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Ma S, Wang L, Zhang J, Geng L, Yang J. The role of transcriptional and epigenetic modifications in astrogliogenesis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18151. [PMID: 39314847 PMCID: PMC11418818 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are widely distributed and play a critical role in the central nervous system (CNS) of the human brain. During the development of CNS, astrocytes provide essential nutritional and supportive functions for neural cells and are involved in their metabolism and pathological processes. Despite the numerous studies that have reported on the regulation of astrogliogenesis at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels, there is a paucity of literature that provides a comprehensive summary of the key factors influencing this process. In this review, we analyzed the impact of transcription factors (e.g., NFI, JAK/STAT, BMP, and Ngn2), DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and noncoding RNA on astrocyte behavior and the regulation of astrogliogenesis, hope it enhances our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying astrogliogenesis and offers a theoretical foundation for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Ma
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Clinical Medicine Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Clinical Medicine Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Clinical Medicine Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lujing Geng
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junzheng Yang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Clinical Medicine Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Guangdong Nephrotic Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, The R&D Center of Drug for Renal Diseases, Consun Pharmaceutical Group, Guangzhou, China
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Kharlamova A, Krivova Y, Proshchina A, Godovalova O, Otlyga D, Andreeva E, Shachina M, Grushetskaya E, Saveliev S. Spatial-temporal representation of the astroglial markers in the developing human cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02850-z. [PMID: 39153086 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Specific spatiotemporal patterns of the normal glial differentiation during human brain development have not been thoroughly studied. Immunomorphological studies on postmortem material have remained a basic method for human neurodevelopmental studies so far. The main problem for the immunohistochemical research of astrogliogenesis is that now there are no universal astrocyte markers, that characterize the whole mature astrocyte population or precursors at each stage of development. To define the general course of astrogliogenesis in the developing human cortex, 25 fetal autopsy samples at the stages from eight postconceptional weeks to birth were collected for the immunomorphological analysis. Spatiotemporal immunoreactivity patterns with the panel of markers (ALDH1L1, GFAP, S100, SOX9, and Olig-2), related to glial differentiation were described and compared. The early S100 + cell population of ventral origin was described as well. This S100 + cell distribution deviated from the SOX9-immunoreactivity pattern and was similar to the Olig-2 one. In the given material the dorsal gliogenic wave was characterized by ALDH1L1-, GFAP-, and S100-immunoreactivity manifestation in the dorsal proliferative niche at the end of the early fetal period. The time point of dorsal astrogliogenesis was agreed upon not later than the 17 GW stage. ALDH1L1 + , GFAP + , S100 + , and SOX9 + cell expansion patterns from the ventricular and subventricular zones to the intermediate zone, subplate, and cortical plate were described at the end of early fetal, middle, and late fetal periods. The ALDH1L1-, GFAP-, and S100-immunoreactivity patterns were shown to be not completely identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kharlamova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418.
| | - Yu Krivova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - A Proshchina
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - O Godovalova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - D Otlyga
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - E Andreeva
- Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pokrovka St., 22A, Moscow, Russia, 101000
- FGBEU APE Russian Medical Academy Continuous Professional Education, Barrikadnaya St., 2/1, S.1, Moscow, Russia, 125993
| | - M Shachina
- Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pokrovka St., 22A, Moscow, Russia, 101000
| | - E Grushetskaya
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - S Saveliev
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Tsyurupy St., 3, Moscow, Russia, 117418
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3
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Mastenbroek LJM, Kooistra SM, Eggen BJL, Prins JR. The role of microglia in early neurodevelopment and the effects of maternal immune activation. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:1. [PMID: 38990389 PMCID: PMC11239780 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system during gestation has been associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring, particularly schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are implicated as potential mediators of this increased risk. Early in development, microglia start populating the embryonic central nervous system and in addition to their traditional role as immune responders under homeostatic conditions, microglia are also intricately involved in various early neurodevelopmental processes. The timing of immune activation may interfere with microglia functioning during early neurodevelopment, potentially leading to long-term consequences in postnatal life. In this review we will discuss the involvement of microglia in brain development during the prenatal and early postnatal stages of life, while also examining the effects of maternal immune activation on microglia and neurodevelopmental processes. Additionally, we discuss recent single cell RNA-sequencing studies focusing on microglia during prenatal development, and hypothesize how early life microglial priming, potentially through epigenetic reprogramming, may be related to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J M Mastenbroek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S M Kooistra
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - B J L Eggen
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Jovanovic VM, Mesch KT, Tristan CA. hPSC-Derived Astrocytes at the Forefront of Translational Applications in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:903. [PMID: 38891034 PMCID: PMC11172187 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the brain, play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). Impairment or abnormalities of typical astrocyte functions in the CNS serve as a causative or contributing factor in numerous neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, disease-modeling and drug-screening approaches, primarily focused on human astrocytes, rely on human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived astrocytes. However, it is important to acknowledge that these hPSC-derived astrocytes exhibit notable differences across studies and when compared to their in vivo counterparts. These differences may potentially compromise translational outcomes if not carefully accounted for. This review aims to explore state-of-the-art in vitro models of human astrocyte development, focusing on the developmental processes, functional maturity, and technical aspects of various hPSC-derived astrocyte differentiation protocols. Additionally, it summarizes their successful application in modeling neurological disorders. The discussion extends to recent advancements in the large-scale production of human astrocytes and their application in developing high-throughput assays conducive to therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukasin M. Jovanovic
- Stem Cell Translation Laboratory (SCTL), Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA (C.A.T.)
