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Shao X, Shou Q, Felix K, Ojogho B, Jiang X, Gold BT, Herting MM, Goldwaser EL, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Pappas I, Braskie M, Kim H, Cen S, Jann K, Wang DJJ. Age-Related Decline in Blood-Brain Barrier Function is More Pronounced in Males than Females in Parietal and Temporal Regions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575463. [PMID: 38293052 PMCID: PMC10827081 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS), shielding it from potential harmful entities. A natural decline of BBB function with aging has been reported in both animal and human studies, which may contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Limited data also suggest that being female may be associated with protective effects on BBB function. Here we investigated age and sex-dependent trajectories of perfusion and BBB water exchange rate (kw) across the lifespan in 186 cognitively normal participants spanning the ages of 8 to 92 years old, using a non-invasive diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL) MRI technique. We found that the pattern of BBB kw decline with aging varies across brain regions. Moreover, results from our DP-pCASL technique revealed a remarkable decline in BBB kw beginning in the early 60s, which was more pronounced in males. In addition, we observed sex differences in parietal and temporal regions. Our findings provide in vivo results demonstrating sex differences in the decline of BBB function with aging, which may serve as a foundation for future investigations into perfusion and BBB function in neurodegenerative and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qinyang Shou
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kimberly Felix
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Brandon Ojogho
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Xuejuan Jiang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Brian T. Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Eric L Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Louis A. Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Louis A. Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Ioannis Pappas
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Meredith Braskie
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Hosung Kim
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Steven Cen
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kay Jann
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Shao X, Zhao C, Shou Q, St Lawrence KS, Wang DJJ. Quantification of blood-brain barrier water exchange and permeability with multidelay diffusion-weighted pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1990-2004. [PMID: 36622951 PMCID: PMC10079266 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a pulse sequence and mathematical models for quantification of blood-brain barrier water exchange and permeability. METHODS Motion-compensated diffusion-weighted (MCDW) gradient-and-spin echo (GRASE) pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) sequence was proposed to acquire intravascular/extravascular perfusion signals from five postlabeling delays (PLDs, 1590-2790 ms). Experiments were performed on 11 healthy subjects at 3 T. A comprehensive set of perfusion and permeability parameters including cerebral blood flow (CBF), capillary transit time (τc ), and water exchange rate (kw ) were quantified, and permeability surface area product (PSw ), total extraction fraction (Ew ), and capillary volume (Vc ) were derived simultaneously by a three-compartment single-pass approximation (SPA) model on group-averaged data. With information (i.e., Vc and τc ) obtained from three-compartment SPA modeling, a simplified linear regression of logarithm (LRL) approach was proposed for individual kw quantification, and Ew and PSw can be estimated from long PLD (2490/2790 ms) signals. MCDW-pCASL was compared with a previously developed diffusion-prepared (DP) pCASL sequence, which calculates kw by a two-compartment SPA model from PLD = 1800 ms signals, to evaluate the improvements. RESULTS Using three-compartment SPA modeling, group-averaged CBF = 51.5/36.8 ml/100 g/min, kw = 126.3/106.7 min-1 , PSw = 151.6/93.8 ml/100 g/min, Ew = 94.7/92.2%, τc = 1409.2/1431.8 ms, and Vc = 1.2/0.9 ml/100 g in gray/white matter, respectively. Temporal SNR of MCDW-pCASL perfusion signals increased 3-fold, and individual kw maps calculated by the LRL method achieved higher spatial resolution (3.5 mm3 isotropic) as compared with DP pCASL (3.5 × 3.5 × 8 mm3 ). CONCLUSION MCDW-pCASL allows visualization of intravascular/extravascular ASL signals across multiple PLDs. The three-compartment SPA model provides a comprehensive measurement of blood-brain barrier water dynamics from group-averaged data, and a simplified LRL method was proposed for individual kw quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinyang Shou
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith S St Lawrence
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Uchida Y, Kan H, Sakurai K, Oishi K, Matsukawa N. Contributions of blood-brain barrier imaging to neurovascular unit pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1111448. [PMID: 36861122 PMCID: PMC9969807 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays important roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Its main role includes three kinds of functions: (1) to protect the central nervous system from blood-borne toxins and pathogens; (2) to regulate the exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and capillaries; and (3) to clear metabolic waste and other neurotoxic compounds from the central nervous system into meningeal lymphatics and systemic circulation. Physiologically, the BBB belongs to the glymphatic system and the intramural periarterial drainage pathway, both of which are involved in clearing interstitial solutes such as β-amyloid proteins. Thus, the BBB is believed to contribute to preventing the onset and progression for Alzheimer's disease. Measurements of BBB function are essential toward a better understanding of Alzheimer's pathophysiology to establish novel imaging biomarkers and open new avenues of interventions for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The visualization techniques for capillary, cerebrospinal, and interstitial fluid dynamics around the neurovascular unit in living human brains have been enthusiastically developed. