DS. The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1176-1203. [PMID: 38029392 PMCID: PMC11081154 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath ensures efficient interconnection between neurons and contributes to the regulation of the proper function of neuronal networks. The maintenance of myelin and the well-organized subtle process of myelin plasticity requires cooperation among myelin-forming cells, glial cells, and neural networks. The process of cooperation is fragile, and the balance is highly susceptible to disruption by microenvironment influences. Reactive microglia play a critical and complicated role in the demyelination and remyelination process. Recent studies have shown that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia in CNS, which regulates intracellular pH and is involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, underlying multifaceted roles in maintaining microglia function. This paper begins by examining the molecular mechanisms of demyelination and emphasizes the crucial role of the microenvironment in demyelination. It focuses specifically on the role of Hv1 in myelin repair and its therapeutic potential in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Yu Z, Shi H, Zhang J, Ma C, He C, Yang F, Zhao L. ROLE OF MICROGLIA IN SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED ENCEPHALOPATHY PATHOGENESIS: AN UPDATE. Shock 2024; 61:498-508. [PMID: 38150368 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a serious complication of sepsis, which is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, a poor prognosis, and high incidences of morbidity and mortality. Substantial levels of systemic inflammatory factors induce neuroinflammatory responses during sepsis, ultimately disrupting the central nervous system's (CNS) homeostasis. This disruption results in brain dysfunction through various underlying mechanisms, contributing further to SAE's development. Microglia, the most important macrophage in the CNS, can induce neuroinflammatory responses, brain tissue injury, and neuronal dysregulation, resulting in brain dysfunction. They serve an important regulatory role in CNS homeostasis and can be activated through multiple pathways. Consequently, activated microglia are involved in several pathogenic mechanisms related to SAE and play a crucial role in its development. This article discusses the role of microglia in neuroinflammation, dysfunction of neurotransmitters, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, abnormal control of cerebral blood flow, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction in the number of good bacteria in the gut as main pathogenic mechanisms of SAE and focuses on studies targeting microglia to ameliorate SAE to provide a theoretical basis for targeted microglial therapy for SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Chunhan Ma
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chen He
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Xie Y, Chen X, Wang X, Liu S, Chen S, Yu Z, Wang W. Transforming growth factor-β1 protects against white matter injury and reactive astrogliosis via the p38 MAPK pathway in rodent demyelinating model. J Neurochem 2024; 168:83-99. [PMID: 38183677 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In central nervous system (CNS), demyelination is a pathological process featured with a loss of myelin sheaths around axons, which is responsible for the diseases of multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and so on. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine participating in abundant physiological and pathological processes in CNS. However, the effects of TGF-β1 on CNS demyelinating disease and its underlying mechanisms are controversial and not well understood. Herein, we evaluated the protective potential of TGF-β1 in a rodent demyelinating model established by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injection. It was identified that supplement of TGF-β1 evidently rescued the cognitive deficit and motor dysfunction in LPC modeling mice assessed by novel object recognition and balance beam behavioral tests. Besides, quantified by luxol fast blue staining, immunofluorescence, and western blot, administration of TGF-β1 was found to significantly ameliorate the demyelinating lesion and reactive astrogliosis by suppressing p38 MAPK pathway. Mechanistically, the results of in vitro experiments indicated that treatment of TGF-β1 could directly promote the differentiation and migration of cultured oligodendrocytes. Our study revealed that modulating TGF-β1 activity might serve as a promising and innovative therapeutic strategy in CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medicine College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Simiao Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sun L, Wang X, Guan S, Chi L, Liang M, Lu X, Luo T. Inhibition of voltage-gated Hv1 alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via regulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111361. [PMID: 38145600 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in activated immune cells, significantly contributing to both the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The voltage-gated H channel (Hv1) has been reported to be involved in microglial activation and acts as a key driver of neuroinflammation. This study aimed to explore how Hv1-mediated metabolic reprogramming contributes to neuroinflammation and to assess the therapeutic potential of the Hv1 inhibitor 2-GBI in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. We investigated the influence of 2-GBI on the generation of ROS, metabolic reprogramming, and pro-inflammatory mediator production in vitro and examined the therapeutic effect of 2-GBI on microglial activation and hippocampal neuroinflammation in vivo. The results indicated that 2-GBI attenuated the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response and aerobic glycolysis in microglia, specifically mitigating HIF1α-mediated upregulation of glycolysis. 