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5
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Chaves JCS, Milton LA, Stewart R, Senapati T, Rantanen LM, Wasielewska JM, Lee S, Hernández D, McInnes L, Quek H, Pébay A, Donnelly PS, White AR, Oikari LE. Differential Cytokine Responses of APOE3 and APOE4 Blood-brain Barrier Cell Types to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:22. [PMID: 38771543 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice and affect the integrity of human BBB cell models. However, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in relation to sporadic, late onset, Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk have not been extensively investigated. Here we characterized the individual and combined effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunits S1 RBD, S1 and S2 on BBB cell types (induced brain endothelial-like cells (iBECs) and astrocytes (iAstrocytes)) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring low (APOE3 carrier) or high (APOE4 carrier) relative Alzheimer's risk. We found that treatment with spike proteins did not alter iBEC integrity, although they induced the expression of several inflammatory cytokines. iAstrocytes exhibited a robust inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein treatment, with differences found in the levels of cytokine secretion between spike protein-treated APOE3 and APOE4 iAstrocytes. Finally, we tested the effects of potentially anti-inflammatory drugs during SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure in iAstrocytes, and discovered different responses between spike protein treated APOE4 iAstrocytes and APOE3 iAstrocytes, specifically in relation to IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 secretion. Overall, our results indicate that APOE3 and APOE4 iAstrocytes respond differently to anti-inflammatory drug treatment during SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure with potential implications to therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Laura A Milton
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Romal Stewart
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | | | - Laura M Rantanen
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Joanna M Wasielewska
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Serine Lee
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Damián Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Lachlan McInnes
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Hazel Quek
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia.
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia.
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Pandurangan K, Jayakumar J, Savoia S, Nanda R, Lata S, Kumar EH, S S, Vasudevan S, Srinivasan C, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Verma R. Systematic development of immunohistochemistry protocol for large cryosections-specific to non-perfused fetal brain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110085. [PMID: 38387804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in understanding the expression of neurochemical molecules in the developing human brain. Despite its routine application in the research and clinical setup, the IHC protocol specific for soft fragile fetal brains that are fixed using the non-perfusion method is still limited in studying the whole brain. NEW METHOD This study shows that the IHC protocols, using a chromogenic detection system, used in animals and adult humans are not optimal in the fetal brains. We have optimized key steps from Antigen retrieval (AR) to chromogen visualization for formalin-fixed whole-brain cryosections (20 µm) mounted on glass slides. RESULTS We show the results from six validated, commonly used antibodies to study the fetal brain. We achieved optimal antigen retrieval with 0.1 M Boric Acid, pH 9.0 at 70°C for 20 minutes. We also present the optimal incubation duration and temperature for protein blocking and the primary antibody that results in specific antigen labeling with minimal tissue damage. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The IHC protocol commonly used for adult human and animal brains results in significant tissue damage in the fetal brains with little or suboptimal antigen expression. Our new method with important modifications including the temperature, duration, and choice of the alkaline buffer for AR addresses these pitfalls and provides high-quality results. CONCLUSION The optimized IHC protocol for the developing human brain (13-22 GW) provides a high-quality, repeatable, and reliable method for studying chemoarchitecture in neurotypical and pathological conditions across different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pandurangan
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Reetuparna Nanda
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Lata
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Suresh S
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chitra Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Richa Verma
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Verma R, Jayakumar J, Folkerth R, Manger PR, Bota M, Majumder M, Pandurangan K, Savoia S, Karthik S, Kumarasami R, Joseph J, Rohini G, Vasudevan S, Srinivasan C, Lata S, Kumar EH, Rangasami R, Kumutha J, Suresh S, Šimić G, Mitra PP, Sivaprakasam M. Histological characterization and development of mesial surface sulci in the human brain at 13-15 gestational weeks through high-resolution histology. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25612. [PMID: 38591638 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cellular-level anatomical data from early fetal brain are sparse yet critical to the understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. We characterize the organization of the human cerebral cortex between 13 and 15 gestational weeks using high-resolution whole-brain histological data sets complimented with multimodal imaging. We observed the heretofore underrecognized, reproducible presence of infolds on the mesial surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Of note at this stage, when most of the cerebrum is occupied by lateral ventricles and the corpus callosum is incompletely developed, we postulate that these mesial infolds represent the primordial stage of cingulate, callosal, and calcarine sulci, features of mesial cortical development. Our observations are based on the multimodal approach and further include histological three-dimensional reconstruction that highlights the importance of the plane of sectioning. We describe the laminar organization of the developing cortical mantle, including these infolds from the marginal to ventricular zone, with Nissl, hematoxylin and eosin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Despite the absence of major sulci on the dorsal surface, the boundaries among the orbital, frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex were very well demarcated, primarily by the cytoarchitecture differences in the organization of the subplate (SP) and intermediate zone (IZ) in these locations. The parietal region has the thickest cortical plate (CP), SP, and IZ, whereas the orbital region shows the thinnest CP and reveals an extra cell-sparse layer above the bilaminar SP. The subcortical structures show intensely GFAP-immunolabeled soma, absent in the cerebral mantle. Our findings establish a normative neurodevelopment baseline at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Verma
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rebecca Folkerth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mihail Bota
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moitrayee Majumder
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthika Pandurangan
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Srinivasa Karthik
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramdayalan Kumarasami
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Rohini
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Lata
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rajeswaran Rangasami
- Department of Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Kumutha
- Department of Neonatology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Suresh
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Croatia
| | - Partha P Mitra
- Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Olivero G, Taddeucci A, Vallarino G, Trebesova H, Roggeri A, Gagliani MC, Cortese K, Grilli M, Pittaluga A. Complement tunes glutamate release and supports synaptic impairments in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38369641 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To deepen our knowledge of the role of complement in synaptic impairment in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, we investigated the distribution of C1q and C3 proteins and the role of complement as a promoter of glutamate release in purified nerve endings (synaptosomes) and astrocytic processes (gliosomes) isolated from the cortex of EAE mice at the acute stage of the disease (21 ± 1 day post-immunization). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE cortical synaptosomes and gliosomes were analysed for glutamate release efficiency (measured as release of preloaded [3 H]D-aspartate ([3 H]D-ASP)), C1q and C3 protein density, and for viability and ongoing apoptosis. KEY RESULTS In healthy mice, complement releases [3 H]D-ASP from gliosomes more efficiently than from synaptosomes. The releasing activity occurs in a dilution-dependent manner and involves the reversal of the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). In EAE mice, the complement-induced releasing activity is significantly reduced in cortical synaptosomes but amplified in cortical gliosomes. These adaptations are paralleled by decreased density of the EAAT2 protein in synaptosomes and increased EAAT1 staining in gliosomes. Concomitantly, PSD95, GFAP, and CD11b, but not SNAP25, proteins are overexpressed in the cortex of the EAE mice. Similarly, C1q and C3 protein immunostaining is increased in EAE cortical synaptosomes and gliosomes, although signs of ongoing apoptosis or altered viability are not detectable. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results unveil a new noncanonical role of complement in the CNS of EAE mice relevant to disease progression and central synaptopathy that suggests new therapeutic targets for the management of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Taddeucci
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Vallarino
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hanna Trebesova
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roggeri
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliani
- DIMES, Department of Experimental Medicine, Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- DIMES, Department of Experimental Medicine, Cellular Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, 3Rs Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Verkerke M, Berdenis van Berlekom A, Donega V, Vonk D, Sluijs JA, Butt NF, Kistemaker L, de Witte LD, Pasterkamp RJ, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. Transcriptomic and morphological maturation of human astrocytes in cerebral organoids. Glia 2024; 72:362-374. [PMID: 37846809 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral organoids (CerOrgs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a valuable tool to study human astrocytes and their interaction with neurons and microglia. The timeline of astrocyte development and maturation in this model is currently unknown and this limits the value and applicability of the model. Therefore, we generated CerOrgs from three healthy individuals and assessed astrocyte maturation after 5, 11, 19, and 37 weeks in culture. At these four time points, the astrocyte lineage was isolated based on the expression of integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6). Based on the transcriptome of the isolated ITGA6-positive cells, astrocyte development started between 5 and 11 weeks in culture and astrocyte maturation commenced after 11 weeks in culture. After 19 weeks in culture, the ITGA6-positive astrocytes had the highest expression of human mature astrocyte genes, and the predicted functional properties were related to brain homeostasis. After 37 weeks in culture, a subpopulation of ITGA6-negative astrocytes appeared, highlighting the heterogeneity within the astrocytes. The morphology shifted from an elongated progenitor-like morphology to the typical bushy astrocyte morphology. Based on the morphological properties, predicted functional properties, and the similarities with the human mature astrocyte transcriptome, we concluded that ITGA6-positive astrocytes have developed optimally in 19-week-old CerOrgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Verkerke
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Donega
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, section Clinical Neuroanatomy and Biobanking, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Vonk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nayab F Butt
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lois Kistemaker
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Neurobiology & Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Mulc D, Smilović D, Krsnik Ž, Junaković-Munjas A, Kopić J, Kostović I, Šimić G, Vukšić M. Fetal development of the human amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25580. [PMID: 38289194 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The intricate development of the human amygdala involves a complex interplay of diverse processes, varying in speed and duration. In humans, transient cytoarchitectural structures deliquesce, leading to the formation of functionally distinct nuclei as a result of multiple interdependent developmental events. This study compares the amygdala's cytoarchitectural development in conjunction with specific antibody reactivity for neuronal, glial, neuropil, and radial glial fibers, synaptic, extracellular matrix, and myelin components in 39 fetal human brains. We recognized that the early fetal period, as a continuation of the embryonic period, is still dominated by relatively uniform histogenetic processes. The typical appearance of ovoid cell clusters in the lateral nucleus during midfetal period is most likely associated with the cell migration and axonal growth processes in the developing human brain. Notably, synaptic markers are firstly detected in the corticomedial group of nuclei, while immunoreactivity for the panaxonal neurofilament marker SMI 312 is found dorsally. The late fetal period is characterized by a protracted migration process evidenced by the presence of doublecortin and SOX-2 immunoreactivity ventrally, in the prospective paralaminar nucleus, reinforced by vimentin immunoreactivity in the last remaining radial glial fibers. Nearing the term period, SMI 99 immunoreactivity indicates that perinatal myelination becomes prominent primarily along major axonal pathways, laying the foundation for more pronounced functional maturation. This study comprehensively elucidates the rate and sequence of maturational events in the amygdala, highlighting the key role of prenatal development in its behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine regulation, with subsequent implications for both normal functioning and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Mulc
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Smilović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alisa Junaković-Munjas
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Janja Kopić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šimić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Vukšić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Holst CB, Brøchner CB, Vitting‐Seerup K, Møllgård K. The HOPX and BLBP landscape and gliogenic regions in developing human brain. J Anat 2023; 243:23-38. [PMID: 36794762 PMCID: PMC10273337 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer radial glial cells (oRGs) give rise to neurons and glial cells and contribute to cell migration and expansion in developing neocortex. HOPX has been described as a marker of oRGs and possible actor in glioblastomas. Recent years' evidence points to spatiotemporal differences in brain development which may have implications for the classification of cell types in the central nervous system and understanding of a range of neurological diseases. Using the Human Embryonic/Fetal Biobank, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, HOPX and BLBP immunoexpression was investigated in developing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital human neocortex, other cortical areas and brain stem regions to interrogate oRG and HOPX regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, usage of high-plex spatial profiling (Nanostring GeoMx® DSP) was tested on the same material. HOPX marked oRGs in several human developing brain regions as well as cells in known gliogenic areas but did not completely overlap with BLBP or GFAP. Interestingly, limbic structures (e.g. olfactory bulb, indusium griseum, entorhinal cortex, fimbria) showed more intense HOPX immunoreactivity than adjacent neocortex and in cerebellum and brain stem, HOPX and BLBP seemed to stain different cell populations in cerebellar cortex and corpus pontobulbare. DSP screening of corresponding regions indicated differences in cell type composition, vessel density and presence of apolipoproteins within and across regions and thereby confirming the importance of acknowledging time and place in developmental neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- DCCC Brain Tumor CenterCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian Beltoft Brøchner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic InvestigationCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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12