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent BBB imaging developments using advanced magnetic resonance imaging technologies in relation to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. First, we give an overview of the relationship between Alzheimer's pathophysiology and BBB dysfunction. Second, we provide a brief description about the principles of non-contrast agent-based and contrast agent-based BBB imaging methodologies. Third, we summarize previous studies that have reported the findings of each BBB imaging method in individuals with the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Fourth, we introduce a wide range of Alzheimer's pathophysiology in relation to BBB imaging technologies to advance our understanding of the fluid dynamics around the BBB in both clinical and preclinical settings. Finally, we discuss the challenges of BBB imaging techniques and suggest future directions toward clinically useful imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Uchida
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Yuto Uchida, ; Noriyuki Matsukawa,
| | - Hirohito Kan
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ōbu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan,*Correspondence: Yuto Uchida, ; Noriyuki Matsukawa,
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Springer CS, Baker EM, Li X, Moloney B, Pike MM, Wilson GJ, Anderson VC, Sammi MK, Garzotto MG, Kopp RP, Coakley FV, Rooney WD, Maki JH. Metabolic activity diffusion imaging (MADI): II. Noninvasive, high-resolution human brain mapping of sodium pump flux and cell metrics. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4782. [PMID: 35654761 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new 1 H2 O magnetic resonance approach: metabolic activity diffusion imaging (MADI). Numerical diffusion-weighted imaging decay simulations characterized by the mean cellular water efflux (unidirectional) rate constant (kio ), mean cell volume (V), and cell number density (ρ) are produced from Monte Carlo random walks in virtual stochastically sized/shaped cell ensembles. Because of active steady-state trans-membrane water cycling (AWC), kio reflects the cytolemmal Na+ , K+ ATPase (NKA) homeostatic cellular metabolic rate (c MRNKA ). A digital 3D "library" contains thousands of simulated single diffusion-encoded (SDE) decays. Library entries match well with disparate, animal, and human experimental SDE decays. The V and ρ values are consistent with estimates from pertinent in vitro cytometric and ex vivo histopathological literature: in vivo V and ρ values were previously unavailable. The library allows noniterative pixel-by-pixel experimental SDE decay library matchings that can be used to advantage. They yield proof-of-concept MADI parametric mappings of the awake, resting human brain. These reflect the tissue morphology seen in conventional MRI. While V is larger in gray matter (GM) than in white matter (WM), the reverse is true for ρ. Many brain structures have kio values too large for current, invasive methods. For example, the median WM kio is 22s-1 ; likely reflecting mostly exchange within myelin. The kio •V product map displays brain tissue c MRNKA variation. The GM activity correlates, quantitatively and qualitatively, with the analogous resting-state brain 18 FDG-PET tissue glucose consumption rate (t MRglucose ) map; but noninvasively, with higher spatial resolution, and no pharmacokinetic requirement. The cortex, thalamus, putamen, and caudate exhibit elevated metabolic activity. MADI accuracy and precision are assessed. The results are contextualized with literature overall homeostatic brain glucose consumption and ATP production/consumption measures. The MADI/PET results suggest different GM and WM metabolic pathways. Preliminary human prostate results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Springer
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric M Baker
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brendan Moloney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Martin M Pike
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gregory J Wilson
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie C Anderson
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Manoj K Sammi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark G Garzotto
- Department of Urology, Portland VA Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan P Kopp
- Department of Urology, Portland VA Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fergus V Coakley
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Maki
- Department of Radiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Anderson VC, Tagge IJ, Doud A, Li X, Springer CS, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Wild KV, Rooney WD. DCE-MRI of Brain Fluid Barriers: In Vivo Water Cycling at the Human Choroid Plexus. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1963143. [PMID: 34542012 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1963143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic deficits at brain-fluid barriers are an increasingly recognized feature of cognitive decline in older adults. At the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, water is transported across the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium against large osmotic gradients via processes tightly coupled to activity of the sodium/potassium pump. Here, we quantify CP homeostatic water exchange using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and investigate the association of the water efflux rate constant (kco) with cognitive dysfunction in older individuals. Temporal changes in the longitudinal relaxation rate constant (R1) after contrast agent bolus injection were measured in a CP region of interest in 11 participants with mild cognitive dysfunction [CI; 73 ± 6 years] and 28 healthy controls [CN; 72 ± 7 years]. kco was determined from a modified two-site pharmacokinetic exchange analysis of the R1 time-course. Ktrans, a measure of contrast agent extravasation to the interstitial space was also determined. Cognitive function was assessed by neuropsychological test performance. kco averages 5.8 ± 2.7 s-1 in CN individuals and is reduced by 2.4 s-1 [ca. 40%] in CI subjects. Significant associations of kco with global cognition and multiple cognitive domains are observed. Ktrans averages 0.13 ± 0.07 min-1 and declines with age [-0.006 ± 0.002 min-1 yr-1], but shows no difference between CI and CN individuals or association with cognitive performance. Our findings suggest that the CP water efflux rate constant is associated with cognitive dysfunction and shows an age-related decline in later life, consistent with the metabolic disturbances that characterize brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C Anderson
