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Zhao G, Wang Y, Xing S, Jiang Y, Ding J, Cai Y, Ma P, Miao H, Fang Y, Jiang N, Cui D, Yu Y, Tang Q, Wang S, Li N. Exosome-based anticancer vaccines: From Bench to bedside. Cancer Lett 2024; 595:216989. [PMID: 38825162 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, are released by all active cells and play a crucial role in intercellular communications. Exosomes could facilitate the transfer of various biologically active molecules, such as DNA, non-coding RNAs, and proteins, from donor to recipient cells, thereby participating in diverse biological and pathological processes. Besides, exosomes possess unique characteristics, including non-toxicity, low-immunogenicity, and stability within biological systems, rendering them highly advantageous for cancer drug development. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes originating from tumor cells and immune cells possess distinct composition profiles that play a direct role in anticancer immunotherapy. Of note, exosomes can transport their contents to specific cells, thereby exerting an impact on the phenotype and immune-regulatory functions of targeted cells. Therapeutic cancer vaccines, an emerging therapeutics of immunotherapy, could enhance antitumor immune responses by delivering a large number of tumor antigens, thereby augmenting the immune response against tumor cells. Therefore, the therapeutic rationale of cancer vaccines and exosome-based immunotherapy are almost similar to some extent, but some challenges have hindered their application in the clinical setting. Here, in this review, we first summarized the biogenesis, structure, compositions, and biological functions of exosomes. Then we described the roles of exosomes in cancer biology, particularly in tumor immunity. We also comprehensively reviewed current exosome-based anticancer vaccine development and we divided them into three types. Finally, we give some insights into clinical translation and clinical trial progress of exosome-based anticancer vaccines for future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shujun Xing
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yale Jiang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiatong Ding
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuanting Cai
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Peiwen Ma
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Huilei Miao
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Dandan Cui
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qiyu Tang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Van Delen M, Derdelinckx J, Wouters K, Nelissen I, Cools N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of human extracellular vesicle-based therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12458. [PMID: 38958077 PMCID: PMC11220457 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it has become clear that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not a cellular waste disposal vesicle but are an essential part of an intercellular communication system. Besides the use of EVs in biomarker studies and diagnostics, the potential of EV-therapeutics has been seen by many. They provide unique properties for disease therapy, including strong immune-modulatory actions, the possibility of engineering, low immunogenicity, and the capability of crossing biological barriers. Proof-of-concept of EV-therapeutics for various pathologies has been achieved in preclinical studies. However, clinical trials with EVs have only been emerging slowly. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning clinical studies using EVs in human therapy. By approaching the current knowledge in a systematic manner, we were able to include 21 reports for meta-analysis of safety and evaluation of efficacy outcomes. Overall, we have shown that EV-based therapy is safe with a low incidence of serious adverse events (SAE; 0.7% (95%-CI: 0.1-5.2%), and adverse events (AE; 4.4% (95%-CI: 0.7-22.2%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in SAE when comparing autologous versus allogeneic administration, as well as engineered versus non-engineered EV products. A significantly higher number of AE was seen in autologous versus allogeneic administration. However, the clinical relevance remains questionable. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive or regenerative EV-therapies indicated improvement in the majority of treated patients. Despite these promising results, data need to be approached with caution due to a high heterogeneity in the EVs manufacturing methods, study design, and reporting of (S)AE. Overall, we conclude that EV-based therapy is safe and presents a promising opportunity in therapy. More efforts are needed in the standardization and harmonization of reporting of EV isolation and characterization data as well as in the reporting of (S)AE to allow inter-study comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Van Delen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
- Health DepartmentFlemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)MolBelgium
| | - Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
- Clinical Trial Center (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University HospitalUniversity of AntwerpEdegemBelgium
| | | | - Inge Nelissen
- Health DepartmentFlemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)MolBelgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio)University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCRG)Antwerp University HospitalEdegemBelgium
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Liu T, Sun L, Ji Y, Zhu W. Extracellular vesicles in cancer therapy: Roles, potential application, and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189101. [PMID: 38608963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including cancer as they play important roles in cancer development and progression. Considering their natural capacity to facilitate cell-to-cell communication as well as their high physiochemical stability and biocompatibility, EVs serve as superior delivery systems for a wide range of therapeutic agents, including medicines, nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and proteins. Therefore, EVs-based cancer therapy is of greater interest to researchers. Mounting studies indicate that EVs can be improved in efficiency, specificity, and safety for cancer therapy. However, their heterogeneity of physicochemical properties and functions is not fully understood, hindering the achievement of bioactive EVs with high yield and purity. Herein, we paid more attention to the EVs applications and their significance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Al-Hawary SIS, Almajidi YQ, Bansal P, Ahmad I, Kaur H, Hjazi A, Deorari M, Zwamel AH, Hamzah HF, Mohammed BA. Dendritic cell-derived exosome (DEX) therapy for digestive system cancers: Recent advances and future prospect. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 257:155288. [PMID: 38653088 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-mediated immunosuppression is a fundamental obstacle to the development of dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines, which despite their ability to stimulate host anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity, have not been able to generate meaningful therapeutic responses. Exosomes are inactive membrane vesicles that are nanoscale in size and are produced by the endocytic pathway. They are essential for intercellular communication. Additionally, DC-derived exosomes (DEXs) contained MHC class I/II (MHCI/II), which is frequently complexed with antigens and co-stimulatory molecules and is therefore able to prime CD4 and CD8 T cells that are specific to particular antigens. Indeed, vaccines with DEXs have been shown to exhibit better anti-tumor efficacy in eradicating tumors compared to DC vaccines in pre-clinical models of digestive system tumors. Also, there is room for improvement in the tumor antigenic peptide (TAA) selection process. DCs release highly targeted exosomes when the right antigenic peptide is chosen, which could aid in the creation of DEX-based antitumor vaccines that elicit more targeted immune responses. Coupled with their resistance to tumor immunosuppression, DEXs-based cancer vaccines have been heralded as the superior alternative cell-free therapeutic vaccines over DC vaccines to treat digestive system tumors. In this review, current studies of DEXs cancer vaccines as well as potential future directions will be deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasir Qasim Almajidi
- Department of pharmacy (pharmaceutics), Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh 247341, India; Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831001, India
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ahmed Hussein Zwamel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Hamza Fadhel Hamzah
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Essola JM, Zhang M, Yang H, Li F, Xia B, Mavoungou JF, Hussain A, Huang Y. Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:124-146. [PMID: 37927901 PMCID: PMC10622742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest interest in the scientific community. Their size, established as an average of 30-150 nm, allows them to be easily uptaken by most cells. According to the type of cells-derived exosomes, they may carry specific biomolecular cargoes used to reprogram the cells they are interacting with. In certain circumstances, exosomes stimulate the immune response by facilitating or amplifying the release of foreign antigens-killing cells, inflammatory factors, or antibodies (immune activation). Meanwhile, in other cases, they are efficiently used by malignant elements such as cancer cells to mislead the immune recognition mechanism, carrying and transferring their cancerous cargoes to distant healthy cells, thus contributing to antigenic invasion (immune suppression). Exosome dichotomic patterns upon immune system regulation present broad advantages in immunotherapy. Its perfect comprehension, from its early biogenesis to its specific interaction with recipient cells, will promote a significant enhancement of immunotherapy employing molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Milon Essola