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Yang F, Yang L, Fang X, Deng Y, Mao R, Yan A, Wei W. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 and Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 in Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221180. [PMID: 37182875 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disease pathology is associated with neuroinflammation, but evidence on idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) remains limited and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker profiles need to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether iNPH pathological mechanisms are associated with greater CSF markers of core Alzheimer's disease pathology (amyloid-β42 (Aβ 42), phosphorylated tau (P-tau)), neurodegeneration (total tau (T-tau)), and neuroinflammation (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40)). METHODS The study analyzed lumbar CSF samples from 63 patients with iNPH and 20 age-matched orthopedic surgery patients who had no preoperative gait or cognitive impairment (control group). Aβ 42, T-tau, P-tau, sTREM2, and YKL-40 in different subgroups were investigated. RESULTS CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in the iNPH group than in the control group, but no significant between-group difference was noted in YKL-40. Moreover, YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in the tap test non-responders than in the tap test responders (p = 0.021). At the 1-year follow-up after shunt surgery, the CSF P-tau levels were significantly lower (p = 0.020) in those with gait improvement and the CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly lower (p = 0.041) in those with cognitive improvement. In subgroup analysis, CSF sTREM2 levels were strongly correlated with CSF YKL-40 in the iNPH group (r = 0.443, p < 0.001), especially in the tap test non-responders (r = 0.653, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION YKL-40 and sTREM2 are disease-specific markers of neuroinflammation, showing higher CSF levels in iNPH. In addition, sTREM2 is positively associated with YKL-40, indicating that interactions of glial cells play an important role in iNPH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhao Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renling Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Hartmann J, Henschel N, Bartmann K, Dönmez A, Brockerhoff G, Koch K, Fritsche E. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Different BrainSphere Models for Use in Neurotoxicity Testing on Microelectrode Arrays. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091270. [PMID: 37174670 PMCID: PMC10177384 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently accepted methods for neurotoxicity (NT) testing rely on animal studies. However, high costs and low testing throughput hinder their application for large numbers of chemicals. To overcome these limitations, in vitro methods are currently being developed based on human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) that allow higher testing throughput at lower costs. We applied six different protocols to generate 3D BrainSphere models for acute NT evaluation. These include three different media for 2D neural induction and two media for subsequent 3D differentiation resulting in self-organized, organotypic neuron/astrocyte microtissues. All induction protocols yielded nearly 100% NESTIN-positive hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hiNPCs), though with different gene expression profiles concerning regional patterning. Moreover, gene expression and immunocytochemistry analyses revealed that the choice of media determines neural differentiation patterns. On the functional level, BrainSpheres exhibited different levels of electrical activity on microelectrode arrays (MEA). Spike sorting allowed BrainSphere functional characterization with the mixed cultures consisting of GABAergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurons. A test method for acute NT testing, the human multi-neurotransmitter receptor (hMNR) assay, was proposed to apply such MEA-based spike sorting. These models are promising tools not only in toxicology but also for drug development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hartmann
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Noah Henschel
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Bartmann
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Gurlittstraße 53, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arif Dönmez
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Gurlittstraße 53, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Brockerhoff
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Gurlittstraße 53, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Gurlittstraße 53, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Spatio-temporal dynamics enhance cellular diversity, neuronal function and further maturation of human cerebral organoids. Commun Biol 2023; 6:173. [PMID: 36788328 PMCID: PMC9926461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioengineerined and whole matured human brain organoids stand as highly valuable three-dimensional in vitro brain-mimetic models to recapitulate in vivo brain development, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Various instructive signals affecting multiple biological processes including morphogenesis, developmental stages, cell fate transitions, cell migration, stem cell function and immune responses have been employed for generation of physiologically functional cerebral organoids. However, the current approaches for maturation require improvement for highly harvestable and functional cerebral organoids with reduced batch-to-batch variabilities. Here, we demonstrate two different engineering approaches, the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) microgravity bioreactor and a newly designed microfluidic platform (µ-platform) to improve harvestability, reproducibility and the survival of high-quality cerebral organoids and compare with those of traditional spinner and shaker systems. RCCS and µ-platform organoids have reached ideal sizes, approximately 95% harvestability, prolonged culture time with Ki-67 + /CD31 + /β-catenin+ proliferative, adhesive and endothelial-like cells and exhibited enriched cellular diversity (abundant neural/glial/ endothelial cell population), structural brain morphogenesis, further functional neuronal identities (glutamate secreting glutamatergic, GABAergic and hippocampal neurons) and synaptogenesis (presynaptic-postsynaptic interaction) during whole human brain development. Both organoids expressed CD11b + /IBA1 + microglia and MBP + /OLIG2 + oligodendrocytes at high levels as of day 60. RCCS and µ-platform organoids showing high levels of physiological fidelity a high level of physiological fidelity can serve as functional preclinical models to test new therapeutic regimens for neurological diseases and benefit from multiplexing.
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15
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Pinosanu LR, Capitanescu B, Glavan D, Godeanu S, Cadenas IF, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroglia Cells Transcriptomic in Brain Development, Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:63-83. [PMID: 36818562 PMCID: PMC9937697 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are essential for brain functioning during development, aging and disease. However, the role of astroglia plays during brain development is quite different from the role played in the adult lesioned brain. Therefore, a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying astroglia activity in the aging brain and cerebrovascular diseases is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. To this end, this review provides a comparison between the transcriptomic activity of astroglia cells during development, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, astrocytes and microglia often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning. In the adult brain astrocytes are a critical player in the synapse remodeling by mediating synapse elimination while microglia activity has been associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and remove cell debris by constantly sensing the environment. However, in the lesioned brain astrocytes proliferate and play essential functions with regard to energy supply to the neurons, neurotransmission and buildup of a protective scar isolating the lesion site from the surroundings. Inflammation, neurodegeneration, or loss of brain homeostasis induce changes in microglia gene expression, morphology, and function, generally referred to as "primed" microglia. These changes in gene expression are characterized by an enrichment of phagosome, lysosome, and antigen presentation signaling pathways and is associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding cell surface receptors. In addition, primed microglia are characterized by upregulation of a network of genes in response to interferon gamma. Conclusion. A comparison of astroglia cells transcriptomic activity during brain development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders might provide us with new therapeutic strategies with which to protect the aging brain and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Radu Pinosanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatric clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Israel Ferna´ndez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.