2-GBI exerted a protective effect against LPS-induced neuroinflammation through HIF1α pathway-regulated aerobic glycolysis. Using a transwell coculture system, we demonstrated that 2-GBI reversed PC12 cell death caused by BV2-mediated neuroinflammation. In vivo experiments further suggested that 2-GBI mitigated neuroinflammatory processes and cognitive dysfunction via microglial metabolic reprogramming. Collectively, our results highlight the potential of Hv1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for alleviating LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating microglial metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xihua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Shuyuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Laiting Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Mingjin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
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Ishikawa H, Shindo A, Mizutani A, Tomimoto H, Lo EH, Arai K. A brief overview of a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral carotid artery stenosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:18-36. [PMID: 36883344 PMCID: PMC10638994 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to all forms of cognitive disorder related to cerebrovascular diseases, including vascular mild cognitive impairment, post-stroke dementia, multi-infarct dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD), and mixed dementia. Among the causes of VCI, more attention has been paid to SIVD because the causative cerebral small vessel pathologies are frequently observed in elderly people and because the gradual progression of cognitive decline often mimics Alzheimer's disease. In most cases, small vessel diseases are accompanied by cerebral hypoperfusion. In mice, prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion is induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with surgically implanted metal micro-coils. This cerebral hypoperfusion BCAS model was proposed as a SIVD mouse model in 2004, and the spreading use of this mouse SIVD model has provided novel data regarding cognitive dysfunction and histological/genetic changes by cerebral hypoperfusion. Oxidative stress, microvascular injury, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and secondary inflammation may be the main mechanisms of brain damage due to prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion, and some potential therapeutic targets for SIVD have been proposed by using transgenic mice or clinically used drugs in BCAS studies. This review article overviews findings from the studies that used this hypoperfused-SIVD mouse model, which were published between 2004 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akane Mizutani
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Shen Y, Luo Y, Liao P, Zuo Y, Jiang R. Role of the Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Hv1 in Nervous Systems. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1157-1172. [PMID: 37029856 PMCID: PMC10313628 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hv1 is the only voltage-gated proton-selective channel in mammalian cells. It contains a conserved voltage-sensor domain, shared by a large class of voltage-gated ion channels, but lacks a pore domain. Its primary role is to extrude protons from the cytoplasm upon pH reduction and membrane depolarization. The best-known function of Hv1 is the regulation of cytosolic pH and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species. Accumulating evidence indicates that Hv1 is expressed in nervous systems, in addition to immune cells and others. Here, we summarize the molecular properties, distribution, and physiological functions of Hv1 in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We describe the recently discovered functions of Hv1 in various neurological diseases, including brain or spinal cord injury, ischemic stroke, demyelinating diseases, and pain. We also summarize the current advances in the discovery and application of Hv1-targeted small molecules in neurological diseases. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of our understanding of Hv1 and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yuncheng Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ping Liao
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
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7
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Chaves G, Jardin C, Derst C, Musset B. Voltage-Gated Proton Channels in the Tree of Life. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1035. [PMID: 37509071 PMCID: PMC10377628 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With a single gene encoding HV1 channel, proton channel diversity is particularly low in mammals compared to other members of the superfamily of voltage-gated ion channels. Nonetheless, mammalian HV1 channels are expressed in many different tissues and cell types where they exert various functions. In the first part of this review, we regard novel aspects of the functional expression of HV1 channels in mammals by differentially comparing their involvement in (1) close conjunction with the NADPH oxidase complex responsible for the respiratory burst of phagocytes, and (2) in respiratory burst independent functions such as pH homeostasis or acid extrusion. In the second part, we dissect expression of HV channels within the eukaryotic tree of life, revealing the immense diversity of the channel in other phylae, such as mollusks or dinoflagellates, where several genes encoding HV channels can be found within a single species. In the last part, a comprehensive overview of the biophysical properties of a set of twenty different HV channels characterized electrophysiologically, from Mammalia to unicellular protists, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Chaves
- Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, The Nuremberg Location, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Jardin
- Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, The Nuremberg Location, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christian Derst
- Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, The Nuremberg Location, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Boris Musset
- Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, The Nuremberg Location, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
- Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, The Salzburg Location, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Cao Q, Chen J, Zhang Z, Shu S, Qian Y, Yang L, Xu L, Zhang Y, Bao X, Xia S, Yang H, Xu Y, Qiu S. Astrocytic CXCL5 hinders microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris and aggravates white matter injury in chronic cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:105. [PMID: 37138312 PMCID: PMC10155379 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral ischemia induces white matter injury (WMI) contributing to cognitive decline. Both astrocytes and microglia play vital roles in the demyelination and remyelination processes, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of the chemokine CXCL5 on WMI and cognitive decline in chronic cerebral ischemia and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) model was constructed to mimic chronic cerebral ischemia in 7-10 weeks old male mice. Astrocytic Cxcl5 conditional knockout (cKO) mice were constructed and mice with Cxcl5 overexpressing in astrocytes were generated by stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV). WMI was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electron microscopy, histological staining and western blotting. Cognitive function was examined by a series of neurobehavioral tests. The proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), phagocytosis of microglia were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining, western blotting or flow cytometry. RESULTS CXCL5 was significantly elevated in the corpus callosum (CC) and serum in BCAS model, mainly expressed in astrocytes, and Cxcl5 cKO mice displayed improved WMI and cognitive performance. Recombinant CXCL5 (rCXCL5) had no direct effect on the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs in vitro. Astrocytic specific Cxcl5 overexpression aggravated WMI and cognitive decline induced by chronic cerebral ischemia, while microglia depletion counteracted this effect. Recombinant CXCL5 remarkably hindered microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris, which was rescued by inhibition of CXCL5 receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that astrocyte-derived CXCL5 aggravated WMI and cognitive decline by inhibiting microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris, suggesting a novel astrocyte-microglia circuit mediated by CXCL5-CXCR2 signaling in chronic cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shu Shu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lushan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Hernandez-Espinosa DR, Gale JR, Scrabis MG, Aizenman E. Microglial reprogramming by Hv1 antagonism protects neurons from inflammatory and glutamate toxicity. J Neurochem 2023; 165:29-54. [PMID: 36625847 PMCID: PMC10106429 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the precise mechanisms determining the neurotoxic or neuroprotective activation phenotypes in microglia remain poorly characterized, metabolic changes in these cells appear critical for these processes. As cellular metabolism can be tightly regulated by changes in intracellular pH, we tested whether pharmacological targeting of the microglial voltage-gated proton channel 1 (Hv1), an important regulator of intracellular pH, is critical for activated microglial reprogramming. Using a mouse microglial cell line and mouse primary microglia cultures, either alone, or co-cultured with rat cerebrocortical neurons, we characterized in detail the microglial activation profile in the absence and presence of Hv1 inhibition. We observed that activated microglia neurotoxicity was mainly attributable to the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, reactive oxygen species, and zinc. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of Hv1 largely abrogated inflammatory neurotoxicity not only by reducing the production of cytotoxic mediators but also by promoting neurotrophic molecule production and restraining excessive phagocytic activity. Importantly, the Hv1-sensitive change from a pro-inflammatory to a neuroprotective phenotype was associated with metabolic reprogramming, particularly via a boost in NADH availability and a reduction in lactate. Most critically, Hv1 antagonism not only reduced inflammatory neurotoxicity but also promoted microglia-dependent neuroprotection against a separate excitotoxic injury. Our results strongly suggest that Hv1 blockers may provide an important therapeutic tool against a wide range of inflammatory neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hernandez-Espinosa