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyin Yang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Bozhang Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, 20411, Gabon
- Central and West African Virus Epidemiology, Libreville, 2263, Gabon
- Département de phytotechnologies, Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, 901, Gabon
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du développement Technologique, Libreville, 16182, Gabon
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Rigerna Therapeutics Co. Ltd., China
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Zhang RY, Cheng K, Huang ZY, Zhang XS, Li Y, Sun X, Yang XQ, Hu YG, Hou XL, Liu B, Chen W, Fan JX, Zhao YD. M1 macrophage-derived exosome for reprograming M2 macrophages and combining endogenous NO gas therapy with enhanced photodynamic synergistic therapy in colorectal cancer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:612-625. [PMID: 37862809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages in tumor site provides a new strategy for the immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. In this study, M1 macrophage-derived exosome nanoprobe (M1UC) with Ce6-loaded upconversion material is designed to enhance the photodynamic performance of Ce6 while reprogramming M2 macrophages at tumor site and producing NO gas for three-mode synergistic therapy. Under the excitation of near-infrared light at 808 nm, the probe can generate 660 nm up-conversion fluorescence, which enables the photosensitizer Ce6 to produce ROS efficiently. In addition, the probe leads the production of NO by nitric oxide synthase on exosomes. Confocal laser and flow cytometry results show that M1UC probe reprograms M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages with an efficiency of 95.12%. The cell experiments show that the apoptosis rate of the three-mode synergistic therapy group is 78.8%, and the therapeutic effect is significantly higher than those of the other single treatment groups. In vivo experiments results show that M1UC probes maximally gather at the tumor site after 12 h of intravenous injection in orthotopic colorectal cancer mice. After 808 nm laser irradiation, the survival rate of mice is 100% and the recurrence rate was 0 within 60 d, and the therapeutic effect is significantly higher than those of other single treatment groups, which is also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This M1 macrophage-derived exosome nanoplatform which is based on the three modes of immunotherapy, gas therapy and photodynamic therapy, provides a new design idea for the diagnosis and treatment of deep tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yun Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China; School of Bioengineering and Health, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, Hubei, PR China; State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, Hubei, PR China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Yao Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China; Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan 430081, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xing Sun
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yong-Guo Hu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lin Hou
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Di Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China.
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Luo G, Zhou Z, Cao Z, Huang C, Li C, Li X, Deng C, Wu P, Yang Z, Tang J, Qing L. M2 macrophage-derived exosomes induce angiogenesis and increase skin flap survival through HIF1AN/HIF-1α/VEGFA control. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 751:109822. [PMID: 38030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin flap transplantation is a routine strategy in plastic and reconstructive surgery for skin-soft tissue defects. Recent research has shown that M2 macrophages have the potential for pro-angiogenesis during tissue healing. METHODS In our research, we extracted the exosomes from M2 macrophages(M2-exo) and applied the exosomes in the model of skin flap transplantation. The flap survival area was measured, and the choke vessels were assessed by morphological observation. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Immunohistochemistry were applied to assess the neovascularization. The effect of M2-exo on the function of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was also investigated. We also administrated 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, an inhibitor of HIF-1α) to explore the underlying mechanism. We tested the effects of M2-Exo on the proliferation of HUVECs through CCK8 assay and EdU staining assay. RESULTS The survival area and number of micro-vessels in the skin flaps were increased in the M2-exo group. Besides, the dilation rate of choke vessels was also enhanced in the M2-exo group. Additionally, compared with the control group, M2-exo could accelerate the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro. Furthermore, the expression of the pro-angiogenesis factors, HIF-1α and VEGFA, were overexpressed with the treatment of the M2-exo. The expression of HIF1AN protein level was decreased in the M2-exo group. Finally, treatment with HIF-1α inhibitor reverses the pro-survival effect of M2-exo on skin flaps by interfering with the HIF1AN/HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study showed that M2-exosomes promote skin flap survival by enhancing angiogenesis, with HIF1AN/HIF-1α/VEGFA playing a crucial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zekun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengxiong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenni Yang
- Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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8
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Lai JJ, Hill JJ, Huang CY, Lee GC, Mai KW, Shen MY, Wang SK. Unveiling the Complex World of Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Characterization Techniques and Manufacturing Considerations. Chonnam Med J 2024; 60:1-12. [PMID: 38304124 PMCID: PMC10828078 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2024.60.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as potent mediators of intercellular communication for many in vivo processes, contributing to both health and disease related conditions. Given their biological origins and diverse functionality from correspondingly unique "cargo" compositions, both endogenous and modified EVs are garnering attention as promising therapeutic modalities and vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery applications. Their diversity in composition, however, has revealed a significant need for more comprehensive analytical-based characterization methods, and manufacturing processes that are consistent and scalable. In this review, we explore the dynamic landscape of EV research and development efforts, ranging from novel isolation approaches, to their analytical assessment through novel characterization techniques, and to their production by industrial-scale manufacturing process considerations. Expanding the horizon of these topics to EVs for in-human applications, we underscore the need for stringent development and adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. Wherein, the intricate interplay of raw materials, production in bioreactors, and isolation practices, along with analytical assessments compliant with the Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines, in conjunction with reference standard materials, collectively pave the way for standardized and consistent GMP production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- BioProcess Technology Group, BDO, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey Y. Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gino C. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karol W. Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maggie Y. Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Gates TJ, Wangmo D, Zhao X, Subramanian S. Allogeneic tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles stimulate CD8 T cell response in colorectal cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100727. [PMID: 37822487 PMCID: PMC10562189 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Most colorectal cancer (CRC) patients present with a microsatellite-stable phenotype, rendering them resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Among the contributors to ICI resistance, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) have emerged as critical players. Previously we demonstrated that autologous transfer of TEVs without miR-424 can induce tumor antigen-specific immune responses in CRC models. Therefore, we postulated that allogeneic TEVs, modified to lack miR-424 and derived from an MC38 cells, could induce CD8+ T cell responses while restraining CT26 cell-based tumor. Here, we show that prophylactic administration of MC38 TEVs, without miR-424, showed a significant augmentation in CD8+ T-cells within CT26 tumors. This allogenic TEV effect was evident in CT26 tumors but not B16-F10 melanoma. Furthermore, we demonstrated the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) to internalize TEVs, a possible mechanism to elicit immune response. Our investigation of autologously administered DCs, which had been exposed to modified TEVs, underscores their potential to dampen tumor growth while elevating CD8+ T cell levels vis-a-vis MC38 wild-type TEVs exposed to DCs. Notably, the modified TEVs were well tolerated and did not increase peripheral blood cytokine levels. Our findings underscore the potential of modified allogeneic TEVs without immune-suppressive factors to elicit robust T cell responses and limit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Gates
