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McKenzie AT, Wowk B, Arkhipov A, Wróbel B, Cheng N, Kendziorra EF. Biostasis: A Roadmap for Research in Preservation and Potential Revival of Humans. Brain Sci 2024; 14:942. [PMID: 39335436 PMCID: PMC11430499 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not yet possible for humans, the primary justification for contemporary biostasis is the preservation of the brain, which is broadly considered the seat of memories, personality, and identity. By preserving the information contained within the brain's structures, it may be possible to resuscitate a healthy whole individual using advanced future technologies. There are numerous challenges in biostasis, including inadequacies in current preservation techniques, methods to evaluate the quality of preservation, and potential future revival technologies. In this report, we describe a roadmap that attempts to delineate research directions that could improve the field of biostasis, focusing on optimizing preservation protocols and establishing metrics for querying preservation quality, as well as pre- and post-cardiac arrest factors, stabilization strategies, and methods for long-term preservation. We acknowledge the highly theoretical nature of future revival technologies and the importance of achieving high-fidelity brain preservation to maximize the potential of future repair technologies. We plan to update the research roadmap biennially. Our goal is to encourage multidisciplinary communication and collaboration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, CA 92336, USA
| | | | - Borys Wróbel
- European Institute for Brain Research, 1181LE Amstelveen, The Netherlands
- BioPreservation Institute, Vancouver, WA 98661, USA
| | - Nathan Cheng
- Longevity Biotech Fellowship, San Francisco, CA 95050, USA
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Goetz A, Jeken-Rico P, Pelissier U, Chau Y, Sédat J, Hachem E. AnXplore: a comprehensive fluid-structure interaction study of 101 intracranial aneurysms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1433811. [PMID: 39007055 PMCID: PMC11243300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1433811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in computational fluid dynamics continuously extend the comprehension of aneurysm growth and rupture, intending to assist physicians in devising effective treatment strategies. While most studies have first modelled intracranial aneurysm walls as fully rigid with a focus on understanding blood flow characteristics, some researchers further introduced Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) and reported notable haemodynamic alterations for a few aneurysm cases when considering wall compliance. In this work, we explore further this research direction by studying 101 intracranial sidewall aneurysms, emphasizing the differences between rigid and deformable-wall simulations. The proposed dataset along with simulation parameters are shared for the sake of reproducibility. A wide range of haemodynamic patterns has been statistically analyzed with a particular focus on the impact of the wall modelling choice. Notable deviations in flow characteristics and commonly employed risk indicators are reported, particularly with near-dome blood recirculations being significantly impacted by the pulsating dynamics of the walls. This leads to substantial fluctuations in the sac-averaged oscillatory shear index, ranging from -36% to +674% of the standard rigid-wall value. Going a step further, haemodynamics obtained when simulating a flow-diverter stent modelled in conjunction with FSI are showcased for the first time, revealing a 73% increase in systolic sac-average velocity for the compliant-wall setting compared to its rigid counterpart. This last finding demonstrates the decisive impact that FSI modelling can have in predicting treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurèle Goetz
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pablo Jeken-Rico
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ugo Pelissier
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yves Chau
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Sédat
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Elie Hachem
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Linninger AA, Ventimiglia T, Jamshidi M, Pascal Suisse M, Alaraj A, Lesage F, Li X, Schwartz DL, Rooney WD. Vascular synthesis based on hemodynamic efficiency principle recapitulates measured cerebral circulation properties in the human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:801-816. [PMID: 37988131 PMCID: PMC11197140 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231214840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying anatomical and hemodynamical properties of the brain vasculature in vivo is difficult due to limited spatiotemporal resolution neuroimaging, variability between subjects, and bias between acquisition techniques. This work introduces a metabolically inspired vascular synthesis algorithm for creating a digital representation of the cortical blood supply in humans. Spatial organization and segment resistances of a cortical vascular network were generated. Cortical folding and macroscale arterial and venous vessels were reconstructed from anatomical MRI and MR angiography. The remaining network, including ensembles representing the parenchymal capillary bed, were synthesized following a mechanistic principle based on hydrodynamic efficiency of the cortical blood supply. We evaluated the digital model by comparing its simulated values with in vivo healthy human brain measurements of macrovessel blood velocity from phase contrast MRI and capillary bed transit times and bolus arrival times from dynamic susceptibility contrast. We find that measured and simulated values reasonably agree and that relevant neuroimaging observables can be recapitulated in silico. This work provides a basis for describing and testing quantitative aspects of the cerebrovascular circulation that are not directly observable. Future applications of such digital brains include the investigation of the organ-wide effects of simulated vascular and metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Linninger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Ventimiglia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Jamshidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mathieu Pascal Suisse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel L Schwartz
