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Xia Z, Xiao J, Chen Q. Solving the Puzzle: What Is the Role of Progestogens in Neovascularization? Biomolecules 2021; 11:1686. [PMID: 34827682 PMCID: PMC8615949 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian sex steroids can modulate new vessel formation and development, and the clarification of the underlying mechanism will provide insight into neovascularization-related physiological changes and pathological conditions. Unlike estrogen, which mainly promotes neovascularization through activating classic post-receptor signaling pathways, progesterone (P4) regulates a variety of downstream factors with angiogenic or antiangiogenic effects, exerting various influences on neovascularization. Furthermore, diverse progestins, the synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists structurally related to P4, have been used in numerous studies, which could contribute to unequal actions. As a result, there have been many conflicting observations in the past, making it difficult for researchers to define the exact role of progestogens (PR agonists including naturally occurring P4 and synthetic progestins). This review summarizes available evidence for progestogen-mediated neovascularization under physiological and pathological circumstances, and attempts to elaborate their functional characteristics and regulatory patterns from a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (Z.X.); (J.X.)
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Expression of NGF, MCP-1, uroplakin III, and NOS in bladder urothelium after partial urethral obstruction in rats. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:806.e1-806.e14. [PMID: 32994092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been suggested to play a role in the development of bladder fibrosis and functional changes, the mechanisms that are effective in the pathogenesis of partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO)-induced bladder fibrosis are not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uroplakin III (URPIII), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that may be involved in fibrosis in rats with partial urethral obstruction for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and the changes in the associated ischemic and inflammatory processes. After 1, 2, and 3 weeks of pBOO, blood samples were collected for assessment of renal function from the rats under anesthesia. The bladders were dissected for the tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). The immunohistochemical studies were performed. Histopathologically, the number of urothelial layers was calculated and the thickness of the detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria were quantitatively measured. Additionally, the edema and congestion in the submucosa were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Three separate experimental groups of pBOO (1 week [n = 7], 2 weeks [n = 7], and 3 weeks [n = 7]) were created, with an additional sham-operated control group (n = 7). RESULTS The MDA levels increased in pBOO groups. The SOD values were decreased in the pBOO group for 1 week, and higher in the 3-week pBOO group. The TAS levels were increased in the 3 week pBOO group. The TOS levels increased in the pBOO groups. The number of urothelial layers was decreased in pBOO groups. The lamina propria, the smooth muscle thickness, edema and congestion were increase in the 1 and 2 week pBOO groups. The NGF and MCP-1 expression was increased in the 1-week and 2-week pBOO groups. The expression of URPIII in the epithelium gradually increased in the pBOO groups. In the pBOO groups, iNOS expression in the epithelium cells was significantly elevated. However, the eNOS expression was also significantly increased in the 2 week pBOO group. CONCLUSION Our study shows that overexpression of immunohistochemical parameters together with the negative effects of ischemic and inflammatory processes that subjected to pBOO for 1, 2 and 3 weeks may play a potential role in detrusor fibrosis in the rat bladders induced by pBOO. However, understanding of the immunohistochemical parameters investigated in this experimental study is limited, and further studies targeting their relationship to pBOO could help us develop new strategies.
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Cam ME, Hazar-Yavuz AN, Cesur S, Ozkan O, Alenezi H, Turkoglu Sasmazel H, Sayip Eroglu M, Brako F, Ahmed J, Kabasakal L, Ren G, Gunduz O, Edirisinghe M. A novel treatment strategy for preterm birth: Intra-vaginal progesterone-loaded fibrous patches. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119782. [PMID: 32822780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone-loaded poly(lactic) acid fibrous polymeric patches were produced using electrospinning and pressurized gyration for intra-vaginal application to prevent preterm birth. The patches were intravaginally inserted into rats in the final week of their pregnancy, equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy. Maintenance tocolysis with progesterone-loaded patches was elucidated by recording the contractile response of uterine smooth muscle to noradrenaline in pregnant rats. Both progesterone-loaded patches indicated similar results from release and thermal studies, however, patches obtained by electrospinning had smaller average diameters and more uniform dispersion compared to pressurized gyration. Patches obtained by pressurized gyration had better results in production yield and tensile strength than electrospinning; thereby pressurized gyration is better suited for scaled-up production. The patches did not affect cell attachment, viability, and proliferation on Vero cells negatively. Consequently, progesterone-loaded patches are a novel and successful treatment strategy for preventing preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Emin Cam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul 34668, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Nur Hazar-Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Sumeyye Cesur
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Ozan Ozkan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hussain Alenezi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; Department of Manufacturing Engineering, College of Technological Studies, PAAET, 13092 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hilal Turkoglu Sasmazel