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dechen Wangmo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Xu X, Wu T, Lin R, Zhu S, Ji J, Jin D, Huang M, Zheng W, Ni W, Jiang F, Xuan S, Xiao M. Differences between migrasome, a 'new organelle', and exosome. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3672-3680. [PMID: 37665060 PMCID: PMC10718147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The migrasome is a new organelle discovered by Professor Yu Li in 2015. When cells migrate, the membranous organelles that appear at the end of the retraction fibres are migrasomes. With the migration of cells, the retraction fibres which connect migrasomes and cells finally break. The migrasomes detach from the cell and are released into the extracellular space or directly absorbed by the recipient cell. The cytoplasmic contents are first transported to the migrasome and then released from the cell through the migrasome. This release mechanism, which depends on cell migration, is named 'migracytosis'. The main components of the migrasome are extracellular vesicles after they leave the cell, which are easy to remind people of the current hot topic of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles wrapped by the lipid bimolecular layer. With extensive research, exosomes have solved many disease problems. This review summarizes the differences between migrasomes and exosomes in size, composition, property and function, extraction method and regulation mechanism for generation and release. At the same time, it also prospects for the current hotspot of migrasomes, hoping to provide literature support for further research on the generation and release mechanism of migrasomes and their clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Renjie Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shengze Zhu
- Medical School of Nantong University oral medcine192NantongChina
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dandan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Mengxiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenkai Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAffiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong UniversityDongtaiChina
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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11
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Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Gupta S. Cancer treatment therapies: traditional to modern approaches to combat cancers. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9663-9676. [PMID: 37828275 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
As far as health issues are concerned, cancer causes one out of every six deaths around the globe. As potent therapeutics are still awaited for the successful treatment of cancer, some unconventional treatments like radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy and some advanced technologies like gene therapy, stem cell therapy, natural antioxidants, targeted therapy, photodynamic therapy, nanoparticles, and precision medicine are available to diagnose and treat cancer. In the present scenario, the prime focus is on developing efficient nanomedicines to treat cancer. Although stem cell therapy has the capability to target primary as well as metastatic cancer foci, it also has the ability to repair and regenerate injured tissues. However, nanoparticles are designed to have such novel therapeutic capabilities. Targeted therapy is also now available to arrest the growth and development of cancer cells without damaging healthy tissues. Another alternative approach in this direction is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which has more potential to treat cancer as it does minimal damage and does not limit other technologies, as in the case of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The best possible way to treat cancer is by developing novel therapeutics through translational research. In the present scenario, an important event in modern oncology therapy is the shift from an organ-centric paradigm guiding therapy to complete molecular investigations. The lacunae in anticancer therapy may be addressed through the creation of contemporary and pertinent cancer therapeutic techniques. In the meantime, the growth of nanotechnology, material sciences, and biomedical sciences has revealed a wide range of contemporary therapies with intelligent features, adaptable functions, and modification potential. The development of numerous therapeutic techniques for the treatment of cancer is summarized in this article. Additionally, it can serve as a resource for oncology and immunology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Yang X, Xie X, Liu S, Ma W, Zheng Z, Wei H, Yu CY. Engineered Exosomes as Theranostic Platforms for Cancer Treatment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5479-5503. [PMID: 37695590 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in nanotechnology and nanomedicine has made a significant positive effect on cancer treatment by integrating multicomponents into a single multifunctional nanosized delivery system for combinatorial therapies. Although numerous nanocarriers developed so far have achieved excellent therapeutic performance in mouse models via elegant integration of chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy, their synthetic origin may still cause systemic toxicity, immunogenicity, and preferential detection or elimination by the immune system. Exosomes, endogenous nanosized particles secreted by multiple biological cells, could be absorbed by recipient cells to facilitate intercellular communication and content delivery. Therefore, exosomes have emerged as novel cargo delivery tools and attracted considerable attention for cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their innate stability, biological compatibility, and biomembrane penetration capacity. Exosome-related properties and functions have been well-documented; however, there are few reviews, to our knowledge, with a focus on the combination of exosomes and nanotechnology for the development of exosome-based theranostic platforms. To make a timely review on this hot subject of research, we summarize the basic information, isolation and functionalization methodologies, diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in various cancers with an emphasis on the description of exosome-related nanomedicine for cancer theranostics. The existing appealing challenges and outlook in exosome clinical translation are finally introduced. Advanced biotechnology and nanotechnology will definitely not only promote the integration of intrinsic advantages of natural nanosized exosomes with traditional synthetic nanomaterials for modulated precise cancer treatment but also contribute to the clinical translations of exosome-based nanomedicine as theranostic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Province Cooperative, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiangyu Xie
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Songbin Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Province Cooperative, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Province Cooperative, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Province Cooperative, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Hegde M, Kumar A, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Goel A, Hui KM, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Exosomal noncoding RNA-mediated spatiotemporal regulation of lipid metabolism: Implications in immune evasion and chronic inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:114-134. [PMID: 37419767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of chronic inflammatory diseases is immune evasion. Successful immune evasion involves numerous mechanisms to suppress both adaptive and innate immune responses. Either direct contact between cells or paracrine signaling triggers these responses. Exosomes are critical drivers of these interactions and exhibit both immunogenic and immune evasion properties during the development and progression of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Exosomes carry diverse molecular cargo, including lipids, proteins, and RNAs that are crucial for immunomodulation. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that exosomes and their cargo-loaded molecules are extensively involved in lipid remodeling and metabolism during immune surveillance and disease. Many studies have also shown the involvement of lipids in controlling immune cell activities and their crucial upstream functions in regulating inflammasome activation, suggesting that any perturbation in lipid metabolism results in abnormal immune responses. Strikingly, the expanded immunometabolic reprogramming capacities of exosomes and their contents provided insights into the novel mechanisms behind the prophylaxis of inflammatory diseases. By summarizing the tremendous therapeutic potential of exosomes, this review emphasizes the role of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in regulating immune responses through the modulation of lipid metabolism and their promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; Computers and communications Department College of Engineering Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Akul Goel
