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Taseva AR, Persoons T, D'Arcy DM. Application of an AI image analysis and classification approach to characterise dissolution and precipitation events in the flow through apparatus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 189:36-47. [PMID: 37120067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have been used with increasing frequency in pharmaceutical industry in recent years. Characterisation of processes such as drug dissolution and precipitation is vital in quality control testing and drug manufacture. To support existing techniques like in vitro dissolution testing, novel process analytical technologies (PATs) can give an insight into these processes. The aim of this study was to create and explore the potential of an automated image classification model based on image analysis to identify events (dissolution and precipitation) occurring in the flow-through apparatus (FTA) test cell, and the ability to characterise a dissolution process over time. Several precipitation conditions were tested in a USP 4 FTA test cell with images recorded during early (plume formation) and late (particulate re-formation) stages of precipitation. An available MATLAB code was used as a base to develop and validate an anomaly classification model able to detect different events occurring during the precipitation process in the dissolution cell. Two variants of the model were tested on images from a dissolution test in the FTA, with a view to application of the image analysis system to quantitative characterization of the dissolution process over time. It was found that the classification model is highly accurate (>90%) in detecting events occurring in the FTA test cell. The model showed potential to be used to characterise the stages of dissolution and precipitation processes, and as a proof of concept demonstrates potential for deep machine learning image analysis to be applied to kinetics of other pharmaceutical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Taseva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tim Persoons
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing & Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Deirdre M D'Arcy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Abdel-Haleem LM, Ramadan NK, El-Rahman MKA, Galal MM. A Screen-Printed Potentiometric Sensor for Stability Indicating Assay and Real-Time Monitoring of Trospium Chloride Dissolution Profile in its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 170:087506. [DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ace8c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
According to FDA guidance, a biowaiver concept declares that dissolution testing could be approved as a replacement strategy for bioequivalence studies and/or in vivo bioavailability. From the analytical chemistry standpoint, the shift from the classically developed offline methods to the highly integrated miniaturized inline analyzers is one of the pioneering ways that would modernize future of in-vitro - in-vivo correlation (IVIVC). The emergence of screen-printed electrodes (SPE) is now making the move from successive sampling steps and off-line measurements to real-time and in-line monitoring. Recently, “SPE” potentiometric sensor was presented as real-time analyzer that can offer similar analytical results as separation-based chromatographic techniques. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to design a real-time SPE for in situ monitoring of the dissolution of trospium chloride (TRO) in neutral media. Validation of the proposed sensor was performed according to the IUPAC commendations. The measurements performed with this sensor showed an accuracy of average recovery 100.50% and standard deviation of less than 1.0%, also the repeatability and intermediate electrode variabilities were less than 1.0 and 1.3%, respectively. The developed sensor was successfully used for direct observation of the dissolution profile without any need for an extraction step or sample preparation.
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3
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Awwad S, Ibeanu N, Liu T, Velentza-Almpani A, Chouhan N, Vlatakis S, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Bouremel Y. Real-Time Monitoring Platform for Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051444. [PMID: 37242686 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time measurement is important in modern dissolution testing to aid in parallel drug characterisation and quality control (QC). The development of a real-time monitoring platform (microfluidic system, a novel eye movement platform with temperature sensors and accelerometers and a concentration probe setup) in conjunction with an in vitro model of the human eye (PK-Eye™) is reported. The importance of surface membrane permeability when modelling the PK-Eye™ was determined with a "pursing model" (a simplified setup of the hyaloid membrane). Parallel microfluidic control of PK-Eye™ models from a single source of pressure was performed with a ratio of 1:6 (pressure source:models) demonstrating scalability and reproducibility of pressure-flow data. Pore size and exposed surface area helped obtain a physiological range of intraocular pressure (IOP) within the models, demonstrating the need to reproduce in vitro dimensions as closely as possible to the real eye. Variation of aqueous humour flow rate throughout the day was demonstrated with a developed circadian rhythm program. Capabilities of different eye movements were programmed and achieved with an in-house eye movement platform. A concentration probe recorded the real-time concentration monitoring of injected albumin-conjugated Alexa Fluor 488 (Alexa albumin), which displayed constant release profiles. These results demonstrate the possibility of real-time monitoring of a pharmaceutical model for preclinical testing of ocular formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nkiruka Ibeanu
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Tianyang Liu
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Angeliki Velentza-Almpani
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Nerisha Chouhan
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Stavros Vlatakis
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Yann Bouremel
- Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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4
