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Kui H, Ran B, Yang M, Shi X, Luo Y, Wang Y, Wang T, Li D, Shuai S, Li M. Gene expression profiles of specific chicken skeletal muscles. Sci Data 2022; 9:552. [PMID: 36075978 PMCID: PMC9458719 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken provides large amounts of protein for the human diet and is also used as a model organism for biomedical research. Increasing meat production is an important goal in the poultry industry and skeletal muscles have highly diverse origins, shapes, metabolic features, and physical functions. Previous gene expression atlases have largely ignored the differences among diverse types of skeletal muscles; therefore, comprehensive transcriptional maps of all skeletal muscles are needed to improve meat production traits. In this study, we sequenced 58 samples from 10 different skeletal muscles of 42-day-old White Plymouth Rock chickens. We also measured myofiber diameter and generated myofiber-type datasets of these 10 tissues. We generated 418.4 Gb high-quality bulk RNA-Seq data from four or six biological replicates of each skeletal muscle (four replicates from extraocular samples) (approximately 7.4 Gb per sample). This dataset provides valuable information for understanding the muscle fiber characteristics of White Plymouth Rock chickens. Furthermore, our data can be used as a model for heterogeneity analysis between tissues with similar properties. Measurement(s) | Gene expression profiles of specific chicken skeletal muscles • cross section area of chicken skeletal muscles and type I muscle fiber quantity | Technology Type(s) | RNA sequence • Histological Procedure | Factor Type(s) | different skeletal muscles | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Gallus gallus | Sample Characteristic - Environment | farm |
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Kui
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Ran
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Maosen Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingyu Luo
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Surong Shuai
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Charles J, Kissane R, Hoehfurtner T, Bates KT. From fibre to function: are we accurately representing muscle architecture and performance? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1640-1676. [PMID: 35388613 PMCID: PMC9540431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance underpin our understanding of how muscles function and how they are adapted to power specific motions within and across species. Here we provide a synopsis of how this 'fibre to function' paradigm has been applied to understand muscle design, performance and adaptation in animals. Our review highlights the widespread application of the fibre to function paradigm across a diverse breadth of biological disciplines but also reveals a potential and highly prevalent limitation running through past studies. Specifically, we find that quantification of muscle architectural properties is almost universally based on an extremely small number of fibre measurements. Despite the volume of research into muscle properties, across a diverse breadth of research disciplines, the fundamental assumption that a small proportion of fibre measurements can accurately represent the architectural properties of a muscle has never been quantitatively tested. Subsequently, we use a combination of medical imaging, statistical analysis, and physics-based computer simulation to address this issue for the first time. By combining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic fibre tractography we generated a large number of fibre measurements (>3000) rapidly for individual human lower limb muscles. Through statistical subsampling simulations of these measurements, we demonstrate that analysing a small number of fibres (n < 25) typically used in previous studies may lead to extremely large errors in the characterisation of overall muscle architectural properties such as mean fibre length and physiological cross-sectional area. Through dynamic musculoskeletal simulations of human walking and jumping, we demonstrate that recovered errors in fibre architecture characterisation have significant implications for quantitative predictions of in-vivo dynamics and muscle fibre function within a species. Furthermore, by applying data-subsampling simulations to comparisons of muscle function in humans and chimpanzees, we demonstrate that error magnitudes significantly impact both qualitative and quantitative assessment of muscle specialisation, potentially generating highly erroneous conclusions about the absolute and relative adaption of muscles across species and evolutionary transitions. Our findings have profound implications for how a broad diversity of research fields quantify muscle architecture and interpret muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Charles
- Structure and Motion Lab, Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead LaneHatfieldHertfordshireAL9 7TAU.K.