- California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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14
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Xiong J, Chi H, Yang G, Zhao S, Zhang J, Tran LJ, Xia Z, Yang F, Tian G. Revolutionizing anti-tumor therapy: unleashing the potential of B cell-derived exosomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188760. [PMID: 37342327 PMCID: PMC10277631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells occupy a vital role in the functioning of the immune system, working in tandem with T cells to either suppress or promote tumor growth within the tumor microenvironment(TME). In addition to direct cell-to-cell communication, B cells and other cells release exosomes, small membrane vesicles ranging in size from 30-150 nm, that facilitate intercellular signaling. Exosome research is an important development in cancer research, as they have been shown to carry various molecules such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) molecules and integrins, which regulate the TME. Given the close association between TME and cancer development, targeting substances within the TME has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the contributions made by B cells and exosomes to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, we delve into the potential role of B cell-derived exosomes in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xiong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Songyun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Lisa Jia Tran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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15
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Cheng H, Chen W, Lin Y, Zhang J, Song X, Zhang D. Signaling pathways involved in the biological functions of dendritic cells and their implications for disease treatment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:15. [PMID: 37183207 PMCID: PMC10183318 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and regulate adaptive immune responses is fundamental for maintaining immune homeostasis upon exposure to self or foreign antigens. The immune regulatory function of DCs is strictly controlled by their distribution as well as by cytokines, chemokines, and transcriptional programming. These factors work in conjunction to determine whether DCs exert an immunosuppressive or immune-activating function. Therefore, understanding the molecular signals involved in DC-dependent immunoregulation is crucial in providing insight into the generation of organismal immunity and revealing potential clinical applications of DCs. Considering the many breakthroughs in DC research in recent years, in this review we focused on three basic lines of research directly related to the biological functions of DCs and summarized new immunotherapeutic strategies involving DCs. First, we reviewed recent findings on DC subsets and identified lineage-restricted transcription factors that guide the development of different DC subsets. Second, we discussed the recognition and processing of antigens by DCs through pattern recognition receptors, endogenous/exogenous pathways, and the presentation of antigens through peptide/major histocompatibility complexes. Third, we reviewed how interactions between DCs and T cells coordinate immune homeostasis in vivo via multiple pathways. Finally, we summarized the application of DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases and tumors and highlighted potential research prospects for immunotherapy that targets DCs. This review provides a useful resource to better understand the immunomodulatory signals involved in different subsets of DCs and the manipulation of these immune signals can facilitate DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Lin
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Song
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Gates TJ, Wangmo D, Zhao X, Subramanian S. Allogeneic Tumor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Stimulate CD8 T Cell Response in Colorectal Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.17.537250. [PMID: 37131597 PMCID: PMC10153182 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.537250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Most CRC patients present with a microsatellite stable (MSS) phenotype and are highly resistant to immunotherapies. Tumor extracellular vesicles (TEVs), secreted by tumor cells, can contribute to intrinsic resistance to immunotherapy in CRC. We previously showed that autologous TEVs without functional miR-424 induce anti-tumor immune responses. We hypothesized that allogeneic modified CRC-TEVs without miR-424 (mouse homolog miR-322) derived from an MC38 background would effectively stimulate CD8+ T cell response and limit CT26 tumor growth. Here we show that prophylactic administration of MC38 TEVs without functional miR-424 significantly increased CD8+ T cells in CT26 CRC tumors and limited tumor growth, not B16-F10 melanoma tumors. We further show that the depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells abolished the protective effects of MC38 TEVs without functional miR-424. We further show that TEVs can be taken up by DCs in vitro, and subsequent prophylactic administration of autologous DCs exposed to MC38 TEVs without functional miR-424 suppressed tumor growth and increased CD8+ T cells compared to MC38 wild-type TEVs exposed to DCs, in Balb/c mice bearing CT26 tumors. Notably, the modified EVs were well tolerated and did not increase cytokine expression in peripheral blood. These findings suggest that allogeneic-modified CRC-EVs without immune suppressive miR-424 can induce antitumor CD8+ T cell responses and limit tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Gates
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dechen Wangmo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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17
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Xia D, Wu R, Wang S, Chen G, Lu Y, Zhao L. Global Trends and Prospects Regarding Exosomes in Cancer Immunology Research Over the Past 10 Years. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231199892. [PMID: 37990510 PMCID: PMC10666717 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231199892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exosomes and cancer immunology are both important areas of research for cancer treatment. As much effort has been made to explore the relationship between exosomes and cancer immunology, exosomes in cancer immunology have become a hotspot in medical research. Methods: We retrieved all relevant publications between 2011 and 2021 from the Web of Science and utilized Microsoft Excel 365, Citespace, Online Analysis Platform of Literature Metrology (http://bibliometric.com/) and software including VOS viewer to analyze and visualize the research result. Results: Of the 820 studies included, China published the most articles, followed by the USA. Cooperation between countries has progressed over the past decade. Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Oncotargets and Therapy were the institution and journal that published the most articles respectively. The most frequently cited article in this field, titled "Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver," was published in Nature Cell Biology. Keywords were divided into three: Mechanism research, treatment application research, and diagnosis and prognosis research of which the latter was the newest cluster. "Microenvironment," "PD-L1" and "M2 macrophage" were representative new keywords while "tumor suppressor" was the keyword cited most frequently. Conclusion: The publication trend shows that cooperation between different countries and institutions contributes to the development of this field. Researchers should continue to extend collaborations for further advances. The rising relative research interest indicated that this is a hot topic with great research potential. Macrophages polarization and PD-L1 application in tumor immunotherapy are worthy of further research. Hotspots will likely transfer from mechanistic research to clinical research, particularly for methods to increase the survival rate and improve the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoqi Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Luodian Clinical Drug Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Fu C, Ma T, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Against Cancer: Challenges, Advances and Future Opportunities. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2133-2158. [PMID: 35946383 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the most potent professional antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to activate both naive CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recognized for their exceptional ability to cross-present exogenous antigens to prime naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells, DCs play a critical role in generating CD8 T cell immunity, as well as mediating CD8 T cell tolerance to tumor antigens. Despite the ability to potentiate host CD8 T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, current DC-based cancer vaccines have not yet achieved the promised success clinically with the exception of FDA-approved Provenge. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play a critical role in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Together with promising clinical results in neoantigen-based cancer vaccines, there is a great need for DC-based vaccines to be further developed and refined either as monotherapies or in combination with other immunotherapies. In this review, we will present a brief review of DC development and function, discuss recent progress, and provide a perspective on future directions to realize the promising potential of DC-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tianle Ma
