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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Kamaraj S, Patel AB, Sharma N, Chen ZS. Recent review of COVID-19 management: diagnosis, treatment and vaccination. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1120-1148. [PMID: 36214969 PMCID: PMC9549062 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The idiopathic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached global proportions; the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a public health emergency during the month of January 30, 2020. The major causes of the rise of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are genetic mutations and recombination. Some of the variants with high infection and transmission rates are termed as variants of concern (VOCs) like currently Omicron variants. Pregnant women, aged people, and immunosuppressed and compromised patients constitute the most susceptible human population to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially to the new evolving VOCs. To effectively manage the pathological condition of infection, the focus should be directed towards prevention and prophylactic approach. In this narrative review, we aimed to analyze the current scenario of COVID-19 management and discuss the treatment and prevention strategies. We also focused on the complications prevalent during the COVID-19 and post-COVID period and to discuss the novel approaches developed for mitigation of the global pandemic. We have also emphasized on the COVID-19 management approaches for the special population including children, pregnant women, aged groups, and immunocompromised patients. We conclude that the advancements in therapeutic and pharmacological domains have provided opportunities to develop and design novel diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. New advanced techniques such as RT-LAMP, RT-qPCR, High-Resolution Computed Tomography, etc., efficiently diagnose patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the case of treatment options, new drugs like paxlovid, combinations of β-lactum drugs and molnupiravir are found to be effective against even the new emerging variants. In addition, vaccination is an essential approach to prevent the infection or to reduce its severity. Vaccines for against COVID-19 from Comirnaty by Pfizer-BioNTech, SpikeVax by Moderna, and Vaxzevria by Oxford-AstraZeneca are approved and used widely. Similarly, numerous vaccines have been developed with different percentages of effectiveness against VOCs. New developments like nanotechnology and AI can be beneficial in providing an efficient and reliable solution for the suppression of SARS-CoV-2. Public health concerns can be efficiently treated by a unified scientific approach, public engagement, and better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- grid.419037.80000 0004 1765 7930Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sathvika Kamaraj
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Aayushi B. Patel
- grid.419037.80000 0004 1765 7930Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- grid.264091.80000 0001 1954 7928Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY 11439 USA
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11
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Shaban RZ, Li C, O'Sullivan MVN, Gerrard J, Stuart RL, Teh J, Gilroy N, Sorrell TC, White E, Bag S, Hackett K, Chen SCA, Kok J, Dwyer DE, Iredell JR, Maddocks S, Ferguson P, Varshney K, Carter I, Barratt R, Robertson M, Baskar SR, Friend C, Robosa RS, Sotomayor-Castillo C, Nahidi S, Macbeth DA, Alcorn KAD, Wattiaux A, Moore F, McMahon J, Naughton W, Korman TM, Catton M, Kanapathipillai R, Romanes F, Rowe E, Catford J, Kennedy B, Qiao M, Shaw D. COVID-19 in Australia: our national response to the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early biocontainment phase. Intern Med J 2021; 51:42-51. [PMID: 33196128 PMCID: PMC7753759 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization recognised clusters of pneumonia-like cases due to a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 became a pandemic 71 days later. AIM To report the clinical and epidemiological features, laboratory data and outcomes of the first group of 11 returned travellers with COVID-19 in Australia. METHODS This is a retrospective, multi-centre case series. All patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were admitted to tertiary referral hospitals in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia. RESULTS The median age of the patient cohort was 42 years (interquartile range (IQR), 24-53 years) with six men and five women. Eight (72.7%) patients had returned from Wuhan, one from Shenzhen, one from Japan and one from Europe. Possible human-to-human transmission from close family contacts in gatherings overseas occurred in two cases. Symptoms on admission were fever, cough and sore throat (n = 9, 81.8%). Co-morbidities included hypertension (n = 3, 27.3%) and hypercholesterolaemia (n = 2, 18.2%). No patients developed severe acute respiratory distress nor required intensive care unit admission or mechanical ventilation. After a median hospital stay of 14.5 days (IQR, 6.75-21), all patients were discharged. CONCLUSIONS This is a historical record of the first COVID-19 cases in Australia during the early biocontainment phase of the national response. These findings were invaluable for establishing early inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 models of care and informing the management of COVID-19 over time as the outbreak evolved. Future research should extend this Australian case series to examine global epidemiological variation of this novel infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Z Shaban
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Gerrard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Stuart
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Teh
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Gilroy
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth White
- Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shopna Bag
- Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Hackett
- Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon C A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Iredell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Maddocks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Ferguson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kavita Varshney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Emergency Department Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Carter
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Barratt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Robertson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Gosford Hospital, Central Coast, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sai R Baskar
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caren Friend
- Counter Disaster Unit, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roselle S Robosa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Shizar Nahidi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborough A Macbeth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie A D Alcorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andre Wattiaux
- Gold Coast Public Health Unit, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frederick Moore
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William Naughton
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony M Korman
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infections and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Finn Romanes
- Department of Health and Human Services, State Government Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Rowe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Catford
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan Kennedy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ming Qiao
- Directorate of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Shaw
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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12
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Bhaskar S, Tan J, Bogers MLAM, Minssen T, Badaruddin H, Israeli-Korn S, Chesbrough H. At the Epicenter of COVID-19-the Tragic Failure of the Global Supply Chain for Medical Supplies. Front Public Health 2020; 8:562882. [PMID: 33335876 PMCID: PMC7737425 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tragic failure of the global supply chain in the face of the current coronavirus outbreak has caused acute shortages of essential frontline medical devices and personal protective equipment, crushing fear among frontline health workers and causing fundamental concerns about the sustainability of the health system. Much more coordination, integration, and management of global supply chains will be needed to mitigate the impact of the pandemics. This article describes the pressing need to revisit the governance and resilience of the supply chains that amplified the crisis at pandemic scale. We propose a model that profiles critical stockpiles and improves production efficiency through new technologies such as advanced analytics and blockchain. A new governance system that supports intervention by public-health authorities during critical emergencies is central to our recommendation, both in the face of the current crisis and to be better prepared for potential future crises. These reinforcements offer the potential to minimize the compromise of our healthcare workers and health systems due to infection exposure and build capacity toward preparedness and action for a future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhaskar
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, Clinical Sciences Stream and NSW Brain Clot Bank, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Tan
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcel L A M Bogers
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Innovation, Technology Entrepreneurship and Marketing (ITEM) Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Timo Minssen
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Law, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hishamuddin Badaruddin
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Simon Israeli-Korn
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Henry Chesbrough
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, Innovation & Supply Chain Pandemic REPROGRAM Study Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Maire Tecnimont Professor of Open Innovation, Luiss University, Rome, Italy
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