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Gale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mia G Scrabis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Zhou HQ, Zhang LM, Li X, Huang ZH. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Inflammation in Chronic Cerebral Ischaemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01336-6. [PMID: 36952071 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI) is a high-incidence cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease that is very common in clinical practice. Although many pathogenic mechanisms have been explored, there is still great controversy among neuroscientists regarding the pathogenesis of CCI. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms of CCI occurrence and progression for the prevention and treatment of ischaemic cerebrovascular disorders. Autophagy and inflammation play vital roles in CCI, but the relationship between these two processes in this disease remains unknown. Here, we review the progression and discuss the functions, actions and pathways of autophagy and inflammation in CCI, including a comprehensive view of the transition from acute disease to CCI through ischaemic repair mechanisms. This review may provide a reference for future research and treatment of CCI. Schematic diagram of the interplay between autophagy and inflammation in CCI. CCI lead to serious, life-threatening complications. This review summarizes two factors in CCI, including autophagy and inflammation, which have been focused for the mechanisms of CCI. In short, the possible points of intersection are shown in the illustration. CCI, Chronic cerebral ischaemia; ER stress, Endoplasmic reticulum stress; ROS, Reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Neuroinflammation Research, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Neuroinflammation Research, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Neuroinflammation Research, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Neuroinflammation Research, Gannan Medical University, 1st Hexie Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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11
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Suárez-Delgado E, Orozco-Contreras M, Rangel-Yescas GE, Islas LD. Activation-pathway transitions in human voltage-gated proton channels revealed by a non-canonical fluorescent amino acid. eLife 2023; 12:85836. [PMID: 36695566 PMCID: PMC9925047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent gating of the voltage-gated proton channels (HV1) remains poorly understood, partly because of the difficulty of obtaining direct measurements of voltage sensor movement in the form of gating currents. To circumvent this problem, we have implemented patch-clamp fluorometry in combination with the incorporation of the fluorescent non-canonical amino acid Anap to monitor channel opening and movement of the S4 segment. Simultaneous recording of currents and fluorescence signals allows for direct correlation of these parameters and investigation of their dependence on voltage and the pH gradient (ΔpH). We present data that indicate that Anap incorporated in the S4 helix is quenched by an aromatic residue located in the S2 helix and that motion of the S4 relative to this quencher is responsible for fluorescence increases upon depolarization. The kinetics of the fluorescence signal reveal the existence of a very slow transition in the deactivation pathway, which seems to be singularly regulated by ΔpH. Our experiments also suggest that the voltage sensor can move after channel opening and that the absolute value of the pH can influence the channel opening step. These results shed light on the complexities of voltage-dependent opening of human HV1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Suárez-Delgado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Maru Orozco-Contreras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Gisela E Rangel-Yescas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Leon D Islas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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12
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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13
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Tan Y, Wang Z, Liu T, Gao P, Xu S, Tan L. RNA interference-mediated silencing of DNA methyltransferase 1 attenuates neuropathic pain by accelerating microglia M2 polarization. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:376. [PMID: 36183073 PMCID: PMC9526327 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) exerts imperative functions in neuropathic pain (NP). This study explored the action of RNA interference-mediated DNMT1 silencing in NP by regulating microglial M2 polarization. Methods NP rat models were established using chronic constriction injury (CCI) and highly aggressive proliferating immortalized (HAPI) microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce microglia M1 polarization, followed by treatment of DNMT1 siRNA or si-DNMT1/oe-DNMT1, respectively. The pain threshold of CCI rats was assessed by determining mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10) and DNMT1 in rat L4-L6 spinal cord samples and HAPI cells were measured using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. iNOS and Arg-1 mRNA levels were measured via RT-qPCR. DNMT1, M1 marker (iNOS), and M2 marker (Arg-1) levels in microglia of CCI rats were detected by immunofluorescence. Percentages of M1 microglia phenotype (CD16) and M2 microglia phenotype (CD206) were detected by flow cytometry. The phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins was determined by Western blot. Results CCI rats exhibited diminished MWT and TWL values, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, DNMT1 was upregulated in CCI rat microglia. DNMT1 siRNA alleviated CCI-induced NP and facilitated M2 polarization of microglia in CCI rats. DNMT1 knockdown inhibited LPS-induced M1 polarization of HAPI cells and promoted M2 polarization by blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway, but DNMT1 overexpression inhibited the M1-to-M2 polarization of microglia. Conclusion RNA interference-mediated DNMT1 silencing accelerates microglia M2 polarization by impeding the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby alleviating CCI-induced NP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02860-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China.
| | - Zongjiang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Shitao Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China.