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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19
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Extracellular vesicles as an emerging drug delivery system for cancer treatment: Current strategies and recent advances. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Shi Y, Lu Y, You J. Antigen transfer and its effect on vaccine-induced immune amplification and tolerance. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5888-5913. [PMID: 35966588 PMCID: PMC9373810 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen transfer refers to the process of intercellular information exchange, where antigenic components including nucleic acids, antigen proteins/peptides and peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (p-MHCs) are transmitted from donor cells to recipient cells at the thymus, secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), intestine, allergic sites, allografts, pathological lesions and vaccine injection sites via trogocytosis, gap junctions, tunnel nanotubes (TNTs), or extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the context of vaccine inoculation, antigen transfer is manipulated by the vaccine type and administration route, which consequently influences, even alters the immunological outcome, i.e., immune amplification and tolerance. Mainly focused on dendritic cells (DCs)-based antigen receptors, this review systematically introduces the biological process, molecular basis and clinical manifestation of antigen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Xia J, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang X, Dai J. Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) as an anti-cancer nanovaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113250. [PMID: 35700679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and peptide vaccines have become appealing and attractive anticancer immunotherapy options in recent decades, some obstacles have hindered their successful application in the clinical setting. The difficulties associated with the high cost of DC preparation, storage of DC vaccines, tumor-mediated immunosuppressive environment, identification of specific tumor antigens, and high degradation of antigen peptides in vivo limit the clinical application and affect the outcomes of these cancer vaccines. Recently, nanocarriers have been considered as a new approach for vaccine delivery. As biogenic nanocarriers, exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells that carry various proteins, RNAs, and lipids. More importantly, DC-derived exosomes (Dex) express tumor antigens, MHC molecules, and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface, which trigger the release of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. With their membrane structure, Dex can avoid high degradation while ensuring favorable biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. In addition, Dex can be stored in vitro for a longer period, which facilitates a significant reduction in production costs. Furthermore, they have shown better antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies compared with DC vaccines owing to their higher immunogenicity and stronger resistance to immunosuppressive effects. However, the clinical efficacy of Dex vaccines remains limited. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Dex as an anticancer nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
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22
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Panigrahi AR, Srinivas L, Panda J. Exosomes: Insights and therapeutic applications in cancer. Transl Oncol 2022; 21:101439. [PMID: 35551002 PMCID: PMC9108525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer refers to the division of abnormal cells at an uncontrollable rate that possesses the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal tissues. It frequently spreads to normal tissues throughout the body, a condition known as metastasis, which is a significant concern. It is the second leading cause of mortality globally and treatment therapy can assist in improving survival rates. Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles secreted by several cells that act as messengers between cells. When engineered, exosomes act as promising drug delivery vehicles that help achieve targeted action at the tumour site and reduce the limitations of conventional treatments such as castration, chemotherapy, radiation, etc. The present review provides an overview of exosomes, the biogenesis, sources, isolation methods and characterization. The current status and applications of chemotherapeutic agents loaded, engineered exosomes in cancer treatment were convoluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Raj Panigrahi
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Lankalapalli Srinivas
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
| | - Jagadeesh Panda
- Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamarri, Visakhapatnam - 531162, India
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23
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Guo W, Qiao T, Dong B, Li T, Liu Q, Xu X. The Effect of Hypoxia-Induced Exosomes on Anti-Tumor Immunity and Its Implication for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915985. [PMID: 35812406 PMCID: PMC9257077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical feature of solid tumors and is considered to be a key factor in promoting tumorigenesis and progression. Beyond inducing metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells to adapt to the hypoxia tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia can also promote tumor growth by affecting the secretion of exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized (30-150 nm in diameter) extracellular vesicles that can carry numerous substances including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. Notably, hypoxia-induced exosomes alterations not only exist in tumor cells, but also in various TME cells including stromal cells and immune cells. Besides promoting tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance, the secretion of these altered exosomes has recently been found to negatively regulate anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on the hypoxia-induced changes in exosome secretion and found it can contributes to immune evasion and cancer progression by recruiting protumor immune cells into TME, as well as inhibiting antitumor immune cells. Next, we also describe the recent advances of exosomes in immunotherapy and future direction. In conclusion, ongoing discoveries in this field have brought new insights into hypoxia exosome-led immunosuppression, enabling the development of exosome-based therapeutics and elucidating their potential in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Clinical Research Center, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Tianyun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bingwei Dong
- Clinical Research Center, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Xu, ; Qiang Liu, ; Tian Li,
| | - Qiang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Xu, ; Qiang Liu, ; Tian Li,
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Clinical Research Center, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Xu, ; Qiang Liu, ; Tian Li,
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24
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The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492712 PMCID: PMC10363595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of multiple regulatory sites. Protein molecules, mainly RAB GTPases, cytoskeletal proteins and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE), are specifically regulated in response to pathological conditions such as altered cellular microenvironment, stimulation by pathogenic factors, or gene mutation. This interferes with the smooth functioning of endocytosis, translocation, degradation, docking and fusion processes, leading to changes in the secretion of exosomes. Large numbers of secreted exosomes are disseminated by the flow of body fluids and absorbed by the recipient cells. By transmitting characteristic functional proteins and genetic information produced under disease conditions, exosomes can change the physiological state of the recipient cells and their microenvironment. The microenvironment, in turn, affects the occurrence and development of disease. Therefore, this review will discuss the mechanism by which exosome secretion is regulated in cells following the formation of mature secretory multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The overall aim is to find ways to eliminate disease-derived exosomes at their source, thereby providing an important new basis for the clinical treatment of disease.