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Goetz A, Jeken-Rico P, Chau Y, Sédat J, Larcher A, Hachem E. Analysis of Intracranial Aneurysm Haemodynamics Altered by Wall Movement. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:269. [PMID: 38534544 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics is intensively used to deepen our understanding of aneurysm growth and rupture in an attempt to support physicians during therapy planning. Numerous studies assumed fully rigid vessel walls in their simulations, whose sole haemodynamics may fail to provide a satisfactory criterion for rupture risk assessment. Moreover, direct in vivo observations of intracranial aneurysm pulsation were recently reported, encouraging the development of fluid-structure interaction for their modelling and for new assessments. In this work, we describe a new fluid-structure interaction functional setting for the careful evaluation of different aneurysm shapes. The configurations consist of three real aneurysm domes positioned on a toroidal channel. All geometric features, employed meshes, flow quantities, comparisons with the rigid wall model and corresponding plots are provided for the sake of reproducibility. The results emphasise the alteration of flow patterns and haemodynamic descriptors when wall deformations were taken into account compared with a standard rigid wall approach, thereby underlining the impact of fluid-structure interaction modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurèle Goetz
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pablo Jeken-Rico
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yves Chau
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Jacques Sédat
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Aurélien Larcher
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elie Hachem
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Poulos DA, Keith JS, Froehler MT, Good BC. Experimental evaluation of the plunger technique: A method of cyclic manual aspiration thrombectomy for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Interv Neuroradiol 2024:15910199241230364. [PMID: 38321875 DOI: 10.1177/15910199241230364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical thrombectomy via direct aspiration is a rapid treatment for acute ischemic stroke. This method often results in the partial ingestion of the clot or "corking" of the catheter tip. Cyclic aspiration may take advantage of the mechanical properties of the clot, resulting in greater clot ingestion and overall procedure success. METHODS An in vitro analysis was performed comparing static and cyclic (plunger technique) aspiration. Embolus analogs were used to create occlusions in a mock circulatory flow loop, and one aspiration attempt (first pass effect) using either a static or plunger technique was performed. The percent ingestion of each embolus analog was recorded for each trial. RESULTS Static aspiration for 0% and 50% hematocrit embolus analogs resulted in ingestions of 12.8 ± 4.6% and 15.1 ± 10.0%, respectively, while plunger technique (cyclic) aspiration resulted in 15.8 ± 7.3% and 34.4 ± 19.5% ingestion. Complete ingestion was observed only with 50% hematocrit analogs, occurring in 30% of plunger and 10% of static cases. Statistical differences were determined between the two aspiration techniques for the 50% hematocrit samples, with the plunger technique yielding significantly more ingestion. In addition, the plunger technique was shown to maintain a negative vacuum pressure throughout the duration of cyclic plunging. CONCLUSIONS The plunger technique for manual cyclic aspiration resulted in higher rates of complete ingestion and greater average % ingestions when compared to static aspiration. Increased clot ingestion can result in a higher rate of complete reperfusion during the first aspiration attempt, maximizing the number of patients with good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitria A Poulos
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - James S Keith
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Michael T Froehler
- Cerebrovascular Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryan C Good
- Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Rundfeldt HC, Lee CM, Lee H, Jung KH, Chang H, Kim HJ. Cerebral perfusion simulation using realistically generated synthetic trees for healthy and stroke patients. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 244:107956. [PMID: 38061114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cerebral vascular diseases are among the most burdensome diseases faced by society. However, investigating the pathophysiology of diseases as well as developing future treatments still relies heavily on expensive in-vivo and in-vitro studies. The generation of realistic, patient-specific models of the cerebrovascular system capable of simulating hemodynamics and perfusion promises the ability to simulate diseased states, therefore accelerating development cycles using in silico studies and opening opportunities for the individual assessment of diseased states, treatment planning, and the prediction of outcomes. By providing a patient-specific, anatomically detailed and validated model of the human cerebral vascular system, we aim to provide the basis for future in silico investigations of the cerebral physiology and pathology. METHODS In this retrospective study, a processing pipeline for patient-specific quantification of cerebral perfusion was developed and applied to healthy individuals and a stroke patient. Major arteries are segmented from 3T MR angiography data. A synthetic tree generation algorithm titled tissue-growth based optimization (GBO)1 is used to extend vascular trees beyond the imaging resolution. To investigate the anatomical accuracy of the generated trees, morphological parameters are compared against those of 7 T MRI, 9.4 T MRI, and dissection data. Using the generated vessel model, hemodynamics and perfusion are simulated by solving one-dimensional blood flow equations combined with Darcy flow equations. RESULTS Morphological data of three healthy individuals (mean age 47 years ± 15.9 [SD], 2 female) was analyzed. Bifurcation and physiological characteristics of the synthetically generated vessels are comparable to those of dissection data. The inability of MRI based segmentation to resolve small branches and the small volume investigated cause a mismatch in the comparison to MRI data. Cerebral perfusion was estimated for healthy individuals and a stroke patient. The simulated perfusion is compared against Arterial-Spin-Labeling MRI perfusion data. Good qualitative agreement is found between simulated and measured cerebral blood flow (CBF)2. Ischemic regions are predicted well, however ischemia severity is overestimated. CONCLUSIONS GBO successfully generates detailed cerebral vascular models with realistic morphological parameters. Simulations based on the resulting networks predict perfusion territories and ischemic regions successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Rundfeldt
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Germany
| | - Chang Min Lee
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanyoung Lee
- Chung-ang University, College of Pharmacy, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Chang
- Konyang University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea.