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Zheng J, Murugan M, Wang L, Wu LJ. Microglial voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1183-1189. [PMID: 34782552 PMCID: PMC8643068 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, microglia as the first responders to the lesion display both beneficial and detrimental characteristics. Activated microglia phagocyte and eliminate cell debris, release cytokines to recruit peripheral immune cells to the injury site. Excessively activated microglia can aggravate the secondary damage by producing extravagant reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies demonstrated that the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is selectively expressed in microglia and regulates microglial activation upon injury. In mouse models of spinal cord injury, Hv1 deficiency ameliorates microglia activation, resulting in alleviated production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The reduced secondary damage subsequently decreases neuronal loss and correlates with improved locomotor recovery. This review provides a brief historical perspective of advances in investigating voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 and home in on microglial Hv1. We discuss recent studies on the roles of Hv1 activation in pathophysiological activities of microglia, such as production of NOX-dependent reactive oxygen species, microglia polarization, and tissue acidosis, particularly in the context of spinal cord injury. Further, we highlight the rationale for targeting Hv1 for the treatment of spinal cord injury and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Al-Griw MA, Salter MG, Wood IC. Inhibition of ionotropic GluR signaling preserves oligodendrocyte lineage and myelination in an ex vivo rat model of white matter ischemic injury. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:233-248. [PMID: 34672294 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants have a high risk of neonatal white matter injury (WMI). WMI leads to reduced myelination, inflammation, and clinical neurodevelopmental deficits for which there are no effective treatments. Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) induced excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cell loss and demyelination in brain models of neonatal and adult WMI. Here, we hypothesized that simulated ischemia (oxygen‑glucose deprivation) damages white matter via activation of iGluR signaling, and that iGluR inhibition shortly after WMI could mitigate OL loss, enhance myelination, and suppress inflammation in an ex vivo cerebellar slice model of developing WMI. Inhibition of iGluR signaling by a combined block of AMPA and NMDA receptors, shortly after simulated ischemia, restored myelination, reduced apoptotic OLs, and enhanced OL precursor cell proliferation and maturation as well as upregulated expression of transcription factors regulating OL development and remyelination. Our findings demonstrate that iGluR inhibition post‑injury alleviates OL lineage cell loss and inflammation and promotes myelination upon developing WMI. The findings may help to develop therapeutic interventions for the WMI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Al-Griw
- Department of Histology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya;
| | | | - Ian C Wood
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Zheng Y, Wang X. Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging-based study on the correlation between brain pH and voltage-gated proton channels in piglets after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:4408-4417. [PMID: 34603995 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The normal regulation of brain pH is particularly critical for protein structure and enzymatic catalysis in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the regulation mechanism of brain pH after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) through the combination of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, the analysis of brain pH levels, and the analysis of voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1) expression in piglets with HIBI. Methods A total of 59 healthy piglets (age range, 3-5 days after birth; body weight, 1-1.5 kg) were selected. Six piglets were excluded due to death, modeling failure, or motion artifacts, leaving a total of 10 animals in the control group and 43 animals in the HIBI model group. At different time points (0-2, 2-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-48, and 48-72 hours) after HIBI, brain pH, Hv1 expression, and APT values were measured and analyzed. The statistical analysis of data was performed using the independent samples t-test, analysis of variance, and Spearman rank correlation analysis. A P value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results As shown by the immunofluorescent staining results after HIBI, Hv1 protein expression in the basal ganglia reached a peak value at 0-2 hours, with a statistically significant difference between 0-2 hours and other time points (P<0.001). In piglets, the APT value reached a trough at 0-2 hours after HIBI, and subsequently, it gradually increased, and there was a significant difference between the control group and all HIBI model subgroups (P<0.001) except for the 2-6 hours subgroup (P=0.602). Brain pH decreased after HIBI and reached a trough at 0-2 hours, then gradually increased. Hv1 protein expression, pH, and APT values were all correlated (P<0.001). Conclusions After HIBI, values of brain pH, APT, and the expression of Hv1 changed over time and had a linear correlation. This suggests that there was a shift in brain hydrogen ions (H+) in the neural network and a change in brain pH after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, China