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25
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Ferreira D, Moreira JN, Rodrigues LR. New Advances in Exosome-based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103628. [PMID: 35189326 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various drug nano-delivery platforms have emerged to enhance drug effectiveness in cancer treatment. However, their successful translation to clinics have been hampered by unwanted side effects, as well as associated toxicity. Therefore, there is an imperative need for drug delivery vehicles capable of surpassing cellular barriers and also efficiently transfer therapeutic payloads to tumor cells. Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles naturally released from all cells, have been exploited as a favorable delivery vehicle due to their natural role in intracellular communication and biocompatibility. In this review, information on exosome biogenesis, contents, forms of isolation and their natural functions is discussed, further complemented with the various successful methodologies for therapeutic payloads encapsulation, including distinct loading approaches. In addition, grafting of molecules to improve pharmacokinetics, tumor homing-ligands, as well as stimuli-responsive elements to enhance cell specificity are also debated. In the end, the current status of clinical-grade exosome-based therapies is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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26
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Tong L, Yan C, Wang M, Yang J, Wang H, Wang Y. Prognostic Value of Serum Exosomal AHCY Expression in Hepatitis B-Induced Liver Cirrhosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:777452. [PMID: 34820406 PMCID: PMC8606640 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.777452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to investigate serum exosomal adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) expression in hepatitis B-induced liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC) patients and to determine the prognostic value of serum exosomal AHCY. Methods: We collected serum samples from 100 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and from 114 HBV-LC patients to test serum exosomal AHCY expression using ELISA. Results: Compared with the CHB and Grade A and B HBV-LC groups, the level of exosomal AHCY expression was significantly higher in the HBV-LC group [376.62 (291.50-448.02) vs. 248.12 (189.28-324.63), P > 0.001] and the Grade C HBV-LC group [408.70 (365.63-465.76) vs. 279.76 (215.16-336.07), P > 0.001], respectively. Serum exosomal AHCY expression and MELD score had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.844, P < 0.001). Survival curve analysis showed that patients with low exosomal AHCY expression had significantly longer survival than patients with high exosomal AHCY expression (P = 0.0038). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) value for the mortality prediction ability of serum exosomal AHCY in HBV-LC patients was 0.921, which was higher than the values for the MELD score (AUC 0.815) and Child-Pugh classification (AUC 0.832), with a sensitivity and specificity of 93.41 and 76.00%, respectively. Conclusions: The serum exosomal AHCY level is a novel potential prognostic biomarker in HBV-LC patients, which may be great significance for the prognosis of HBV-LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuilin Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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27
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Margarit DH, González NS, Romanelli LM, Fendrik AJ, Scagliotti AF, Reale MV. An integrative model of cancer cell differentiation with immunotherapy . Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 34633296 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac2e72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve cancer treatments, cancer cell differentiation and immunotherapy are the subjects of several studies in different branches of interdisciplinary sciences. In this work, we develop a new population model that integrates other complementary ones, thus emphasizing the relationship between cancer cells at different differentiation stages and the main immune system cells. For this new system, specific ranges were found where transdifferentiation of differentiated cancer cells can occur. In addition, a specific therapy against cancer stem cells was analysed by simulating cytotoxic cell vaccines. In reference to the latter, the different combinations of parameters that optimize it were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Margarit
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Nadia S González
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia M Romanelli
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Fendrik
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ariel F Scagliotti
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marcela V Reale
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J M Gutiérrez 1150, Los Polvorines (B1613), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ingeniería e Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (UNLaM), Florencio Varela 1903, San Justo (B1754), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Korzynska A, Roszkowiak L, Zak J, Siemion K. A review of current systems for annotation of cell and tissue images in digital pathology. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Vergani E, Daveri E, Vallacchi V, Bergamaschi L, Lalli L, Castelli C, Rodolfo M, Rivoltini L, Huber V. Extracellular vesicles in anti-tumor immunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:64-79. [PMID: 34509614 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To what extent extracellular vesicles (EVs) can impact anti-tumor immune responses has only started to get unraveled. Their nanometer dimensions, their growing number of subtypes together with the difficulties in defining their origin hamper their investigation. The existence of tumor cell lines facilitated advance in cancer EV understanding, while capturing information about phenotypes and functions of immune cell EVs in this context is more complex. The advent of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has further deepened the need to dissect the impact of EVs during immune activation and response, not least to contribute unraveling and preventing the generation of resistance occurring in the majority of patients. Here we discuss the factors that influence anddrive the immune response in cancer patients in the context of cancer therapeutics and the roles or possible functions that EVs can have in this scenario. With immune cell-derived EVs as leitmotiv, we will journey from EV discovery and subtypes through physiological and pathological functions, from similarities with tumor EVs to measures to revert detrimental consequences on immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vergani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Daveri
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Lalli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Exosomes Engineering and Their Roles as Therapy Delivery Tools, Therapeutic Targets, and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9543. [PMID: 34502452 PMCID: PMC8431173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are becoming increasingly important therapeutic biomaterials for use in a variety of therapeutic applications due to their unique characteristics, especially due to the ineffectiveness and cytotoxicity of some existing therapies and synthetic therapeutic nanocarriers. They are highly promising as carriers of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents that can be incorporated into their interior or onto their surface through various modification techniques to improve their targeting abilities. In addition, they are biocompatible, safe, and stable. The review focuses on different types of exosomes and methods of their preparation, including the incorporation of different kinds of cargo, especially for drug delivery purposes. In particular, their importance and effectiveness as delivery vehicles of various therapeutic agents for a variety of therapeutic applications, including different diseases and disorders such as cancer treatment, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, are emphasized. Administration routes of exosomes into the body are also included. A novelty in the article is the emphasis on global companies that are already successfully developing and testing such therapeutic biomaterials, with a focus on the most influential ones. Moreover, a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of exosome production is summarized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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31
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Yao Y, Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153667. [PMID: 34359569 PMCID: PMC8345209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the initiators of adaptive immune responses, DCs play a central role in regulating the balance between CD8 T cell immunity versus tolerance to tumor antigens. Exploiting their function to potentiate host anti-tumor immunity, DC-based vaccines have been one of most promising and widely used cancer immunotherapies. However, DC-based cancer vaccines have not achieved the promised success in clinical trials, with one of the major obstacles being tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A recent discovery on the critical role of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, however, has highlighted the need to further develop and refine DC-based vaccines either as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies. DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as a promising alternative to DC-based vaccines, as DCexos are more resistance to tumor-mediated suppression and DCexo vaccines have exhibited better anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical animal models. However, DCexo vaccines have only achieved limited clinical efficacy and failed to induce tumor-specific T cell responses in clinical trials. The lack of clinical efficacy might be partly due to the fact that all current clinical trials used peptide-loaded DCexos from monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will focus on the perspective of expanding current DCexo research to move DCexo cancer vaccines forward clinically to realize their potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
