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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Rose CS. The cellular basis of cartilage growth and shape change in larval and metamorphosing Xenopus frogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277110. [PMID: 36634116 PMCID: PMC9836273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first and sometimes only skeletal tissue to appear, cartilage plays a fundamental role in the development and evolution of vertebrate body shapes. This is especially true for amphibians whose largely cartilaginous feeding skeleton exhibits unparalleled ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification as a consequence of metamorphosis. Fully understanding the evolutionary history, evolvability and regenerative potential of cartilage requires in-depth analysis of how chondrocytes drive growth and shape change. This study is a cell-level description of the larval growth and postembryonic shape change of major cartilages of the feeding skeleton of a metamorphosing amphibian. Histology and immunohistochemistry are used to describe and quantify patterns and trends in chondrocyte size, shape, division, death, and arrangement, and in percent matrix from hatchling to froglet for the lower jaw, hyoid and branchial arch cartilages of Xenopus laevis. The results are interpreted and integrated into programs of cell behaviors that account for the larval growth and histology, and metamorphic remodeling of each element. These programs provide a baseline for investigating hormone-mediated remodeling, cartilage regeneration, and intrinsic shape regulating mechanisms. These programs also contain four features not previously described in vertebrates: hypertrophied chondrocytes being rejuvenated by rapid cell cycling to a prechondrogenic size and shape; chondrocytes dividing and rearranging to reshape a cartilage; cartilage that lacks a perichondrium and grows at single-cell dimensions; and an adult cartilage forming de novo in the center of a resorbing larval one. Also, the unexpected superimposition of cell behaviors for shape change onto ones for larval growth and the unprecedented exploitation of very large and small cell sizes provide new directions for investigating the development and evolution of skeletal shape and metamorphic ontogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Rose
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang S, Tan C, Sun X, Tang X, Huang X, Yan F, Zhu G, Wang Q. Mechanisms of Caspases 3/7/8/9 in the Degeneration of External Gills of Chinese Giant Salamanders (Andrias davidianus). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081360. [PMID: 36011271 PMCID: PMC9407298 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis is a critical stage in the adaptive development of amphibians from aquatic to terrestrial animals. Metamorphosis of the Chinese giant salamander is mainly manifested by the loss of external gills with consequent changes in the respiratory pattern. The loss of the external gill is regulated by the pathway of apoptosis in which caspase genes are the key factors. This study cloned and expressed the caspase 3/7/8/9 genes of the Chinese giant salamander. The main results were as follows: the complete open reading frames (ORFs) were 885 bp, 960 bp, 1461 bp and 1279 bp, respectively; caspase 3/7/8/9 genes all contained the CASc domain, and most of the motifs were located in CASc domain; and caspase 8 possessed two DED structural domains and caspase 9 possessed a CARD structural domain. Furthermore, results from the tissue distribution analysis indicated that caspase 3/7/8/9 genes were all significantly expressed in the external gill, and at 9 and 10 months of age (MOA), which is the peak time for the loss, the EXPRESSION level of caspase 3/7/8/9 genes was obviously high, which was consistent with the histological result. Moreover, the loss of external gills of the Chinese giant salamander may result from activation of both the apoptosis-related death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial pathway. Finally, it was discovered that thyroid hormone (TH) treatment could both advance the time point at which the external gills of the Chinese giant salamander began to degenerate and shorten this process. Interestingly, at the peak of its metamorphosis (9 MOA), the Chinese giant salamander further accelerated the metamorphosis rate of TH treatment, which suggested a promotive effect on the loss of external gills via the superimposition of the exogenous TH and caspase genes. The study of caspase genes in this experiment was conducive to understanding the mechanism of external gill loss in the Chinese giant salamander, as well as improving our understanding of the metamorphosis development of some Caudata species.
