1
|
Moghaddam MZ, Mousavi MJ, Ghotloo S. Cell-based therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1091. [PMID: 38018576 PMCID: PMC10664399 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis that is the most prevalent rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affect autologous connective tissues caused by the breakdown of the self-tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. During the last two decades, cell-based therapy, including stem cells and none-stem cells has been increasingly considered as a therapeutic option in various diseases. This is partly due to the unique properties of stem cells that divide and differentiate from the specialized cells in the damaged tissue. Moreover, stem cells and none-stem cells, impose immunomodulatory properties affecting the diseases caused by immunological abnormalities such as rheumatic autoimmune disorders. In the present review, the efficacy of cell-based therapy with four main types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and human amniotic membrane cells, as well as none-stem cells, including regulatory T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and tolerogenic dendritic cells will be evaluated. Moreover, other related issues, including safety, changes in immunological parameters, suitable choice of stem cell and none-stem cell origin, conditioning regimen, limitations, and complications will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of HematologyFaculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Autoimmune Diseases Research CenterKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kimura Y, Ghosn M, Cheema W, Adusumilli PS, Solomon SB, Srimathveeralli G. Expanding the role of interventional oncology for advancing precision immunotherapy of solid tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:194-204. [PMID: 35036524 PMCID: PMC8752905 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cells has proven effective for hematologic malignancies, but success in solid tumors has been impeded by poor intratumoral infiltration, exhaustion of effector cells from antigen burden, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Results from recent clinical trials and preclinical studies lend promising evidence of locoregional approaches for CAR T cell delivery, priming the tumor microenvironment, and performing adjuvant therapies that sustain T cell activity. Interventional oncology is a subspeciality of interventional radiology where imaging guidance is used to perform percutaneous and catheter-directed procedures for localized, non-surgical therapy or interrogation of solid tumors. Interventional oncology provides unique synergies with immunotherapy, which has been well-studied to improve treatment efficacy while reducing toxicities associated with systemic treatment. Besides aiding in CAR T cell delivery, priming, or the stimulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote effector survival and function, interventional oncology can also aid in the monitoring of treatment response through selective, multiplex tumor sampling and catheter-based venous sampling. This review presents an overview of interventional oncology, its various procedures, and its potential for advancing CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mario Ghosn
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Waseem Cheema
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S. Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen B. Solomon
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Govindarajan Srimathveeralli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hong Y, Kim IS. The therapeutic potential of immune cell-derived exosomes as an alternative to adoptive cell transfer. BMB Rep 2022. [PMCID: PMC8810551 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.1.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsun Hong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou W, Chen W, Wan X, Luo C, Du X, Li X, Chen Q, Gao R, Zhang X, Xie M, Wang M. Benefits of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Genet 2022; 12:815679. [PMID: 35126471 PMCID: PMC8811184 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.815679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to study the benefits and risks of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells in adults with B-cell lymphoma. Methods: From October 2015 to October 2021, we treated five patients with B-cell lymphoma, comprising two with mantle cell lymphoma, one case of Burkitt lymphoma, one case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and one case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. The patients were given the FC regimen 5 days before the infusion of anti-CD19 CAR T-cells. The median total number of CAR T-cells infusions was 350*10^6 (88*10^6–585*10^6). Results: 1) Patients who received CAR T-cell induction therapy achieved complete remission (CR) in Case 1 and Case 3 and partial remission (PR) in Case 2. Case 3’s ATM and D13S25 gene deletions were negative 42 days after CAR T-cell therapy, and molecular biology CR (mCR) and minimal residual disease (MRD) were negative for 5 years and 6 months. The patient in Case 3 was cured. 2) Case 4 patient’s TP53 gene mutation became negative 1 month after CAR T-cell therapy. MRD was negative after CAR T-cell therapy at 41 and 42 months in Cases 4 and 5, respectively. 3) Case 1∼Case 3 patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) without encephalopathy syndrome, accompanied with serious adverse events. CRS can be effectively managed with tocilizumab, etanercept, glucocorticoids, and plasmapheresis. Conclusion: Anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is effective in treating relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma, and the side effects of CAR T-cell therapy can be properly managed. CAR T-cell therapy has high efficacy and presented no side effects in the treatment of MRD in B-cell lymphoma (NCT03685786, NCT02456350).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyujing Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Chen,