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32
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Luo R, Liu M, Tan T, Yang Q, Wang Y, Men L, Zhao L, Zhang H, Wang S, Xie T, Tian Q. Emerging Significance and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular vesicles. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2476-2486. [PMID: 34326688 PMCID: PMC8315015 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that have many advantages over traditional nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Evidence from recent studies indicate that EVs have therapeutic capability with chemical or biological modification. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) were used as a new type of antigens or tumor vaccines in anti-tumor immunotherapy. With superior characteristics, modified EVs were applied to loaded and delivered synthetic drugs, silencing RNA, and microRNA for treatment. Different surface functionalization strategies have been proposed to improve the therapeutic functions of EVs. Appropriately modified EVs for disease intervention provide new avenues for effective clinical treatment strategies. Therefore, this review aimed at elucidating the therapeutic functions of EVs to generate new ideas for treatment and to unlock their hidden potential in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhua Luo
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tiantian Tan
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Lianhui Men
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
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Cao XH, Liang MX, Wu Y, Yang K, Tang JH, Zhang W. Extracellular vesicles as drug vectors for precise cancer treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1519-1537. [PMID: 34011162 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicle structures secreted from a variety of cells, which carry numerous biological macromolecules, participate in cell signal transduction and avoid immune system clearance. EVs have a plethora of specific signal recognition factors, and many studies have shown that they can play an important role in the precise treatment of tumors. This review aims to compile the applications of EVs as nanocarriers for antitumor drugs, gene drugs and other nanomaterials with anticancer capability. Additionally, we systematically summarize the preparation methodology and expound upon how to improve the drug loading and cancer-targeting capacity of EVs. We highlight that EV-based drug delivery has the potential to become the future of precise cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, PR China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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Shan Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Min W. The Role of Tumor-Derived Exosomes in the Abscopal Effect and Immunotherapy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050381. [PMID: 33922480 PMCID: PMC8145657 DOI: 10.3390/life11050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. Recently, TEXs have been recognized to play important roles in the abscopal effect (AbE), a newly discovered mechanism by which the distant tumors are effectively targeted and repressed during immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, TEXs has demonstrated great clinical potential in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients in the future. This review summarizes and discusses the role of TEXs in clinical therapy and their role in AbE in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechen Shan
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.M.)
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Weiping Min
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Surgery, Pathology and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.M.)
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35
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Bongiovanni L, Andriessen A, Wauben MHM, Hoen ENMN', de Bruin A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Opportunities to Understand and Detect Neoplastic Diseases. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:453-471. [PMID: 33813952 PMCID: PMC8064535 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With a size range from 30 to 1000 nm, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the smallest cell components able to transport biologically active molecules. They mediate intercellular communications and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In particular, EVs actively contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and there is emerging understanding of their role in creation of the metastatic niche. This fact underlies the recent exponential growth in EV research, which has improved our understanding of their specific roles in disease and their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. EVs and their biomolecular cargo reflect the state of the diseased donor cells, and can be detected in body fluids and exploited as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Relatively few studies have been published on EVs in the veterinary field. This review provides an overview of the features and biology of EVs as well as recent developments in EV research including techniques for isolation and analysis, and will address the way in which the EVs released by diseased tissues can be studied and exploited in the field of veterinary pathology. Uniquely, this review emphasizes the important contribution that pathologists can make to the field of EV research: pathologists can help EV scientists in studying and confirming the role of EVs and their molecular cargo in diseased tissues and as biomarkers in liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Present address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alain de Bruin
- 90051Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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36
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Gu J, Zhang J, Shi H, Qian H, Wang D, Xu W, Pan J, Santos HA. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005709. [PMID: 33644908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including cancer. As a result of their natural properties to mediate cell-to-cell communication and their high physiochemical stability and biocompatibility, EVs are considered as excellent delivery vehicles for a variety of therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids and proteins, drugs, and nanomaterials. Increasing studies have shown that EVs can be modified, engineered, or designed to improve their efficiency, specificity, and safety for cancer therapy. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the strategies and methodologies of engineering EVs for scalable production and improved cargo-loading and tumor-targeting is provided. Additionally, the potential applications of engineered EVs in cancer therapy are discussed by presenting prominent examples, and the opportunities and challenges for translating engineered EVs into clinical practice are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, 226361, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, P. R. China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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37
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Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutics for Wound Healing in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063130. [PMID: 33808520 PMCID: PMC8003197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs), often referred to as exosomes, are produced by almost all, if not all, cell types, and are critical for intercellular communication. They are composed of a lipid bilayer associated with membrane proteins and contain a payload of lipids, proteins and regulatory RNAs that depends on the parental cell physiological condition. By transferring their “cargo”, exosomes can modulate the phenotype of neighboring and distant cells. Stem cells (SC) were widely studied for therapeutic applications regarding their regenerative/reparative potential as well as their immunomodulatory properties. Whether from autologous or allogeneic source, SC beneficial effects in terms of repair and regeneration are largely attributed to their paracrine signaling notably through secreted EVs. Subsequently, SC-derived EVs have been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory skin disorders, and are today fast-track cell-free tools for regenerative/reparative strategies. Yet, their clinical application is still facing considerable challenges, including production and isolation procedures, and optimal cell source. Within the emerging concept of “allogeneic-driven benefit” for SC-based therapies, the use of EVs from allogeneic sources becomes the pragmatic choice although a universal allogeneic cell source is still needed. As a unique temporary organ that ensures the mutual coexistence of two allogeneic organisms, mother and fetus, the human placenta offers a persuasive allogeneic stem cell source for development of therapeutic EVs. Advancing cell-free therapeutics nurtures great hope and provides new perspectives for the development of safe and effective treatment in regenerative/reparative medicine and beyond. We will outline the current state of the art in regard of EVs, summarize their therapeutic potential in the context of skin inflammatory disorders, and discuss their translational advantages and hurdles.