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Gomes LG, Stocco MB, Sousa NPD, Martini AC, Morgado TO, Spiller PR, Moreira LFB, de Souza RL. Influence of incubation temperature and embryonic motility on the growth of members of Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802). BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 84:e252845. [PMID: 34932637 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.252845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether skeletal development of the Pantanal Caiman (Caiman yacare) is similarly influenced by temperature variation and controlled increases in embryo motility. All eggs were incubated at 90% humidity and 29 °C for the first 45 days. Thereafter, the incubation temperature was either maintained at 29 °C and embryos were treated with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on days 46, 47, 48, and 49 (Group I, 29 °C 4-AP, n = 15); maintained at 29 °C (n = 14; Group II); or at 33 °C (n = 14, Group III). Embryonic movement was measured using an Egg Buddy® digital monitor on days 30, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 60, at which point embryos were euthanized and samples were collected for analysis. No differences were observed between groups with varying incubation temperatures. In contrast, embryonic motility was greater in embryos treated with 4-AP (P < 0.001) on day 49, and this was associated with higher proportions of snout-vent and hand lengths. This study demonstrates for the first time that pharmacologically induced increases in embryo motility result in phenotypic changes to the proportion of elements during prenatal ontogeny, thereby effectively altering the adaptation of the species to specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - M B Stocco
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - N P de Sousa
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - A C Martini
- Universidade de Mineiros - UNIFIMES, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Mineiros, GO, Brasil
| | - T O Morgado
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - P R Spiller
- Universidade de Cuiabá - UNIC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - L F B Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas do Pantanal - INPP, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - MPEG, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - R L de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Schuez M, Böhm A, Knapp D, Edwards-Jorquera S, Ceccarelli AS, Chara O, Rauner M, Sandoval-Guzmán T. Postembryonic development and aging of the appendicular skeleton in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1015-1034. [PMID: 34322944 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs develop postembryonically. In this work, we evaluated the postembryonic development of the appendicular skeleton and its changes with aging. RESULTS The juvenile limb skeleton is formed mostly by Sox9/Col1a2 cartilage cells. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton starts when animals reach a length of 10 cm, and cartilage cells are replaced by a primary ossification center, consisting of cortical bone and an adipocyte-filled marrow cavity. Vascularization is associated with the ossification center and the marrow cavity formation. We identified the contribution of Col1a2-descendants to bone and adipocytes. Moreover, ossification progresses with age toward the epiphyses of long bones. Axolotls are neotenic salamanders, and still ossification remains responsive to l-thyroxine, increasing the rate of bone formation. CONCLUSIONS In axolotls, bone maturation is a continuous process that extends throughout their life. Ossification of the appendicular bones is slow and continues until the complete element is ossified. The cellular components of the appendicular skeleton change accordingly during ossification, creating a heterogenous landscape in each element. The continuous maturation of the bone is accompanied by a continuous body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maritta Schuez
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhm
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dunja Knapp
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Edwards-Jorquera
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto S Ceccarelli
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Instituto de Tecnología, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Tribondeau A, Sachs LM, Buisine N. Are paedomorphs actual larvae? Dev Dyn 2021; 250:779-787. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Tribondeau
- UMR7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Laurent M. Sachs
- UMR7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Nicolas Buisine
- UMR7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle Paris Cedex 05 France
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Collin SP, Collin HB. A comparison of the ultrastructure of the cornea of the pre- and post-metamorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum, Amphibia). Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108396. [PMID: 33310055 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The corneal ultrastructure of the pre- and post-metamorphic stages of the neotenic axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is examined using light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy to reveal whether there are any morphological changes associated with a switch in lifestyle. Although the complement of corneal layers remains the same, there are significant quantitative changes in corneal, epithelial and stromal thickness, epithelial and endothelial cell size and density, and the thickness of Bowman's layer and Desçemet's membrane. Microholes in the epithelium and vertical sutures within the stroma are predominant features in the pre-metamorphic stage but are rarely seen in the post-metamorphic stage. There are also significant quantitative centro-peripheral differences in the thickness of the whole cornea, primarily due to differences in the thickness of the stroma in both metamorphic stages. These changes may reflect the physiological demands on the cornea as it switches from a purely aquatic to an amphibious lifestyle, which includes venturing onto land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Collin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Oceans Graduate School and the Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - H Barry Collin
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, New South Wales, Australia.
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Rux D, Decker RS, Koyama E, Pacifici M. Joints in the appendicular skeleton: Developmental mechanisms and evolutionary influences. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 133:119-151. [PMID: 30902250 PMCID: PMC6988388 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Rebekah S Decker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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