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changru Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shenzhen BinDeBioTech Co., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiwen Gao
- Research Management and Supporting Department, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University/Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mills JK, Henderson MA, Giuffrida L, Petrone P, Westwood JA, Darcy PK, Neeson PJ, Kershaw MH, Gyorki DE. Generating CAR T cells from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:25151355211017119. [PMID: 34159293 PMCID: PMC8186112 DOI: 10.1177/25151355211017119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have demonstrated promising, though limited, efficacy against melanoma. Methods: We designed a model system to explore the efficacy of dual specific T cells derived from melanoma patient TILs by transduction with a Her2-specific CAR. Results: Metastatic melanoma cells in our biobank constitutively expressed Her2 antigen. CAR-TIL produced greater amounts of IFN compared with parental TIL, when co-cultured with Her2 expressing tumor lines, including autologous melanoma tumor lines, although no consistent increase in cytotoxicity by TIL was afforded by expression of a CAR. Results of an in vivo study in NSG mice demonstrated tumor shrinkage when CAR-TILs were used in an adoptive cell therapy protocol. Conclusion: Potential limitations of transduced TIL in our study included limited proliferative potential and a terminally differentiated phenotype, which would need addressing in further work before consideration of clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Mills
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa A Henderson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Giuffrida
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasquale Petrone
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David E Gyorki
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azangou-Khyavy M, Ghasemi M, Khanali J, Boroomand-Saboor M, Jamalkhah M, Soleimani M, Kiani J. CRISPR/Cas: From Tumor Gene Editing to T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2062. [PMID: 33117331 PMCID: PMC7553049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system has demonstrated considerable advantages over other nuclease-based genome editing tools due to its high accuracy, efficiency, and strong specificity. Given that cancer is caused by an excessive accumulation of mutations that lead to the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a therapy of choice for tumor genome editing and treatment. In defining its superior use, we have reviewed the novel applications of the CRISPR genome editing tool in discovering, sorting, and prioritizing targets for subsequent interventions, and passing different hurdles of cancer treatment such as epigenetic alterations and drug resistance. Moreover, we have reviewed the breakthroughs precipitated by the CRISPR system in the field of cancer immunotherapy, such as identification of immune system-tumor interplay, production of universal Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells, inhibition of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and Oncolytic Virotherapy. The existing challenges and limitations, as well as the prospects of CRISPR based systems, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mobina Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Khanali
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Monire Jamalkhah
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Landscape of CAR-T Cell Clinical Trials against Solid Tumors-A Comprehensive Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092567. [PMID: 32916883 PMCID: PMC7563774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain immune cells, namely T cells, of cancer patients can be genetically manipulated to express so-called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which enables these cells to kill the tumor cells after recognition by the receptor. This therapy is very successful in the treatment of hematologic tumors such as lymphoma or leukemia. However, tumors growing as a solid mass are less susceptible to this kind of treatment. This review summarizes known data of all clinical trials using this therapy against solid tumors that are registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Abstract CAR-T cells showed great potential in the treatment of patients with hematologic tumors. However, the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors lags behind. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the landscape of CAR-T cell clinical trials against this type of cancer, this review summarizes all the 196 studies registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Special focus is on: (1) geographical distribution; (2) targeted organs, tumor entities, and antigens; (3) CAR transfer methods, CAR formats, and extra features introduced into the T cells; and (4) patient pretreatments, injection sites, and safety measurements. Finally, the few data on clinical outcome are reported. The last assessment of clinicaltrials.gov for the data summarized in this paper was on 4 August 2020.