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Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040706. [PMID: 33255895 PMCID: PMC7712957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating and regulating antigen-specific immune responses. Cross-priming, a process that DCs activate CD8 T cells by cross-presenting exogenous antigens onto their MHCI (Major Histocompatibility Complex class I), plays a critical role in mediating CD8 T cell immunity as well as tolerance. Current DC vaccines have remained largely unsuccessful despite their ability to potentiate both effector and memory CD8 T cell responses. There are two major hurdles for the success of DC-based vaccines: tumor-mediated immunosuppression and the functional limitation of the commonly used monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Due to their resistance to tumor-mediated suppression as inert vesicles, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have garnered much interest as cell-free therapeutic agents. However, current DCexo clinical trials have shown limited clinical benefits and failed to generate antigen-specific T cell responses. Another exciting development is the use of naturally circulating DCs instead of in vitro cultured DCs, as clinical trials with both human blood cDC2s (type 2 conventional DCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) have shown promising results. pDC vaccines were particularly encouraging, especially in light of promising data from a recent clinical trial using a human pDC cell line, despite pDCs being considered tolerogenic and playing a suppressive role in tumors. However, how pDCs generate anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity remains poorly understood, thus hindering their clinical advance. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model, we have recently reported that while pDC-targeted vaccines led to strong cross-priming and durable CD8 T cell immunity, cross-presenting pDCs required cDCs to achieve cross-priming in vivo by transferring antigens to cDCs. Antigen transfer from pDCs to bystander cDCs was mediated by pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), which similarly required cDCs for cross-priming of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. pDCexos thus represent a new addition in our arsenal of DC-based cancer vaccines that would potentially combine the advantage of pDCs and DCexos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-400-2536
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Xu Z, Zeng S, Gong Z, Yan Y. Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:160. [PMID: 33183286 PMCID: PMC7661275 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell-derived nanovesicles, exosomes show great promise in cancer immunotherapy because of their immunogenicity and molecular transfer function. The cargoes carried on exosomes have been recently identified with improved technological advances and play functional roles in the regulation of immune responses. In particular, exosomes derived from tumor cells and immune cells exhibit unique composition profiles that are directly involved in anticancer immunotherapy. More importantly, exosomes can deliver their cargoes to targeted cells and thus influence the phenotype and immune-regulation functions of targeted cells. Accumulating evidence over the last decade has further revealed that exosomes can participate in multiple cellular processes contributing to cancer development and therapeutic effects, showing the dual characteristics of promoting and suppressing cancer. The potential of exosomes in the field of cancer immunotherapy is huge, and exosomes may become the most effective cancer vaccines, as well as targeted antigen/drug carriers. Understanding how exosomes can be utilized in immune therapy is important for controlling cancer progression; additionally, exosomes have implications for diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the role of exosomes in immunotherapy as carriers to stimulate an anti-cancer immune response and as predictive markers for immune activation; furthermore, it summarizes the mechanism and clinical application prospects of exosome-based immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Di Gioia S, Hossain MN, Conese M. Biological properties and therapeutic effects of plant-derived nanovesicles. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:1096-1122. [PMID: 33336066 PMCID: PMC7718644 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes-like nanoparticles can be released by a variety of plants and vegetables. The relevance of plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) in interspecies communication is derived from their content in biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and miRNAs), absence of toxicity, easy internalization by mammalian cells, as well as for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties. Due to these interesting features, we review here their potential application in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver diseases, and cancer as well as their potentiality as drug carriers. Current evidence indicate that PDNVs can improve the disease state at the level of intestine in IBD mouse models by affecting inflammation and promoting prohealing effects. While few reports suggest that anticancer effects can be derived from antiproliferative and immunomodulatory properties of PDNVs, other studies have shown that PDNVs can be used as effective delivery systems for small molecule agents and nucleic acids with therapeutic effects (siRNAs, miRNAs, and DNAs). Finally, since PDNVs are characterized by a proven stability in the gastrointestinal tract, they have been considered as promising delivery systems for natural products contained therein and drugs (including nucleic acids) via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Md Niamat Hossain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Laboratory of Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Hu H, Xu H, Lu F, Zhang J, Xu L, Xu S, Jiang H, Zeng Q, Chen E, He Z. Exosome-Derived miR-486-5p Regulates Cell Cycle, Proliferation and Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Targeting NEK2. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:259. [PMID: 32322578 PMCID: PMC7156548 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to describe the mechanism of exosome-derived miR-486-5p underlying the cell cycle and progression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Bioinformatics methods were applied for identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GEO-LUAD dataset, predicting where the potential target miRNA was expressed and exploring the corresponding downstream target mRNA. qRT-PCR was conducted to detect the levels of the target genes in cancer cells. Thereafter, a series of in vitro experiments were performed for cell activities evaluation, including CCK-8, EdU, colony formation assay and transwell. Besides, Western blot was applied to determine the protein levels of the migration and invasion-related factors (NEK2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed for validating the targeted relationship between the target genes. Furthermore, nude mouse transplantation tumor experiment was conducted to further validate the role of the target miRNA in tumor development, and immunohistochemistry was used for Ki67 detection and TUNEL was applied for cell apoptosis assay. Results miR-486-5p was observed to be enriched in serum exosomes, and seen to be significantly down-regulated in cancer tissues as well as in cancer serum exosomes. It was proven that exosomes could release miR-486-5p, thus regulating LUAD progression and affecting cell cycle. Moreover, NEK2 was identified as a target of miR-486-5p both in vivo and in vitro. Enrichment analysis revealed that NEK2 was mainly activated in cell cycle and mitosis-related pathways. Meanwhile, NEK2 was found to present significant difference in different TNM stages. Furthermore, rescue experiments indicated that the inhibitory effect of miR-486-5p overexpression on LUAD progression could be abrogated when miR-486-5p and NEK2 were simultaneously up-regulated. Conclusion Exosome-derived miR-486-5p is responsible for cell cycle arrest as well as the inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis in LUAD via targeting NEK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangdi Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Operation Room, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanliang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enguo Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Exosomes: Versatile Nano Mediators of Immune Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101557. [PMID: 31615107 PMCID: PMC6826959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are nanovesicle structures that are released by almost all living cells that can perform a wide range of critical biological functions. Exosomes play important roles in both normal and pathological conditions by regulating cell-cell communication in cancer, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, osteogenesis, and inflammation. Exosomes are stable in vivo and they can regulate biological processes by transferring lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and even entire signaling pathways through the circulation to cells at distal sites. Recent advances in the identification, production, and purification of exosomes have created opportunities to exploit these structures as novel drug delivery systems, modulators of cell signaling, mediators of antigen presentation, as well as biological targeting agents and diagnostic tools in cancer therapy. This review will examine the functions of immunocyte-derived exosomes and their roles in the immune response under physiological and pathological conditions. The use of immunocyte exosomes in immunotherapy and vaccine development is discussed.
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