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sayip Eroglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Kadikoy/Istanbul, Turkey; TUBITAK-UME, Chemistry Group Laboratories, 41470 Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Francis Brako
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jubair Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Levent Kabasakal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Guogang Ren
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Division, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey; Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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LaRese TP, Rheaume BA, Abraham R, Eipper BA, Mains RE. Sex-Specific Gene Expression in the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Before and After Cocaine Exposure. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:468-487. [PMID: 30746506 PMCID: PMC6364626 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens plays a major role in the response of mammals to cocaine. In animal models and human studies, the addictive effects of cocaine and relapse probability have been shown to be greater in females. Sex-specific differential expression of key transcripts at baseline and after prolonged withdrawal could underlie these differences. To distinguish between these possibilities, gene expression was analyzed in four groups of mice (cycling females, ovariectomized females treated with estradiol or placebo, and males) 28 days after they had received seven daily injections of saline or cocaine. As expected, sensitization to the locomotor effects of cocaine was most pronounced in the ovariectomized mice receiving estradiol, was greater in cycling females than in males, and failed to occur in ovariectomized/placebo mice. After the 28-day withdrawal period, RNA prepared from the nucleus accumbens of the individual cocaine- or saline-injected mice was subjected to RNA sequencing analysis. Baseline expression of 3% of the nucleus accumbens transcripts differed in the cycling female mice compared with the male mice. Expression of a similar number of transcripts was altered by ovariectomy or was responsive to estradiol treatment. Nucleus accumbens transcripts differentially expressed in cycling female mice withdrawn from cocaine exhibited substantial overlap with those differentially expressed in cocaine-withdrawn male mice. A small set of transcripts were similarly affected by cocaine in the placebo- or estradiol-treated ovariectomized mice. Sex and hormonal status have profound effects on RNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of naive mice. Prolonged withdrawal from cocaine alters the expression of a much smaller number of common and sex hormone-specific transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P LaRese
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Bruce A Rheaume
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ron Abraham
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Changes in microscopic analysis of the urinary sediment in postmenopausal women who receive vaginal conjugated oestrogens. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2018; 16:96-98. [PMID: 29507575 PMCID: PMC5834922 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2017.70585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Microscopic haematuria is common in adults and it has been reported in 13% of postmenopausal women. Objective To evaluate the changes in urinary sediment after the use of vaginal conjugated oestrogens. Material and methods Postmenopausal women with vaginal dryness were studied. In all them a urinalysis was done, looking for density, pH, and the presence of leukocytes and erythrocytes. In order to be included in the study, all of the women had to have microscopic haematuria, considered as the presence of 3 or more erythrocytes in the urinary sediment. All received vaginally 1 g of conjugated equine oestrogens cream 3 times per week for one month, moment in which a new urinalysis was carried out and the same parameters were evaluated. Results Twenty-four women were studied. The median age was 62 years (40-83), and the time since menopause was 144 months (24-336). When comparing the values between baseline and end of treatment urinalyses, no significant differences in pH and urinary density were found. The number of leukocytes significantly decreased after treatment (3.0 [1-6] vs. 1.0 [1-6], p < 0.026), and the erythrocytes number decreased (4.5 [3-12] vs. 0.0 [0-2], p < 0.001). Conclusion In postmenopausal women with microscopic haematuria and vaginal dryness, it is worth considering administration of local oestrogen for one month, and after repeat the urine exam, before deciding to begin the microscopic haematuria study protocol.
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Kubo T, Tsuji S, Amano T, Yoshino F, Niwa Y, Kasahara K, Yoshida S, Mukaisho KI, Sugihara H, Tanaka S, Kimura F, Takahashi K, Murakami T. Effects of β-estradiol on cold-sensitive receptor channel TRPM8 in ovariectomized rats. Exp Anim 2017. [PMID: 28626113 PMCID: PMC5682346 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) is associated
with sensitivity to cold sensation in mammals. A previous study demonstrated that TRPM8
was overexpressed in the skin of ovariectomized (OVX) rats due to the loss of estrogen. In
the present study, we investigated whether estrogen replacement restricts overexpression
of the TRPM8 channel in the skin of OVX rats. We divided 15 Sprague Dawley rats into three
groups: a non-operated group (NON-OPE), an ovariectomy group (OVX), and a group subjected
to estrogen replacement during 4 weeks beginning 7 days after ovariectomy (OVX + E2). Five
weeks later, TRPM8 channel mRNA and protein in lumbar skin were quantified by real-time
RT-PCR, protein ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. The OVX + E2 group exhibited a trend for
decreased expression of the TRPM8 channel in the lumbar skin in comparison with the OVX
group, whereas ELISA data and immunohistochemistry data and immunohistochemistry graphs
relating to TRPM8 protein did not show any obvious differences between the OVX group and
the OVX + E2 group. Estrogen replacement may restrict the overexpression of TRPM8 in the
dermis of OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tsukuru Amano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Fumi Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoko Niwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kasahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Medical Statistics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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