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang MH, Slaby EM, Stephanie G, Yu C, Watts DM, Liu H, Szeto GL. Lipid-Mediated Insertion of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Ligands for Facile Immune Cell Engineering. Front Immunol 2020; 11:560. [PMID: 32425924 PMCID: PMC7212467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies have tremendous potential to treat many diseases, such as activating immunity in cancer or suppressing it in autoimmune diseases. Most cell-based cancer immunotherapies in the clinic provide adjuvant signals through genetic engineering to enhance T cell functions. However, genetically encoded signals have minimal control over dosing and persist for the life of a cell lineage. These properties make it difficult to balance increasing therapeutic efficacy with reducing toxicities. Here, we demonstrated the potential of phospholipid-coupled ligands as a non-genetic system for immune cell engineering. This system provides simple, controlled, non-genetic adjuvant delivery to immune cells via lipid-mediated insertion into plasma membranes. Lipid-mediated insertion (termed depoting) successfully delivered Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands intracellularly and onto cell surfaces of diverse immune cells. These ligands depoted into immune cells in a dose-controlled fashion and did not compete during multiplex pairwise loading. Immune cell activation could be enhanced by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms depending on the biology of the TLR ligand tested. Depoted ligands functionally persisted on plasma membranes for up to 4 days in naïve and activated T cells, enhancing their activation, proliferation, and skewing cytokine secretion. Our data showed that depoted ligands provided a persistent yet non-permanent adjuvant signal to immune cells that may minimize the intensity and duration of toxicities compared to permanent genetic delivery. Altogether, these findings demonstrate potential for lipid-mediated depoting as a universal cell engineering approach with unique, complementary advantages to other cell engineering methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Zhang
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emily M. Slaby
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georgina Stephanie
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chunsong Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Darcy M. Watts
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Translational Center for Age-Related Disease and Disparities, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scioli MG, Storti G, D'Amico F, Gentile P, Fabbri G, Cervelli V, Orlandi A. The Role of Breast Cancer Stem Cells as a Prognostic Marker and a Target to Improve the Efficacy of Breast Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071021. [PMID: 31330794 PMCID: PMC6678191 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common form of tumor in women and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Even though the major cellular burden in breast cancer is constituted by the so-called bulk tumor cells, another cell subpopulation named cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been identified. The latter have stem features, a self-renewal capacity, and the ability to regenerate the bulk tumor cells. CSCs have been described in several cancer types but breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) were among the first to be identified and characterized. Therefore, many efforts have been put into the phenotypic characterization of BCSCs and the study of their potential as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. Many dysregulated pathways in BCSCs are involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and are found up-regulated in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), another important cancer cell subpopulation, that shed into the vasculature and disseminate along the body to give metastases. Conventional therapies fail at eliminating BCSCs because of their quiescent state that gives them therapy resistance. Based on this evidence, preclinical studies and clinical trials have tried to establish novel therapeutic regimens aiming to eradicate BCSCs. Markers useful for BCSC identification could also be possible therapeutic methods against BCSCs. New approaches in drug delivery combined with gene targeting, immunomodulatory, and cell-based therapies could be promising tools for developing effective CSC-targeted drugs against breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Storti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federico D'Amico
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Gentile
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Fabbri
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Cervelli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Enblad G, Karlsson H, Gammelgård G, Wenthe J, Lövgren T, Amini RM, Wikstrom KI, Essand M, Savoldo B, Hallböök H, Höglund M, Dotti G, Brenner MK, Hagberg H, Loskog A. A Phase I/IIa Trial Using CD19-Targeted Third-Generation CAR T Cells for Lymphoma and Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6185-6194. [PMID: 30097433 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been effective for patients with CD19+ B-cell malignancies. Most studies have investigated the second-generation CARs with either CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains in the CAR receptor. Here, we describe the first clinical phase I/IIa trial using third-generation CAR T cells targeting CD19 to evaluate safety and efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with B-cell lymphoma or leukemia were treated with CAR T cells. The patients with lymphoma received chemotherapy during CAR manufacture and 11 of 15 were given low-dose cyclophosphamide and fludarabine conditioning prior to CAR infusion. Peripheral blood