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Roger Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Tatjana Hoehfurtner
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Lincoln, Joseph Banks LaboratoriesGreen LaneLincolnLN6 7DLU.K.
| | - Karl T. Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
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Marmol-Guijarro A, Nudds R, Folkow L, Lees J, Codd J. Does posture explain the kinematic differences in a grounded running gait between male and female Svalbard rock ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta hyperborea) moving on snow? Polar Biol 2021; 44:1141-1152. [PMID: 34720374 PMCID: PMC8550507 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The majority of locomotor research is conducted on treadmills and few studies attempt to understand the differences between this and animals moving in the wild. For example, animals may adjust their gait kinematics or limb posture, to a more compliant limb, to increase stability of locomotion to prevent limb failure or falling on different substrates. Here, using video recordings, we compared locomotor parameters (speed range, stride length, stride frequency, stance duration, swing duration and duty factor) of female Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) moving in the wild over snow to previous treadmill-based research. We also compared the absolute and body size (body mass and limb length)-corrected values of kinematic parameters to published data from males to look for any sex differences across walking and grounded running gaits. Our findings indicate that the kinematics of locomotion are largely conserved between the field and laboratory in that none of the female gaits were drastically affected by moving over snow, except for a prolonged swing phase at very slow walking speeds, likely due to toe dragging. Comparisons between the sexes indicate that the differences observed during a walking gait are likely due to body size. However, sexual dimorphism in body size could not explain the disparate grounded running kinematics of the female and male ptarmigan, which might be linked to a more crouched posture in females. Our findings provide insight into how males and females moving in situ may use different strategies to alleviate the effects of a variable substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Marmol-Guijarro
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nudds
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lars Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - John Lees
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Östergötland Sweden
| | - Jonathan Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a prevalent feature of sexually reproducing organisms yet its presence in dinosaurs has recently been questioned. However, the inferred absence of sexual dimorphism may be a methodological artefact, rooted in the lack of systematic knowledge concerning how sexual dimorphism of living animals behaves statistically. To start building such knowledge, I re-analysed published data of 139 species of living animals that are sexually dimorphic. The previous method used for dinosaurs recognized only 5% of the living species correctly as dimorphic. This low rate is largely caused by the tilting of ordinated multivariate space due to interactions between size and shape dimorphisms, low signal/noise ratios and inclusion of outliers. The rate can be improved to 50% by modifying the method but not further, unless the information on the sex of individual specimens is used. Such information is unavailable in dinosaurs, so sexual dimorphism probably cannot be established for a large proportion of sexually dimorphic dinosaurs. At the same time, about 32% of the 139 are strongly sexually dimorphic, and can be re-sexed from shape with misclassification rates below 0.05. A reassessment of dinosaurian data suggests that sexual dimorphism likely existed at least in some species, such as Allosaurus fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Motani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
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Rhodes MM, Henderson DM, Currie PJ. Maniraptoran pelvic musculature highlights evolutionary patterns in theropod locomotion on the line to birds. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10855. [PMID: 33717681 PMCID: PMC7937347 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a fundamental aspect of palaeobiology and often investigated by comparing osteological structures and proportions. Previous studies document a stepwise accumulation of avian-like features in theropod dinosaurs that accelerates in the clade Maniraptora. However, the soft tissues that influenced the skeleton offer another perspective on locomotory adaptations. Examination of the pelvis for osteological correlates of hind limb and tail musculature allowed reconstruction of primary locomotory muscles across theropods and their closest extant relatives. Additionally, the areas of pelvic muscle origins were quantified to measure relative differences within and between taxa, to compare morphological features associated with cursoriality, and offer insight into the evolution of locomotor modules. Locomotory inferences based on myology often corroborate those based on osteology, although they occasionally conflict and indicate greater complexity than previously appreciated. Maniraptoran pelvic musculature underscores previous studies noting the multifaceted nature of cursoriality and suggests that a more punctuated step in caudal decoupling occurred at or near the base of Maniraptora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Philip J Currie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Martin ML, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA, Warburton NM. Review of the methods used for calculating physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) for ecological questions. J Morphol 2020; 281:778-789. [PMID: 32374505 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review examines literature that used physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) as a representative measure of an individual muscle's maximal isometric force production. PCSA is used to understand the muscle architecture and how a trade-off between muscle force and muscle contractile velocity reflect adaptations of the musculoskeletal system as a reflection of functional demands. Over the decades, methods have been developed to measure muscle volume, fascicle lengths, and pennation angle to calculate PCSA. The advantages and limitations of these methods (especially the inclusion/elimination of pennation angle) are discussed frequently; however, these method descriptions are scattered throughout the literature. Here, we reviewed and summarised the different approaches to collecting and recording muscle architectural properties to subsequently calculate PCSA. By critically discussing the advantages and limitations of each methodology, we aim to provide readers with an overview of repeatable methods to assess muscle architecture. This review may serve as a guide to facilitate readers searching for the appropriate techniques to calculate PCSA and measure muscle architecture to be applied in ecomorphology research. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Discuss the theories behind PCSA in a synthesised review to inform researchers about PCSA methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Martin