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17
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Vilhena ER, Bonato JM, Schepers M, Kunieda JKC, Milani H, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J, de Oliveira RMW. Positive effects of roflumilast on behavior, neuroinflammation, and white matter injury in mice with global cerebral ischemia. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:459-471. [PMID: 34320520 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a promising pharmacological strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemic conditions. To increase the relevance and increase the translational value of preclinical studies, it is important to conduct experiments using different animal species and strains, different animal models, and to evaluate long-term functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the effects of the selective PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Balb/c mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and tested during 21 days in multiple behavioral tasks to investigate the long-term effects of roflumilast on functional recovery. The effects of roflumilast were also investigated on hippocampal cell loss, white matter injury, and expression of neuroinflammatory markers. Roflumilast prevented cognitive and emotional deficits induced by BCCAO in mice. Roflumilast also prevented neurodegeneration and reduced the white matter damage in the brain of ischemic animals. Besides, roflumilast decreased Iba-1 (microglia marker) levels and increased Arginase-1 (Arg-1; microglia M2 phenotype marker) levels in the hippocampus of these mice. Likewise, roflumilast suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (microglia M1 phenotype marker) expression and increased Arg-1 levels in a primary mouse microglia culture. These findings support evidence that PDE4 inhibition by roflumilast might be beneficial in cerebral ischemic conditions. The neuroprotective effects of roflumilast appear to be mediated by a decrease in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella R Vilhena
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana K C Kunieda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Neuroimmune Connect and Repair Lab., Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rúbia M W de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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18
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He J, Ritzel RM, Wu J. Functions and Mechanisms of the Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Hv1 in Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662971. [PMID: 33897377 PMCID: PMC8063047 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is a newly discovered ion channel that is highly conserved among species. It is known that Hv1 is not only expressed in peripheral immune cells but also one of the major ion channels expressed in tissue-resident microglia of the central nervous systems (CNS). One key role for Hv1 is its interaction with NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic pH. Emerging data suggest that excessive ROS production increases and requires proton currents through Hv1 in the injured CNS, and manipulations that ablate Hv1 expression or induce loss of function may provide neuroprotection in CNS injury models including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. Recent data demonstrating microglial Hv1-mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of the CNS injury further supports the idea that Hv1 channel may function as a key mechanism in posttraumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the main findings of Hv1, including its expression pattern, cellular mechanism, role in aging, and animal models of CNS injury and disease pathology. We also discuss the potential of Hv1 as a therapeutic target for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Cojocaru A, Burada E, Bălșeanu AT, Deftu AF, Cătălin B, Popa-Wagner A, Osiac E. Roles of Microglial Ion Channel in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061239. [PMID: 33802786 PMCID: PMC8002406 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age and life expectancy increases, the incidence of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) pathologies will increase. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation as the common feature of any neurodegenerative pathology, we can exploit the pharmacology of cell specific ion channels to improve the outcome of many CNS diseases. As the main cellular player of neuroinflammation, microglia play a central role in this process. Although microglia are considered non-excitable cells, they express a variety of ion channels under both physiological and pathological conditions that seem to be involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Here, we discuss the impact of modulating microglia voltage-gated, potential transient receptor, chloride and proton channels on microglial proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Cojocaru
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
| | - Adrian-Tudor Bălșeanu
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Cătălin
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.C.); (E.B.); (A.-T.B.)