was sampled before and at multiple time points after CAR infusion to evaluate the persistence of CAR T cells and for immune profiling, using quantitative PCR, flow cytometry, and a proteomic array. RESULTS Treatment with third-generation CAR T cells was generally safe with 4 patients requiring hospitalization due to adverse reactions. Six of the 15 patients had initial complete responses [4/11 lymphoma and 2/4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)], and 3 of the patients with lymphoma were in remission at 3 months. Two patients are still alive. Best predictor of response was a good immune status prior to CAR infusion with high IL12, DC-Lamp, Fas ligand, and TRAIL. Responding patients had low monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs; CD14+CD33+HLA-DR-) and low levels of IL6, IL8, NAP3, sPDL1, and sPDL2. CONCLUSIONS Third-generation CARs may be efficient in patients with advanced B-cell lymphoproliferative malignancy with only modest toxicity. Immune profiling pre- and posttreatment can be used to find response biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Enblad
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hannah Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Gammelgård
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Wenthe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rose Marie Amini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Helene Hallböök
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Höglund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hans Hagberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Han H, Wang S, Hu Y, Li Z, Yang W, Lv Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Ji J. Monoclonal antibody 3H11 chimeric antigen receptors enhance T cell effector function and exhibit efficacy against gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6887-6894. [PMID: 29849787 PMCID: PMC5962852 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies for certain types of solid tumors have been used in clinical trials, novel CARs that are able to target gastric cancer (GC) are still required. In our previous study, monoclonal antibody 3H11 (mAb 3H11), generated from immunization with five human GC cell lines, was demonstrated to have a 93.5% positive reaction with a clear membrane location and more than 5% cancer cell staining in GC tissues in our previous study. In the present study, 3H11-CARs were designed for modified T cell therapy. To begin with, it was confirmed that the single-chain variable fragment (scFV) of the mAb 3H11, known as scFV-3H11, exhibited similar activity with the natural antibody. In addition, scFV-3H11 CAR-T cells are able to kill tumor cells accompanied with increased interleukin-2 and interferon-γ secretion in vitro, and reduced the tumor burden in GC cell lines and patient-derived GC cells in vivo. In conclusion, scFV-3H11 CARs may have the potential to treat mAb 3H11-positive GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Han
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Yunwei Lv
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Lianhai Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Putensen D, Smith R, Pilcher L, Trandafir G. Comparison of the CMNC and MNC apheresis protocol for the collection of T-cells showed comparable outcome: An observational study in a single centre. J Clin Apher 2018; 33:349-356. [DOI: 10.1002/jca.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Putensen
- University College London Hospitals, Apheresis Department; Macmillian Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals; London, WC1E 6AG 02034471804 United Kingdom
| | - Richard Smith
- University College London Hospitals, Apheresis Department; Macmillian Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals; London, WC1E 6AG 02034471804 United Kingdom
| | - Linda Pilcher
- University College London Hospitals, Apheresis Department; Macmillian Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals; London, WC1E 6AG 02034471804 United Kingdom
| | - George Trandafir
- University College London Hospitals, Apheresis Department; Macmillian Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals; London, WC1E 6AG 02034471804 United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sackstein R, Schatton T, Barthel SR. T-lymphocyte homing: an underappreciated yet critical hurdle for successful cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 97:669-697. [PMID: 28346400 PMCID: PMC5446300 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel immunotherapeutics, including blocking antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Nonetheless, clinical benefit remains highly variable and patient-specific, in part, because all immunotherapeutic regimens vitally hinge on the capacity of endogenous and/or adoptively transferred T-effector (Teff) cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, to home efficiently into tumor target tissue. Thus, defects intrinsic to the multi-step T-cell homing cascade have become an obvious, though significantly underappreciated contributor to immunotherapy resistance. Conspicuous have been low intralesional frequencies of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) below clinically beneficial threshold levels, and peripheral rather than deep lesional TIL infiltration. Therefore, a Teff cell 'homing deficit' may arguably represent a dominant factor responsible for ineffective immunotherapeutic outcomes, as tumors resistant to immune-targeted killing thrive in such permissive, immune-vacuous microenvironments. Fortunately, emerging data is shedding light into the diverse mechanisms of immune escape by which tumors restrict Teff cell trafficking and lesional penetrance. In this review, we scrutinize