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ian J Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Doud
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles S Springer
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kaye
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine V Wild
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Tagge IJ, Anderson VC, Springer CS, Sammi MK, Bourdette DN, Spain RI, Rooney WD. Gray matter blood-brain barrier water exchange dynamics are reduced in progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:1111-1118. [PMID: 34355458 PMCID: PMC9291753 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To compare transcapillary wall water exchange, a putative marker of cerebral metabolic health, in brain T2 white matter (WM) lesions and normal appearing white and gray matter (NAWM and NAGM, respectively) in individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and healthy controls (HC). Methods Dynamic‐contrast‐enhanced 7T MRI data were obtained from 19 HC and 23 PMS participants. High‐resolution pharmacokinetic parametric maps representing tissue microvascular and microstructural properties were created by shutter‐speed (SS) paradigm modeling to obtain estimates of blood volume fraction (vb), water molecule capillary efflux rate constant (kpo), and the water capillary wall permeability surface area product (PwS ≡ vb*kpo). Linear regression models were used to investigate differences in (i) kpo and PwS between groups in NAWM and NAGM, and (ii) between WM lesions and NAWM in PMS. Results High‐resolution parametric maps were produced to visualize tissue classes and resolve individual WM lesions. Normal‐appearing gray matter kpo and PwS were significantly decreased in PMS compared to HC (p ≤ .01). Twenty‐one T2 WM lesions were analyzed in 10 participants with PMS. kpo was significantly decreased in WM lesions compared to PMS NAWM (p < .0001). Conclusions Transcapillary water exchange is reduced in PMS NAGM compared to HC and is further reduced in PMS WM lesions, suggesting pathologically impaired brain metabolism. kpo provides a sensitive measure of cerebral metabolic activity and/or coupling, and can be mapped at higher spatial resolution than conventional imaging techniques assessing metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valerie C Anderson
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Charles S Springer
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Manoj K Sammi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dennis N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rebecca I Spain
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Neurology Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Shao X, Jann K, Ma SJ, Yan L, Montagne A, Ringman JM, Zlokovic BV, Wang DJJ. Comparison Between Blood-Brain Barrier Water Exchange Rate and Permeability to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent in an Elderly Cohort. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:571480. [PMID: 33328848 PMCID: PMC7733970 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.571480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI using intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is commonly used for imaging blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Water is an alternative endogenous tracer with limited exchange rate across the BBB. A direct comparison between BBB water exchange rate and BBB permeability to GBCA is missing. The purpose of this study was to directly compare BBB permeability to GBCA (Ktrans and kGad = Ktrans/Vp) and water exchange rate (kw) in a cohort of elderly subjects at risk of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Methods: Ktrans/kGad and kw were measured by DCE-MRI and diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL), respectively, at 3 Tesla in 16 elderly subjects (3 male, age = 67.9 ± 3.0 yrs) at risk of cSVD. The test-retest reproducibility of kw measurements was evaluated with repeated scans ~6 weeks apart. Mixed effects linear regression was performed in the whole brain, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and 6 subcortical brain regions to investigate associations between Ktrans/kGad and test-retest kw. In addition, kw and Ktrans/kGad were compared in normal appearing white matter (NAWM), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) lesions and penumbra. Results: Significant correlation was found between kw and Ktrans only in WM (β = 6.7 × 104, P = 0.036), caudate (β = 8.6 × 104, P = 0.029), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) perforator territory (β = 6.9 × 104, P = 0.009), but not in the whole brain, GM or rest 5 brain regions. Significant correlation was found between kw and kGad in MCA perforator territory (β = 1.5 × 103, P = 0.049), medial-temporal lobe (β = 3.5 × 103, P = 0.032), and hippocampus (β = 3.4 × 103, P = 0.038), but not in the rest brain regions. Good reproducibility of kw measurements (ICC=0.75) was achieved. Ktrans was significantly lower inside WMH than WMH penumbra (16.2%, P = 0.026), and kGad was significantly lower in NAWM than in the WMH penumbra (20.8%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: kw provides a measure of water exchange rate across the BBB with good test-retest reproducibility. The BBB mechanism underlying kw and Ktrans/kGad is likely to be different, as manifested by correlations in only three brain regions for each pair of comparison between kw and Ktrans or kGad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kay Jann
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha J. Ma
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John M. Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Danny J. J. Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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