| | - Adrian-Tudor Balseanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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16
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Degl’Innocenti E, Dell’Anno MT. Human and mouse cortical astrocytes: a comparative view from development to morphological and functional characterization. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1130729. [PMID: 37139179 PMCID: PMC10150887 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1130729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vision of astroglia as a bare scaffold to neuronal circuitry has been largely overturned. Astrocytes exert a neurotrophic function, but also take active part in supporting synaptic transmission and in calibrating blood circulation. Many aspects of their functioning have been unveiled from studies conducted in murine models, however evidence is showing many differences between mouse and human astrocytes starting from their development and encompassing morphological, transcriptomic and physiological variations when they achieve complete maturation. The evolutionary race toward superior cognitive abilities unique to humans has drastically impacted neocortex structure and, together with neuronal circuitry, astrocytes have also been affected with the acquisition of species-specific properties. In this review, we summarize diversities between murine and human astroglia, with a specific focus on neocortex, in a panoramic view that starts with their developmental origin to include all structural and molecular differences that mark the uniqueness of human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Degl’Innocenti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dell’Anno
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, San Giuliano Terme, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Teresa Dell’Anno,
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17
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Castañeyra-Ruiz L, González-Marrero I, Hernández-Abad LG, Lee S, Castañeyra-Perdomo A, Muhonen M. AQP4, Astrogenesis, and Hydrocephalus: A New Neurological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10438. [PMID: 36142348 PMCID: PMC9498986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a cerebral glial marker that labels ependymal cells and astrocytes' endfeet and is the main water channel responsible for the parenchymal fluid balance. However, in brain development, AQP4 is a marker of glial stem cells and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Gliogenesis characterization has been hampered by a lack of biomarkers for precursor and intermediate stages and a deeper understanding of hydrocephalus etiology is needed. This manuscript is a focused review of the current research landscape on AQP4 as a possible biomarker for gliogenesis and its influence in pediatric hydrocephalus, emphasizing reactive astrogliosis. The goal is to understand brain development under hydrocephalic and normal physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim González-Marrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Basicas, Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Luis G. Hernández-Abad
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Basicas, Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, 1201 W, La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Agustín Castañeyra-Perdomo
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Basicas, Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias de Puerto del Rosario, 35600 Puerto del Rosario, Spain
| | - Michael Muhonen
- Neurosurgery Department at CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
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18
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Aleksandrova MA, Sukhinich KK. Astrocytes of the Brain: Retinue Plays the King. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Labib D, Wang Z, Prakash P, Zimmer M, Smith MD, Frazel PW, Barbar L, Sapar ML, Calabresi PA, Peng J, Liddelow SA, Fossati V. Proteomic Alterations and Novel Markers of Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870085. [PMID: 35592112 PMCID: PMC9113221 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to injury, infection, and inflammation in the central nervous system by acquiring reactive states in which they may become dysfunctional and contribute to disease pathology. A sub-state of reactive astrocytes induced by proinflammatory factors TNF, IL-1α, and C1q ("TIC") has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a source of neurotoxicity. Here, we used an established human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model to investigate the surface marker profile and proteome of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes. We propose VCAM1, BST2, ICOSL, HLA-E, PD-L1, and PDPN as putative, novel markers of this reactive sub-state. We found that several of these markers colocalize with GFAP+ cells in post-mortem samples from people with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, our whole-cells proteomic analysis of TIC-induced reactive astrocytes identified proteins and related pathways primarily linked to potential engagement with peripheral immune cells. Taken together, our findings will serve as new tools to purify reactive astrocyte subtypes and to further explore their involvement in immune responses associated with injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Priya Prakash
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul W. Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria L. Sapar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Castañeyra-Ruiz L, González-Marrero I, Hernández-Abad LG, Carmona-Calero EM, Pardo MR, Baz-Davila R, Lee S, Muhonen M, Borges R, Castañeyra-Perdomo A. AQP4 labels a subpopulation of white matter-dependent glial radial cells affected by pediatric hydrocephalus, and its expression increased in glial microvesicles released to the cerebrospinal fluid in obstructive hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:41. [PMID: 35346374 PMCID: PMC8962176 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a distension of the ventricular system associated with ventricular zone disruption, reactive astrogliosis, periventricular white matter ischemia, axonal impairment, and corpus callosum alterations. The condition's etiology is typically attributed to a malfunction in classical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bulk flow; however, this approach does not consider the unique physiology of CSF in fetal and perinatal patients. The parenchymal fluid contributes to the glymphatic system, and plays a fundamental role in pediatric hydrocephalus, with aquaporin 4 (AQP4) as the primary facilitator of these fluid movements. Despite the importance of AQP4 in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus, it’s expression in human fetal life is not well-studied. This manuscript systematically defines the brain expression of AQP4 in human brain development under control (n = 13) and hydrocephalic conditions (n = 3). Brains from 8 postconceptional weeks (PCW) onward and perinatal CSF from control (n = 2), obstructive (n = 6) and communicating (n = 6) hydrocephalic samples were analyzed through immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot, and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that AQP4 expression is observed first in the archicortex, followed by the ganglionic eminences and then the neocortex. In the neocortex, it is initially at the perisylvian regions, and lastly at the occipital and prefrontal zones. Characteristic astrocyte end-feet labeling surrounding the vascular system was not established until 25 PCW. We also found AQP4 expression in a subpopulation of glial radial cells with processes that do not progress radially but, rather, curve following white matter tracts (corpus callosum and fornix), which were considered as glial stem cells (GSC). Under hydrocephalic conditions, GSC adjacent to characteristic ventricular zone disruption showed signs of early differentiation into astrocytes which may affect normal gliogenesis and contribute to the white matter dysgenesis. Finally, we found that AQP4 is expressed in the microvesicle fraction (p < 0.01) of CSF from patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. These findings suggest the potential use of AQP4 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of pediatric hydrocephalus and as gliogenesis biomarker.