evolving knowledge on the molecular determinants of Teff cell navigation into tumors. By integrating recently described, though sporadic information of pivotal adhesive and chemokine homing signatures within the tumor microenvironment with better established paradigms of T-cell trafficking under homeostatic or infectious disease scenarios, we seek to refine currently incomplete models of Teff cell entry into tumor tissue. We further summarize how cancers thwart homing to escape immune-mediated destruction and raise awareness of the potential impact of immune checkpoint blockers on Teff cell homing. Finally, we speculate on innovative therapeutic opportunities for augmenting Teff cell homing capabilities to improve immunotherapy-based tumor eradication in cancer patients, with special focus on malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Rm 671, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Steven R. Barthel, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li K, Lan Y, Wang J, Liu L. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells for liver cancers, progress and obstacles. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692229. [PMID: 28347250 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells therapy has become the hottest topic of immunotherapy, as its great successes achieved in treating refractory hematological malignancies. These successes also paved the road to novel strategies of treating various solid tumors including liver cancer. Many specific proteins can be expressed aberrantly in liver cancers; therefore, a series of experimental and clinical researches exploring chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells and liver cancer are in progress, acquiring obvious antitumor effect and revealing its feasibility in treating liver cancer. However, lots of challenges and obstacles are emerging simultaneously, such as low infiltration, side effects, safety of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells, and limited data of studies or clinical trials. Researchers have been working out many innovative ways to directly stroke these obstacles, theoretically or practically. This review focuses more on the progress and obstacles from chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells therapy to treat liver cancer, summarizing new breakthroughs in shooting those obstacles, meanwhile, hoping to provide enlightenment to this promising immunotherapeutic method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaliang Lan
- 1 Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiabei Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,2 Division of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bandeira VS, Tomás HA, Alici E, Carrondo MJ, Coroadinha AS. Disclosing the Parameters Leading to High Productivity of Retroviral Producer Cells Lines: Evaluating Random Versus Targeted Integration. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:78-90. [DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. Bandeira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hélio A. Tomás
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Evren Alici
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel J.T. Carrondo
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Coroadinha
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bottai G, Truffi M, Corsi F, Santarpia L. Progress in nonviral gene therapy for breast cancer and what comes next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:595-611. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1305351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bottai
- Oncology Experimental Therapeutics, IRCCS Clinical and Research Institute Humanitas, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Marta Truffi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Milan, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Surgery Division, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Milan, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Libero Santarpia
- Oncology Experimental Therapeutics, IRCCS Clinical and Research Institute Humanitas, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Dhanik A, R. Kirshner J, MacDonald D, Thurston G, C. Lin H, J. Murphy A, Zhang W. In-silico discovery of cancer-specific peptide-HLA complexes for targeted therapy. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:286. [PMID: 27439771 PMCID: PMC4955262 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Class I molecules bind to peptide fragments of proteins degraded inside the cell and display them on the cell surface. We are interested in peptide-HLA complexes involving peptides that are derived from proteins specifically expressed in cancer cells. Such complexes have been shown to provide an effective means of precisely targeting cancer cells by engineered T-cells and antibodies, which would be an improvement over current chemotherapeutic agents that indiscriminately kill proliferating cells. An important concern with the targeting of peptide-HLA complexes is off-target toxicity that could occur due to the presence of complexes similar to the target complex in cells from essential, normal tissues. RESULTS We developed a novel computational strategy for identifying potential peptide-HLA cancer targets and evaluating the likelihood of off-target toxicity associated with these targets. Our strategy combines sequence-based and structure-based approaches in a unique way to predict potential off-targets. The focus of our work is on the complexes involving the most frequent HLA class I allele HLA-A*02:01. Using our strategy, we predicted the off-target toxicity observed in past clinical trials. We employed it to perform a first-ever comprehensive exploration of the human peptidome to identify cancer-specific targets utilizing gene expression data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and GTEx (Gene Tissue Expression), and structural data from PDB (Protein Data Bank). We have thus identified a list of 627 peptide-HLA complexes across various TCGA cancer types. CONCLUSION Peptide-HLA complexes identified using our novel strategy could enable discovery of cancer-specific targets for engineered T-cells or antibody based therapy with minimal off-target toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Dhanik