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Jędrzejczak K, Orciuch W, Wojtas K, Kozłowski M, Piasecki P, Narloch J, Wierzbicki M, Makowski Ł. Prediction of Hemodynamic-Related Hemolysis in Carotid Stenosis and Aiding in Treatment Planning and Risk Stratification Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Biomedicines 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 38255144 PMCID: PMC10813079 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis affects human health in many ways, leading to disability or premature death due to ischemic heart disease, stroke, or limb ischemia. Poststenotic blood flow disruption may also play an essential role in artery wall impairment linked with hemolysis related to shear stress. The maximum shear stress in the atherosclerotic plaque area is the main parameter determining hemolysis risk. In our work, a 3D internal carotid artery model was built from CT scans performed on patients qualified for percutaneous angioplasty due to its symptomatic stenosis. The obtained stenosis geometries were used to conduct a series of computer simulations to identify critical parameters corresponding to the increase in shear stress in the arteries. Stenosis shape parameters responsible for the increase in shear stress were determined. The effect of changes in the carotid artery size, length, and degree of narrowing on the change in maximum shear stress was demonstrated. Then, a correlation for the quick initial diagnosis of atherosclerotic stenoses regarding the risk of hemolysis was developed. The developed relationship for rapid hemolysis risk assessment uses information from typical non-invasive tests for treated patients. Practical guidelines have been developed regarding which stenosis shape parameters pose a risk of hemolysis, which may be adapted in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Jędrzejczak
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Orciuch
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wojtas
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kozłowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Piasecki
- Interventional Radiology Department, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Narloch
- Interventional Radiology Department, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Wierzbicki
- Interventional Radiology Department, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Makowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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Weiss AJ, Panduro AO, Schwarz EL, Sexton ZA, Lan IS, Geisbush TR, Marsden AL, Telischak NA. A matched-pair case control study identifying hemodynamic predictors of cerebral aneurysm growth using computational fluid dynamics. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1300754. [PMID: 38162830 PMCID: PMC10757566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Initiation and progression of cerebral aneurysms is known to be driven by complex interactions between biological and hemodynamic factors, but the hemodynamic mechanism which drives aneurysm growth is unclear. We employed robust modeling and computational methods, including temporal and spatial convergence studies, to study hemodynamic characteristics of cerebral aneurysms and identify differences in these characteristics between growing and stable aneurysms. Methods: Eleven pairs of growing and non-growing cerebral aneurysms, matched in both size and location, were modeled from MRA and CTA images, then simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Key hemodynamic characteristics, including wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and portion of the aneurysm under low shear, were evaluated. Statistical analysis was then performed using paired Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results: The portion of the aneurysm dome under 70% of the parent artery mean wall shear stress was higher in growing aneurysms than in stable aneurysms and had the highest significance among the tested metrics (p = 0.08). Other metrics of area under low shear had similar levels of significance. Discussion: These results align with previously observed hemodynamic trends in cerebral aneurysms, indicating a promising direction for future study of low shear area and aneurysm growth. We also found that mesh resolution significantly affected simulated WSS in cerebral aneurysms. This establishes that robust computational modeling methods are necessary for high fidelity results. Together, this work demonstrates that complex hemodynamics are at play within cerebral aneurysms, and robust modeling and simulation methods are needed to further study this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson J. Weiss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Aaron O. Panduro
- Department of Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Erica L. Schwarz
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zachary A. Sexton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ingrid S. Lan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas. R. Geisbush
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alison L. Marsden
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Telischak