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21
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Li G, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhang S, Guo W, Pei L. Baicalin suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis by regulating astrocyte polarization in pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic rats and PC12 cells. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147723. [PMID: 34780748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder worldwide, but its entire pathology remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the antiepileptic effect of baicalin (BAL), the main bioactive component of scutellaria. We isolated astrocytes from neonatal rats and astrocytes were identified by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining. The viability and phenotype of astrocytes were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. For investigating the effect of BAL on the autophagy in A1 astrocytes treated PC12 cells, expression of light chain 3B (LC3-B) and sequestosome 1 (P62) was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. For animal experiments, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic model was used to explore the antiepileptic effect of BAL. The results showed that BAL reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced complement C3 (C3, a marker of A1 astrocytes) + A1 cells and decreased autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Further findings showed seizure grade and latency were positively correlated with GFAP+/C3 + A1 cells' infiltration in interstitial astrocytes. After BAL treatment, epileptogenesis was ameliorated with decreased A1 astrocytes in the brain and improved behavioral performance. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reduced in the cerebral interstitial site in the BAL group compared to the PTZ group. Western blotting analysis showed that BAL treatment reduced expression of C3, inward rectifier potassium channel Kir4.1, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the frontal cortex and Caspase-3, BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BAL can prevents cognitive and emotional disorders and has antiepileptic effects in rats, which may be associated with suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis in the hippocampus via regulate astrocyte phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anyang Vocational and Technical College, Anyang, China
| | - Shiyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shaodan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxiang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
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22
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Feyaerts D, Urbschat C, Gaudillière B, Stelzer IA. Establishment of tissue-resident immune populations in the fetus. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:747-766. [PMID: 35508672 PMCID: PMC9067556 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system establishes during the prenatal period from distinct waves of stem and progenitor cells and continuously adapts to the needs and challenges of early postnatal and adult life. Fetal immune development not only lays the foundation for postnatal immunity but establishes functional populations of tissue-resident immune cells that are instrumental for fetal immune responses amidst organ growth and maturation. This review aims to discuss current knowledge about the development and function of tissue-resident immune populations during fetal life, focusing on the brain, lung, and gastrointestinal tract as sites with distinct developmental trajectories. While recent progress using system-level approaches has shed light on the fetal immune landscape, further work is required to describe precise roles of prenatal immune populations and their migration and adaptation to respective organ environments. Defining points of prenatal susceptibility to environmental challenges will support the search for potential therapeutic targets to positively impact postnatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Feyaerts
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Christopher Urbschat
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudillière
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Ina A. Stelzer
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
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23
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González EA, Calsbeek JJ, Tsai YH, Tang MY, Andrew P, Vu J, Berg EL, Saito NH, Harvey DJ, Supasai S, Gurkoff GG, Silverman JL, Lein PJ. Sex-specific acute and chronic neurotoxicity of acute diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-intoxication in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:341-356. [PMID: 34622217 PMCID: PMC8484742 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical efforts to improve medical countermeasures against organophosphate (OP) chemical threat agents have largely focused on adult male models. However, age and sex have been shown to influence the neurotoxicity of repeated low-level OP exposure. Therefore, to determine the influence of sex and age on outcomes associated with acute OP intoxication, postnatal day 28 Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were exposed to the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 3.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equal volume of vehicle (∼80 µL saline, s.c.) followed by atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (2-PAM; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). Seizure activity was assessed during the first 4 h post-exposure using behavioral criteria and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. At 1 d post-exposure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cortical tissue, and at 1, 7, and 28 d post-exposure, brains were collected for neuropathologic analyses. At 1 month post-DFP, animals were analyzed for motor ability, learning and memory, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Acute DFP intoxication triggered more severe seizure behavior in males than females, which was supported by EEG recordings. DFP caused significant neurodegeneration and persistent microglial activation in numerous brain regions of both sexes, but astrogliosis occurred earlier and was more severe in males compared to females. DFP males and females exhibited pronounced memory deficits relative to sex-matched controls. In contrast, acute DFP intoxication altered hippocampal neurogenesis in males, but not females. These findings demonstrate that acute DFP intoxication triggers seizures in juvenile rats of both sexes, but the seizure severity varies by sex. Some, but not all, chronic neurotoxic outcomes also varied by sex. The spatiotemporal patterns of neurological damage suggest that microglial activation may be a more important factor than astrogliosis or altered neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in juvenile rats acutely intoxicated with OPs.
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Key Words
- 2-PAM, pralidoxime
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- AS, atropine-sulfate
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- CT, computed tomography
- ChE, cholinesterase
- Cognitive deficits
- DFP, diisopropylfluorophosphate
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- FJC, Fluoro-Jade C
- Neurodegeneration
- Neurogenesis
- Neuroinflammation
- OP, organophosphate
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROI, region of interest
- SE, status epilepticus
- Seizures
- Sex differences
- T2w, T2-weighted
- VEH, vehicle
- i.m., intramuscular
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- s.c., subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. González
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jonas J. Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mei-Yun Tang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joan Vu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Berg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2230, Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Naomi H. Saito
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suangsuda Supasai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gene G. Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 2230, Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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24
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Weckman AM, Conroy AL, Madanitsa M, Gnaneswaran B, McDonald CR, Kalilani-Phiri L, Chandna J, Ali D, Mwapasa V, Khairallah C, Thwai KL, Meshnick SR, Taylor SM, ter Kuile FO, Kain KC, Gladstone M. Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003701. [PMID: 34582452 PMCID: PMC8478258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually 125 million pregnancies are at risk of malaria infection. However, the impact of exposure to malaria in pregnancy on neurodevelopment in children is not well understood. We hypothesized that malaria in pregnancy and associated maternal immune activation result in neurodevelopmental delay in exposed offspring. METHODS AND FINDINGS Between April 2014 and April 2015, we followed 421 Malawian mother-baby dyads (median [IQR] maternal age: 21 [19, 28] years) who were previously enrolled (median [IQR] gestational age at enrollment: 19.7 [17.9, 22.1] weeks) in a randomized controlled malaria prevention trial with 5 or 6 scheduled assessments of antenatal malaria infection by PCR. Children were evaluated at 12, 18, and/or 24 months of age with cognitive tests previously validated in Malawi: the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT) and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MCAB-CDI). We assessed the impact of antenatal malaria (n [%] positive: 240 [57.3]), placental malaria (n [%] positive: 112 [29.6]), and maternal immune activation on neurocognitive development in children. Linear mixed-effects analysis showed that children exposed to antenatal malaria between 33 and 37 weeks gestation had delayed language development across the 2-year follow-up, as measured by MCAB-CDI (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -7.53 [-13.04, -2.02], p = 0.008). Maternal immune activation, characterized by increased maternal sTNFRII concentration, between 33 and 37 weeks was associated with lower MCAB-CDI language score (adjusted beta estimate [95% CI], -8.57 [-13.09, -4.06], p < 0.001). Main limitations of this study include a relatively short length of follow-up and a potential for residual confounding that is characteristic of observational studies. CONCLUSIONS This mother-baby cohort presents evidence of a relationship between malaria in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental delay in offspring. Malaria in pregnancy may be a modifiable risk factor for neurodevelopmental injury independent of birth weight or prematurity. Successful interventions to prevent malaria during pregnancy may reduce the risk of neurocognitive delay in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Weckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea L. Conroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mwayiwawo Madanitsa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