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Kenny J Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Australia
| | - Patricia A Fleming
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Natalie M Warburton
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Martin ML, Warburton NM, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA. Mechanical similarity across ontogeny of digging muscles in an Australian marsupial (Isoodon fusciventer
). J Morphol 2019; 280:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meg L. Martin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Natalie M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Kenny J. Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool Western Australia Australia
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
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Nadal J, Ponz C, Margalida A. Body proportions for the facilitation of walking, running and flying: the case of partridges. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:176. [PMID: 30477435 PMCID: PMC6260763 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predation is one of the most important natural selection forces. Prey species can optimize feeding behavior and escape from predators based on mobility conditioned by body proportions. With age, mobility capacity increases and individuals are more efficient in finding resources and safety (e.g., food and refuge). Birds’ mobility is driven by the dimensions, of the head and torso, as well as the extremities and flight feathers. To assess the relationship between body traits and to understand how body proportions are organized in wild Red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), we used biometric data from nearly 14,000 individuals, obtained during a long-term study (1988–2011) on a wild population. Results We used GLMs and regressions to model the relationship between body mass and the size of body parts. We found that wing length was the morphological part best explained by other body trait measures. Wing length models were better predictors in juveniles than in adults and in females than in males. Wing length and feather length, mass and total length are the most strongly related parts; mass and wing length, total length and feather length are moderately related. The association between mass and wing length is intermediated by feather length and total length. Conclusions Social inclusion, feeding and predator evasion may be affected by body structure intermediated by mobility and health. Our results suggest that proportions of the body, extremities and flight feathers drive mobility which is intimately associated with ecology, biological efficiency, health and physical optimization. Our findings showed that wing size was strongly allied to other body part measurements, enhancing the importance of body structure conformation for flight. Our study highlights the scaled relationship of body structure among age-sex classes and its relevance to social cohesion, flock movement and the balance between predation and starvation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1295-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Nadal
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Wildlife, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Carolina Ponz
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Wildlife, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antoni Margalida
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Wildlife, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Institute for Game and Wildlife Research, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rose KA, Codd JR, Nudds RL. Differential sex-specific walking kinematics in leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) selectively bred for different body size. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.139709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The differing limb dynamics and postures of small and large terrestrial animals may be mechanisms for minimising metabolic costs under scale-dependent muscle force, work and power demands; however, empirical evidence for this is lacking. Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are highly dimorphic: males have greater body mass and relative muscle mass than females, which are permanently gravid and have greater relative intestinal mass. Furthermore, leghorns are selected for standard (large) and bantam (small) varieties and the former are sexually dimorphic in posture, with females having a more upright limb. Here, high-speed videography and morphological measurements were used to examine the walking gaits of leghorn chickens of the two varieties and sexes. Hind limb skeletal elements were geometrically similar among the bird groups, yet the bird groups did not move with dynamic similarity. In agreement with the interspecific scaling of relative duty factor (DF, proportion of a stride period that a foot has ground contact) with body mass, bantams walked with greater DF than standards and females with greater DF than males. Greater DF in females than in males was achieved via variety-specific kinematic mechanisms, associated with the presence/absence of postural dimorphism. Females may require greater DF in order to reduce peak muscle forces and minimize power demands associated with lower muscle to reproductive tissue mass ratios and smaller body size. Furthermore, a more upright posture observed in the standard, but not bantam, females, may relate to minimizing the work demands of being larger and having proportionally larger reproductive volume. Lower DF in males relative to females may also be a work-minimizing strategy and/or due to greater limb inertia (due to greater pelvic limb muscle mass) prolonging the swing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh A. Rose
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Codd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert L. Nudds
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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