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Baldwin L, Jones EJ, Iles A, Carding SR, Pamme N, Dyer CE, Greenman J. Development of a dual-flow tissue perfusion device for modeling the gastrointestinal tract-brain axis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:054104. [PMID: 37840538 PMCID: PMC10569815 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large number of microfluidic devices that have been described over the past decade for the study of tissues and organs, few have become widely adopted. There are many reasons for this lack of adoption, primarily that devices are constructed for a single purpose or because they are highly complex and require relatively expensive investment in facilities and training. Here, we describe a microphysiological system (MPS) that is simple to use and provides fluid channels above and below cells, or tissue biopsies, maintained on a disposable, poly(methyl methacrylate), carrier held between polycarbonate outer plates. All other fittings are standard Luer sizes for ease of adoption. The carrier can be coated with cells on both sides to generate membrane barriers, and the devices can be established in series to allow medium to flow from one cell layer to another. Furthermore, the carrier containing cells can be easily removed after treatment on the device and the cells can be visualized or recovered for additional off-chip analysis. A 0.4 μm membrane with cell monolayers proved most effective in maintaining separate fluid flows, allowing apical and basal surfaces to be perfused independently. A panel of different cell lines (Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12, SH-SY5Y, and HUVEC) were successfully maintained in the MPS for up to 7 days, either alone or on devices connected in series. The presence of tight junctions and mucin was expressed as expected by Caco-2 and HT-29-MTX-E12, with Concanavalin A showing uniform staining. Addition of Annexin V and PI showed viability of these cells to be >80% at 7 days. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbo-cyanine perchlorate (DiD) were used as a model component of the human colonic microbiota and were visualized translocating from an apical surface containing Caco-2 cells to differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells cultured on the basal surface of connected devices. The newly described MPS can be easily adapted, by changing the carrier to maintain spheroids, pieces, or slices of biopsy tissue and joined in series to study a variety of cell and tissue processes. The cell layers can be made more complex through the addition of multiple cell types and/or different patterning of extracellular matrix and the ability to culture cells adjacent to one another to allow study of cell:cell transfer, e.g., passive or active drug transfer, virus or bacterial entry or BEV uptake and transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Baldwin
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Jones
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Iles
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E. Dyer
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenman
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Morse CJ, Boerman EM, McDonald MW, Padilla J, Olver TD. The role of nitric oxide in flow-induced and myogenic responses in 1A, 2A, and 3A branches of the porcine middle cerebral artery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1228-1236. [PMID: 36227166 PMCID: PMC9715271 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00209.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic and flow-induced reactivity contribute to cerebral autoregulation, with potentially divergent roles for smaller versus larger arteries. The present study tested the hypotheses that compared with first-order (1A) branches of the middle cerebral artery, second- and third-order branches (2A and 3A, respectively) exhibit greater myogenic reactivity but reduced flow-induced constriction. Furthermore, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition may amplify myogenic reactivity and abolish instances of flow-induced dilation. Isolated porcine cerebral arteries mounted in a pressure myograph were exposed to incremental increases in intraluminal pressure (40-120 mmHg; n = 41) or flow (1-1,170 µL/min; n = 31). Intraluminal flows were adjusted to achieve 5, 10, 20, and 40 dyn/cm2 of wall shear stress at 60 mmHg. Myogenic tone was greater in 3A versus 1A arteries (P < 0.05). There was an inverse relationship between myogenic reactivity and passive arterial diameter (P < 0.01). NOS inhibition increased basal tone to a lesser extent in 3A versus 1A arteries (P < 0.01) but did not influence myogenic reactivity (P = 0.49). Increasing flow decreased luminal diameter (P ≤ 0.01), with increased vasoconstriction at 10-40 dyn/cm2 of shear stress (P < 0.01). However, relative responses were similar between 1A, 2A, and 3A arteries (P = 0.40) with and without NOS inhibition conditions (P ≥ 0.29). Whereas NOS inhibition increases basal myogenic tone, and myogenic reactivity was less in smaller versus larger arteries (range = ∼100-550 µM), neither NOS inhibition nor luminal diameter influences flow-induced constriction in porcine cerebral arteries.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated size-dependent heterogeneity in myogenic reactivity in porcine cerebral arteries. Smaller branches of the middle cerebral artery exhibited increased myogenic reactivity, but attenuated NOS-dependent increases in myogenic tone compared with larger branches. Flow-dependent regulation does not exhibit the same variation; diameter-independent flow-induced vasoconstrictions occur across all branch orders and are not affected by NOS inhibition. Conceptually, flow-induced vasoconstriction contributes to cerebral autoregulation, particularly in larger arteries with low myogenic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Morse
- Department Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew W McDonald
- Department Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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11