| | - Bruno Gnaneswaran
- Women and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe R. McDonald
- Grand Challenges Canada, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jaya Chandna
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen Ali
- Department of Preventive Health Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Carole Khairallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kyaw Lay Thwai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Kain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Gladstone
- Women and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Falcone C, Mevises NY, Hong T, Dufour B, Chen X, Noctor SC, Martínez Cerdeño V. Neuronal and glial cell number is altered in a cortical layer-specific manner in autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 25:2238-2253. [PMID: 34107793 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT The cerebral cortex affected with autism spectrum disorder presents changes in the number of neurons and glia cells, possibly leading to a dysregulation of brain circuits and affecting behavior. However, little is known about cell number alteration in specific layers of the cortex in autism spectrum disorder. We found an increase in the number of neurons and a decrease in the number of astrocytes in specific layers of the prefrontal cortex in postmortem human brains from autism spectrum disorder cases. We hypothesize that this may be due to a failure in neural stem cells to shift differentiation from neurons to glial cells during prenatal brain development. These data provide key anatomical findings that contribute to the bases of autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Falcone
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
| | - Natalie-Ya Mevises
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
| | - Tiffany Hong
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
| | - Brett Dufour
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
| | | | - Verónica Martínez Cerdeño
- UC Davis School of Medicine, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, USA
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26
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Holst CB, Pedersen H, Obara EAA, Vitting-Seerup K, Jensen KE, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Lund EL, Poulsen HS, Johansen JS, Hamerlik P. Perspective: targeting VEGF-A and YKL-40 in glioblastoma - matter matters. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:702-715. [PMID: 33779510 PMCID: PMC8078714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are heterogeneous highly vascular brain tumors exploiting the unique microenvironment in the brain to resist treatment and anti-tumor responses. Anti-angiogenic agents, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy have been studied extensively in GBM patients over a number of decades with minimal success. Despite maximal efforts, prognosis remains dismal with an overall survival of approximately 15 months. Bevacizumab, a humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, underwent accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2009 for the treatment of recurrent GBM based on promising preclinical and early clinical studies. Unfortunately, subsequent clinical trials did not find overall survival benefit. Pursuing pleiotropic targets and leaning toward multitarget strategies may be a key to more effective therapeutic intervention in GBM, but preclinical evaluation requires careful consideration of model choices. In this study, we discuss bevacizumab resistance, dual targeting of pro-angiogenic modulators VEGF and YKL-40 in the context of brain tumor microenvironment, and how model choice impacts study conclusions and its translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pedersen
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Ellermann Jensen
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Løbner Lund
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Skovgaard Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Singha SP, Memon S, Kazi SAF, Nizamani GS. Gamma aminobutyric acid signaling disturbances and altered astrocytic morphology associated with Bisphenol A induced cognitive impairments in rat offspring. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:911-924. [PMID: 33655713 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-recognized endocrine disruptor and is globally used in the manufacture of many plastic items. Multiple studies suggest links between prenatal BPA exposure and alterations in neurodevelopment and behaviors in children, even at lower levels. This study was conducted to reveal the role of astrocyte morphology and Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in BPA induced cognitive defects in the offspring of Wistar albino rats when exposed during the prenatal and postnatal periods. METHODS Dams of Wistar albino rats were exposed to a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of BPA throughout the pregnancy and lactation period until the third postnatal day (PND). After delivery of pups, cognitive tests were carried out on the 21st, 24th, and 28th PNDs. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum GABA levels. On the same day as the blood collections, pups were sacrificed and their right frontal cortices were dissected out. Immunohistochemical analysis for glial fibrillar acidic protein + astrocytes was conducted. RESULTS Pre and postnatal BPA exposure led to anxiety like behavior in pups. This exposure also resulted in reduced serum GABA concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced astrocyte numbers as well as decreased numbers of dendritic spines in the BPA exposed pups. CONCLUSION BPA exposure during critical periods of development leads to cognitive impairments that correlate with the defects in the GABA signaling pathways and deteriorated morphology of the astrocytes in the offspring of the Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samreen Memon
- Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | | | - Ghulam Shah Nizamani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, In Charge, Clinical Laboratory and Blood Bank, Isra University Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
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28
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Pekala M, Doliwa M, Kalita K. Impact of maternal immune activation on dendritic spine development. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:524-545. [PMID: 33382515 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small dendritic protrusions that harbor most excitatory synapses in the brain. The proper generation and maturation of dendritic spines are crucial for the regulation of synaptic transmission and formation of neuronal circuits. Abnormalities in dendritic spine density and morphology are common pathologies in autism and schizophrenia. According to epidemiological studies, one risk factor for these neurodevelopmental disorders is maternal infection during pregnancy. This review discusses spine alterations in animal models of maternal immune activation in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders. We describe potential mechanisms that might be responsible for prenatal infection-induced changes in the dendritic spine phenotype and behavior in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pekala
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Doliwa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Brenner M, Messing A. Regulation of GFAP Expression. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:1759091420981206. [PMID: 33601918 PMCID: PMC7897836 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420981206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the GFAP gene has attracted considerable attention because its onset is a marker for astrocyte development, its upregulation is a marker for reactive gliosis, and its predominance in astrocytes provides a tool for their genetic manipulation. The literature on GFAP regulation is voluminous, as almost any perturbation of development or homeostasis in the CNS will lead to changes in its expression. In this review, we limit our discussion to mechanisms proposed to regulate GFAP synthesis through a direct interaction with its gene or mRNA. Strengths and weaknesses of the supportive experimental findings are described, and suggestions made for additional studies. This review covers 15 transcription factors, DNA and histone methylation, and microRNAs. The complexity involved in regulating the expression of this intermediate filament protein suggests that GFAP function may vary among both astrocyte subtypes and other GFAP-expressing cells, as well as during development and in response to perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brenner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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30