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | | | - Douglas MacDonald
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Hsin C. Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karlsson H, Svensson E, Gigg C, Jarvius M, Olsson-Strömberg U, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Loskog A. Evaluation of Intracellular Signaling Downstream Chimeric Antigen Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144787. [PMID: 26700307 PMCID: PMC4689545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeting CAR T cells have shown potency in clinical trials targeting B cell leukemia. Although mainly second generation (2G) CARs carrying CD28 or 4-1BB have been investigated in patients, preclinical studies suggest that third generation (3G) CARs with both CD28 and 4-1BB have enhanced capacity. However, little is known about the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of CARs. In the present work, we have analyzed the signaling capacity post antigen stimulation in both 2G and 3G CARs. 3G CAR T cells expanded better than 2G CAR T cells upon repeated stimulation with IL-2 and autologous B cells. An antigen-driven accumulation of CAR+ cells was evident post antigen stimulation. The cytotoxicity of both 2G and 3G CAR T cells was maintained by repeated stimulation. The phosphorylation status of intracellular signaling proteins post antigen stimulation showed that 3G CAR T cells had a higher activation status than 2G. Several proteins involved in signaling downstream the TCR were activated, as were proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell adhesion and exocytosis. In conclusion, 3G CAR T cells had a higher degree of intracellular signaling activity than 2G CARs which may explain the increased proliferative capacity seen in 3G CAR T cells. The study also indicates that there may be other signaling pathways to consider when designing or evaluating new generations of CARs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Flow Cytometry
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Gigg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla Olsson-Strömberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy was selected as the Breakthrough of the Year 2013 by the editors of Science, in part because of the successful treatment of refractory hematological malignancies with adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells. Effective treatment of B cell leukemia may pave the road to future treatment of solid tumors, using similar approaches. The prostate expresses many unique proteins and, since the prostate gland is a dispensable organ, CAR T cells can potentially be used to target these tissue-specific antigens. However, the location and composition of prostate cancer metastases complicate the task of treating these tumors. It is therefore likely that more sophisticated CAR T cell approaches are going to be required for prostate metastasis than for B cell malignancies. Two main challenges that need to be resolved are how to increase the migration and infiltration of CAR T cells into prostate cancer bone metastases and how to counteract the immunosuppressive microenvironment found in bone lesions. Inclusion of homing (chemokine) receptors in CAR T cells may improve their recruitment to bone metastases, as may antibody-based combination therapies to normalize the tumor vasculature. Optimal activation of CAR T cells through the introduction of multiple costimulatory domains would help to overcome inhibitory signals from the tumor microenvironment. Likewise, combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitors that can reduce tumor immunosuppression may help improve efficacy. Other elegant approaches such as induced expression of immune stimulatory cytokines upon target recognition may also help to recruit other effector immune cells to metastatic sites. Although toxicities are difficult to predict in prostate cancer, severe on-target/off-tumor toxicities have been observed in clinical trials with use of CAR T cells against hematological malignancies; therefore, the choice of the target antigen is going to be crucial. This review focuses on different means of accomplishing maximal effectiveness of CAR T cell therapy for prostate cancer bone metastases while minimizing side effects and CAR T cell-associated toxicities. CAR T cell-based therapies for prostate cancer have the potential to be a therapy model for other solid tumors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sachdeva M, Chawla YK, Arora SK. Immunology of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2080-2090. [PMID: 26301050 PMCID: PMC4539401 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i17.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplastic disease-related deaths. A diverse array of infiltrating immunocytes regulates the development and progression of HCC, as is the case in many other cancers. An understanding of the various immune components during HCC becomes necessary so that novel therapeutic strategies can be designed to combat the disease. A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells (e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC.