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Wang C, Qu K, Wang J, Qin R, Li B, Qiu J, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of planar cell polarity in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166495. [PMID: 35850177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the uneven distribution of certain cytoplasmic components in a cell with a spatial order. The planar cell polarity (PCP), the cell aligns perpendicular to the polar plane, in endothelial cells (ECs) has become a research hot spot. The planar polarity of ECs has a positive significance on the regulation of cardiovascular dysfunction, pathological angiogenesis, and ischemic stroke. The endothelial polarity is stimulated and regulated by biomechanical force. Mechanical stimuli promote endothelial polarization and make ECs produce PCP to maintain the normal physiological and biochemical functions. Here, we overview recent advances in understanding the interplay and mechanism between PCP and ECs function involved in mechanical forces, with a focus on PCP signaling pathways and organelles in regulating the polarity of ECs. And then showed the related diseases caused by ECs polarity dysfunction. This study provides new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of endothelial PCP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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Suzuki ARCSY, Tsubakino S, Fujii H. Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living Recovery after Cardiogenic Internal Carotid Artery Infarction: A Retrospective Cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105734. [PMID: 33770642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES this study determines recovery in physical activity and activities of daily living in the early stages after cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS this retrospective comfort study compares assessment data for 334 patients: 150 patients had atherosclerotic infarction (67 internal carotid artery, 87 middle cerebral artery) and 180 had cardiogenic infarction (32 internal carotid artery infarction, 148 middle cerebral artery). We used Brunnstrom recovery score, posture assessment scale for stroke, and functional independence measure. RESULTS on initial assessment, median Brunnstrom recovery for the cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction group was I-II in the upper limb, I in the finger, I-II in the lower limb, and IV or higher in all other groups. The median Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke score for the cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction group was 0; all other groups scored 14 or higher. The median Functional Independence Measure for the cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction group was 18 (maximum of 100) and the median score for other infarct groups was 25-50 (maximum 126), with P < .01. After a month, final assessment results for the cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction group were much lower than for the other groups. Only both internal carotid artery infarctions were compared. Atherosclerotic infarctions showed recovery across assessments, except understanding, onset, and memory (P < .01), and cardiogenic infarctions did not change from the initial assessment in all criteria assessed. CONCLUSIONS adapting cardiogenic internal carotid artery infarction as a stroke recovery model is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sachiko Tsubakino
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata City Hospital Saiseikan, 1-3-26 Nanukamachi, Yamagata 990-8533, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fujii
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 260 Kamiyanagi, Yamagata 990-2212, Japan
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Seymour RS, Bosiocic V, Snelling EP, Chikezie PC, Hu Q, Nelson TJ, Zipfel B, Miller CV. Cerebral blood flow rates in recent great apes are greater than in Australopithecus species that had equal or larger brains. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192208. [PMID: 31718497 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metabolic rate (MR) is linked mainly to the cost of synaptic activity, so may be a better correlate of cognitive ability than brain size alone. Among primates, the sizes of arterial foramina in recent and fossil skulls can be used to evaluate brain blood flow rate, which is proportional to brain MR. We use this approach to calculate flow rate in the internal carotid arteries (Q˙ICA), which supply most of the primate cerebrum. Q˙ICA is up to two times higher in recent gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans compared with 3-million-year-old australopithecine human relatives, which had equal or larger brains. The scaling relationships between Q˙ICA and brain volume (Vbr) show exponents of 1.03 across 44 species of living haplorhine primates and 1.41 across 12 species of fossil hominins. Thus, the evolutionary trajectory for brain perfusion is much steeper among ancestral hominins than would be predicted from living primates. Between 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus and Homo sapiens, Vbr increased 4.7-fold, but Q˙ICA increased 9.3-fold, indicating an approximate doubling of metabolic intensity of brain tissue. By contrast, Q˙ICA is proportional to Vbr among haplorhine primates, suggesting a constant volume-specific brain MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Vanya Bosiocic
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Prince C Chikezie
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Qiaohui Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Case V Miller
- Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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