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Eugen Osiac
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Luo L, Song S, Ezenwukwa CC, Jalali S, Sun B, Sun D. Ion channels and transporters in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104925. [PMID: 33248207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells interact with all components of the central nervous system (CNS) and are increasingly recognized to play essential roles during brain development, homeostasis and disease pathologies. Functions of microglia include maintaining tissue integrity, clearing cellular debris and dead neurons through the process of phagocytosis, and providing tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. Changes of microglial ionic homeostasis (Na+, Ca2+, K+, H+, Cl-) are important for microglial activation, including proliferation, migration, cytokine release and reactive oxygen species production, etc. These are mediated by ion channels and ion transporters in microglial cells. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of major microglial ion channels and transporters, including several types of Ca2+ channels (store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs)) and Na+ channels (voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)), K+ channels (inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir), voltage-gated K+ channels (KV) and calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa)), proton channels (voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1)), and Cl- channels (volume (or swelling)-regulated Cl- channels (VRCCs) and chloride intracellular channels (CLICs)). In addition, ion transporter proteins such as Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) are also involved in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. We discussed microglial activation and neuroinflammation in relation to the ion channel/transporter stimulation under brain disease conditions and therapeutic aspects of targeting microglial ion channels/transporters for neurodegenerative disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Luo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Shayan Jalali
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Baoshan Sun
- Pólo DoisPortos, Instituto National de InvestigaçãoAgrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, DoisPortos, 2565-191, Portugal.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Ritzel RM, He J, Li Y, Cao T, Khan N, Shim B, Sabirzhanov B, Aubrecht T, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Wu LJ, Wu J. Proton extrusion during oxidative burst in microglia exacerbates pathological acidosis following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2020; 69:746-764. [PMID: 33090575 PMCID: PMC7819364 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acidosis is among the least studied secondary injury mechanisms associated with neurotrauma. Acute decreases in brain pH correlate with poor long‐term outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), however, the temporal dynamics and underlying mechanisms are unclear. As key drivers of neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that microglia directly regulate acidosis after TBI, and thereby, worsen neurological outcomes. Using a controlled cortical impact model in adult male mice we demonstrate that intracellular pH in microglia and extracellular pH surrounding the lesion site are significantly reduced for weeks after injury. Microglia proliferation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also increased during the first week, mirroring the increase in extracellular ROS levels seen around the lesion site. Microglia depletion by a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, PLX5622, markedly decreased extracellular acidosis, ROS production, and inflammation in the brain after injury. Mechanistically, we identified that the voltage‐gated proton channel Hv1 promotes oxidative burst activity and acid extrusion in microglia. Compared to wildtype controls, microglia lacking Hv1 showed reduced ability to generate ROS and extrude protons. Importantly, Hv1‐deficient mice exhibited reduced pathological acidosis and inflammation after TBI, leading to long‐term neuroprotection and functional recovery. Our data therefore establish the microglial Hv1 proton channel as an important link that integrates inflammation and acidosis within the injury microenvironment during head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bosung Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taryn Aubrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Li X, Yu Z, Zong W, Chen P, Li J, Wang M, Ding F, Xie M, Wang W, Luo X. Deficiency of the microglial Hv1 proton channel attenuates neuronal pyroptosis and inhibits inflammatory reaction after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:263. [PMID: 32891159 PMCID: PMC7487532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences. SCI pathogenesis is accompanied by inflammasome activation and neuronal damage. But the spatial pattern and the time course of neuronal pyroptosis and apoptosis after SCI should be further elucidated. The microglial voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1) is implicated in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neuronal damage following ischemic stroke. However, there is a lack of quantification on the neuronal pyroptosis and apoptosis associated with microglial Hv1 after SCI. METHODS We analyzed spatial and temporal characteristics of neuronal pyroptosis and apoptosis following SCI and investigated the effects of Hv1 deficiency on neuronal pyroptosis and the nod-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway by using a mouse model of SCI. We tested the effects of Hv1-deficient microglia on ROS production in vivo and examined the relationship between ROS and neuronal pyroptosis in vitro. RESULTS We observed that apoptosis was detected closer to the injury core than pyroptosis. The incidence of neuronal apoptosis peaked on day 1 after SCI and occurred before pyroptosis. Hv1 deficiency reduced neuronal apoptosis and NLRP3-inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, improved axonal regeneration, and reduced motor deficits. SCI led to elevated ROS levels, whereas Hv1 deficiency downregulated microglial ROS generation. In vitro, ROS upregulated neuronal pyroptosis and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, both of which were reversed by addition of a ROS scavenger. Our results suggested that microglial Hv1 regulated neuronal apoptosis and NLRP3-induced neuronal pyroptosis after SCI by mediating ROS production. CONCLUSION Following SCI, neuronal pyroptosis lasted longer and occurred farther away from the injury core compared with that of neuronal apoptosis. Microglial Hv1 deficiency downregulated microglial ROS generation and reduced apoptosis and NLRP3-induced neuronal pyroptosis. Our findings may provide novel insights into Hv1-associated mechanisms underlying neuronal damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weifeng Zong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minghuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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