Collapse
|
22
|
O'Connor CM, Wilson-Robles H. Developing T Cell Cancer Immunotherapy in the Dog with Lymphoma. ILAR J 2014; 55:169-81. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
23
|
CD40L gene therapy tilts the myeloid cell profile and promotes infiltration of activated T lymphocytes. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:95-102. [PMID: 24481488 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a potent stimulator of tumor immunity via its activation of dendritic cells, which in turn initiate T-cell activation. However, T cells are inhibited by suppressive myeloid cells, which constitute an important part of immune evasion. We hypothesized that CD40L may revert the function of suppressive myeloid cells to generate a T-cell stimulatory environment, and this was investigated in the murine bladder cancer model MB49/C57BL/6. Upon intratumoral adenoviral CD40L (AdCD40L) gene therapy, the infiltration of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells was significantly reduced, whereas activated T cells were increased. In vitro, CD40L-expressing MB49 cells tilted the myeloid subpopulations in favor of granulocytic CD11b(+)Gr-1(high) myeloid cells instead of monocytic CD11b(+)Gr-1(int/low) myeloid cells. Further, the level of macrophages in splenocyte co-cultures with MB49 cells was evaluated. In cultures with MB49 cells expressing CD40L, the overall level of macrophages was reduced and the remaining cells were differentiated into M1-like cells. Hence, these data support that CD40L tilts myeloid immune cell populations in favor of anti-tumor immunity (M1) instead of immunosuppression (CD11b(+)Gr-1(int/low) and M2), and this was accompanied by an increased level of activated T cells in the tumor tissue.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hillerdal V, Ramachandran M, Leja J, Essand M. Systemic treatment with CAR-engineered T cells against PSCA delays subcutaneous tumor growth and prolongs survival of mice. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:30. [PMID: 24438073 PMCID: PMC3899402 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has successfully been used to treat both chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia as well as other hematological cancers. Experimental therapy with CAR-engineered T cells has also shown promising results on solid tumors. The prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a protein expressed on the surface of prostate epithelial cells as well as in primary and metastatic prostate cancer cells and therefore a promising target for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. METHODS We developed a third-generation CAR against PSCA including the CD28, OX-40 and CD3 ζ signaling domains. T cells were transduced with a lentivirus encoding the PSCA-CAR and evaluated for cytokine production (paired Student's t-test), proliferation (paired Student's t-test), CD107a expression (paired Student's t-test) and target cell killing in vitro and tumor growth and survival in vivo (Log-rank test comparing Kaplan-Meier survival curves). RESULTS PSCA-CAR T cells exhibit specific interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 secretion and specific proliferation in response to PSCA-expressing target cells. Furthermore, the PSCA-CAR-engineered T cells efficiently kill PSCA-expressing tumor cells in vitro and systemic treatment with PSCA-CAR-engineered T cells significantly delays subcutaneous tumor growth and prolongs survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirms that PSCA-CAR T cells may be developed for treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Cancer remains a devastating disease as existing therapies are too often ineffective and toxicities remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapies for cancer offer the promise of the specificity and memory of the immune system against malignant cells to achieve durable cure with minimal toxicity. Beginning with the success of bone marrow transplantation for blood-borne cancers, and the more recent development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for a variety of tumors, immunotherapies are already among the most successful class of treatments for cancer. Greater understanding of immunoregulatory mechanisms and improved techniques for immune cell manipulation and engineering have led to new immunomodulatory approaches and cell-based therapies for cancer that have generated great excitement within the biomedical community. As these technologies continue to improve, and as new approaches for harnessing the power and specificity of the immune system are developed, immunotherapies will play an increasingly important role in the treatment of cancer. Here, we review the history of immunotherapies for cancer and discuss existing and emerging immunotherapy technologies that hope to translate the promise of immunotherapy into clinical reality.
Collapse
|
26
|
Du G, Liu Y, Li J, Liu W, Wang Y, Li H. Hypothermic microenvironment plays a key role in tumor immune subversion. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:245-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
27
|
Buonaguro L, Petrizzo A, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Challenges in cancer vaccine development for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2013; 59:897-903. [PMID: 23714157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy, representing the third and fifth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide in men and women, respectively. The main risk factor for the development of HCC is the hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infection; non-viral causes (e.g., alcoholism and aflatoxin) are additional risk factors. HCC prognosis is generally poor because of the low effectiveness of available treatments and the overall 5-year survival rate is approximately 5-6%. In this framework, immunotherapeutic interventions, including cancer vaccines, may represent a novel and effective therapeutic tool. However, only few immunotherapy trials for HCC have been conducted so far with contrasting results, suggesting that improvements in several aspects of the immunotherapy approaches need to be implemented. In particular, identification of novel specific tumor antigens and evaluation of most advanced combinatorial strategies could result in unprecedented clinical outcomes with great beneficial effect for HCC patients. The state of the art in immunotherapy strategies for HCC and future perspectives are reported in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- L Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Dept. Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|