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Price AJ, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR. Cortical cellular diversity and development in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:203-217. [PMID: 32404946 PMCID: PMC7666011 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While a definitive understanding of schizophrenia etiology is far from current reality, an increasing body of evidence implicates perturbations in early development that alter the trajectory of brain maturation in this disorder, leading to abnormal function in early childhood and adulthood. This atypical development likely arises from an interaction of many brain cell types that follow distinct developmental paths. Because both cellular identity and development are governed by the transcriptome and epigenome, two levels of gene regulation that have the potential to reflect both genetic and environmental influences, mapping "omic" changes over development in diverse cells is a fruitful avenue for schizophrenia research. In this review, we provide a survey of human brain cellular composition and development, levels of genomic regulation that determine cellular identity and developmental trajectories, and what is known about how genomic regulation is dysregulated in specific cell types in schizophrenia. We also outline technical challenges and solutions to conducting cell type-specific functional genomic studies in human postmortem brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew E. Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD,McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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31
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Farooq M, Lindbæk L, Krogh N, Doganli C, Keller C, Mönnich M, Gonçalves AB, Sakthivel S, Mang Y, Fatima A, Andersen VS, Hussain MS, Eiberg H, Hansen L, Kjaer KW, Gopalakrishnan J, Pedersen LB, Møllgård K, Nielsen H, Baig SM, Tommerup N, Christensen ST, Larsen LA. RRP7A links primary microcephaly to dysfunction of ribosome biogenesis, resorption of primary cilia, and neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5816. [PMID: 33199730 PMCID: PMC7670429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is characterized by reduced brain size and intellectual disability. The exact pathophysiological mechanism underlying MCPH remains to be elucidated, but dysfunction of neuronal progenitors in the developing neocortex plays a major role. We identified a homozygous missense mutation (p.W155C) in Ribosomal RNA Processing 7 Homolog A, RRP7A, segregating with MCPH in a consanguineous family with 10 affected individuals. RRP7A is highly expressed in neural stem cells in developing human forebrain, and targeted mutation of Rrp7a leads to defects in neurogenesis and proliferation in a mouse stem cell model. RRP7A localizes to centrosomes, cilia and nucleoli, and patient-derived fibroblasts display defects in ribosomal RNA processing, primary cilia resorption, and cell cycle progression. Analysis of zebrafish embryos supported that the patient mutation in RRP7A causes reduced brain size, impaired neurogenesis and cell proliferation, and defective ribosomal RNA processing. These findings provide novel insight into human brain development and MCPH. The RRP7A a gene is involved in ribosome biogenesis. Here the authors report a homozygous missense mutation segregating with primary microcephaly, and show that this occurs via functional defects in both nucleoli and primary cilia disrupting cell proliferation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, 63100, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Louise Lindbæk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Krogh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Canan Doganli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maren Mönnich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Brás Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Srinivasan Sakthivel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuan Mang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ambrin Fatima
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory; Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering PIEAS, Jhang Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Vivi Søgaard Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muhammad S Hussain
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, D50931, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, D50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Wilbrandt Kjaer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lotte Bang Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shahid M Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory; Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering PIEAS, Jhang Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Acute administration of diazepam or midazolam minimally alters long-term neuropathological effects in the rat brain following acute intoxication with diisopropylfluorophosphate. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173538. [PMID: 32898549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs) can trigger seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Diazepam, long considered the standard of care for treating OP-induced seizures, is being replaced by midazolam. Whether midazolam is more effective than diazepam in mitigating the persistent effects of acute OP intoxication has not been rigorously evaluated. We compared the efficacy of diazepam vs. midazolam in preventing persistent neuropathology in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acutely intoxicated with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Subjects were administered pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to injection with DFP (4 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (saline) followed 1 min later by atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.), and 40 min later by diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.), midazolam (0.73 mg/kg, i.m.), or vehicle. At 3 and 6 months post-exposure, neurodegeneration, reactive astrogliosis, microglial activation, and oxidative stress were assessed in multiple brain regions using quantitative immunohistochemistry. Brain mineralization was evaluated by in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Acute DFP intoxication caused persistent neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and brain mineralization. Midazolam transiently mitigated neurodegeneration, and both benzodiazepines partially protected against reactive astrogliosis in a brain region-specific manner. Neither benzodiazepine attenuated microglial activation or brain mineralization. These findings indicate that neither benzodiazepine effectively protects against persistent neuropathological changes, and suggest that midazolam is not significantly better than diazepam. Overall, this study highlights the need for improved neuroprotective strategies for treating humans in the event of a chemical emergency involving OPs.
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33
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Barbar L, Jain T, Zimmer M, Kruglikov I, Sadick JS, Wang M, Kalpana K, Rose IVL, Burstein SR, Rusielewicz T, Nijsure M, Guttenplan KA, di Domenico A, Croft G, Zhang B, Nobuta H, Hébert JM, Liddelow SA, Fossati V. CD49f Is a Novel Marker of Functional and Reactive Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes. Neuron 2020; 107:436-453.e12. [PMID: 32485136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New methods for investigating human astrocytes are urgently needed, given their critical role in the central nervous system. Here we show that CD49f is a novel marker for human astrocytes, expressed in fetal and adult brains from healthy and diseased individuals. CD49f can be used to purify fetal astrocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes. We provide single-cell and bulk transcriptome analyses of CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes and demonstrate that they perform key astrocytic functions in vitro, including trophic support of neurons, glutamate uptake, and phagocytosis. Notably, CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes respond to inflammatory stimuli, acquiring an A1-like reactive state, in which they display impaired phagocytosis and glutamate uptake and fail to support neuronal maturation. Most importantly, we show that conditioned medium from human reactive A1-like astrocytes is toxic to human and rodent neurons. CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes are thus a valuable resource for investigating human astrocyte function and dysfunction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Tanya Jain
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Ilya Kruglikov
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Jessica S Sadick
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kriti Kalpana
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Tomasz Rusielewicz
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Madhura Nijsure
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Kevin A Guttenplan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gist Croft
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hiroko Nobuta
- Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jean M Hébert
- Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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