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Huang Z, Staufenbiel S, Bodmeier R. Combination of co-crystal and nanocrystal techniques to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. Pharm Res 2022; 39:949-961. [PMID: 35552985 PMCID: PMC9160134 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Solubility and dissolution rate are essential for the oral absorption and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to prepare nano-co-crystals by combination of nanocrystal and co-crystal technologies, and investigate its effect, in situ, on increased kinetic solubility and dissolution rate. Methods Co-crystals of itraconazole-fumaric acid, itraconazole-succinic acid, indomethacin-saccharin and indomethacin-nicotinamide were prepared and nano-sized by wet milling. The particle size and solid state of the co-crystals were characterized by optical microscope, LD, PCS, DSC and XRPD before and after milling. Results 300-450 nm sized nano-co-crystals with a stable physical solid state were successfully prepared. Nano-co-crystals exhibited a lower crystallinity reduction than nanocrystals after wet milling. The particle size effect on the kinetic solubility of co-crystals was analysed for macro-, micro- and nano-co-crystals with in situ kinetic solubility studies. The maximum kinetic solubility of nano-co-crystals increased with excess conditions until a plateau. The highest increase was obtained with itraconazole-succinic acid nano-co-crystals with a kinetic solubility of 263.5 ± 3.9 μg/mL which was 51.5 and 6.6 times higher than the solubility of raw itraconazole and itraconazole-succinic acid co-crystal. Conclusions The synergistic effect of nanocrystals and co-crystals with regard to increased kinetic solubility and dissolution rate was proven. The combination of the advantages of nanocrystals and co-crystals is a promising formulation strategy to increase both the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03243-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Staufenbiel
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bodmeier
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Niederquell A, Stoyanov E, Kuentz M. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Drug Precipitation Inhibition: From the Potential of Molecular Interactions to Performance Considering Microrheology. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:690-703. [PMID: 35005970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent interest in using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) for supersaturating drug formulations. This study investigated the potential for molecular HPC interactions with the model drug celecoxib by integrating novel approaches in the field of drug supersaturation analysis. Following an initial polymer characterization study, quantum-chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were complemented with results of inverse gas chromatography and broadband diffusing wave spectroscopy. HPC performance was studied regarding drug solubilization and kinetics of desupersaturation using different grades (i.e., HPC-UL, SSL, SL, and L). The results suggested that the potential contribution of dispersive interactions and hydrogen bonding depended strongly on the absence or presence of the aqueous phase. It was proposed that aggregation of HPC polymer chains provided a complex heterogeneity of molecular environments with more or less excluded water for drug interaction. In precipitation experiments at a low aqueous polymer concentration (i.e., 0.01%, w/w), grades L and SL appeared to sustain drug supersaturation better than SSL and UL. However, UL was particularly effective in drug solubilization at pH 6.8. Thus, a better understanding of drug-polymer interactions is important for formulation development, and polymer blends may be used to harness the combined advantages of individual polymer grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Niederquell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical, Europe, Berliner Allee 42, Düsseldorf 40212, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
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6
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Brown B, Ward A, Fazili Z, Østergaard J, Asare-Addo K. Application of UV dissolution imaging to pharmaceutical systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113949. [PMID: 34461199 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UV-vis spectrometry is widely used in the pharmaceutical sciences for compound quantification, alone or in conjunction with separation techniques, due to most drug entities possessing a chromophore absorbing light in the range 190-800 nm. UV dissolution imaging, the scope of this review, generates spatially and temporally resolved absorbance maps by exploiting the UV absorbance of the analyte. This review aims to give an introduction to UV dissolution imaging and its use in the determination of intrinsic dissolution rates and drug release from whole dosage forms. Applications of UV imaging to non-oral formulations have started to emerge and are reviewed together with the possibility of utilizing UV imaging for physical chemical characterisation of drug substances. The benefits of imaging drug diffusion and transport processes are also discussed.
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7
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Lehmann A, Krollik K, Beran K, Hirtreiter C, Kubas H, Wagner C. Increasing the Robustness of Biopharmaceutical Precipitation Assays - Part I: Derivative UV Spectrophotometric Method Development for in-line Measurements. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:146-154. [PMID: 34464648 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro precipitation assays are often applied to support drug and formulation development. Current methods applied to quantify the amount of dissolved drug, in particular (U)HPLC, require time-consuming sample preparation. Furthermore, small precipitates formed during the nucleation phase may not be removed quantitatively by filtration or centrifugation of the sample. Given the drawbacks of standard (U)HPLC analyses during the application in transfer experiments, it was the aim of this work to develop a robust and simple to implement in-line UV spectrophotometric method which accurately reflects the precipitation profile obtained from in vitro transfer assays. Based on the three model compounds cinnarizine, dipyridamole, and ketoconazole, the manuscript describes the development of a design of experiments (DoE) based approach to develop derivative UV spectrophotometric methods accounting for the change in media composition over time due to the dilution of simulated intestinal with simulated gastric fluid. An R script was developed which automatically identifies suitable wavelengths for in-line measurements. As an outcome of this study, a fast, robust, accurate, and specific derivative UV spectrophotometric methodology for measuring the concentration of dissolved drugs in in vitro transfer experiments was successfully developed. This method can flexibly be applied to multi-compartmental precipitation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Krollik
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristian Beran
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Holger Kubas
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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An investigation of drug compact topography as relates to intrinsic dissolution rates determined by dissolution imaging. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Design and development of a novel fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printed diffusion cell with UV imaging capabilities to characterise permeation in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:202-209. [PMID: 32442737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed at designing and developing a novel 3D printed diffusion cell capable of UV imaging using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. UV imaging has proven to be very versatile in the area of pharmaceutics giving insights into various phenomena including the dissolution behaviour of dosage forms, intrinsic dissolution rates and the drug precipitation processes. A 3D printed diffusion cell in the similitude of a Franz cell was successfully printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filaments equipped with quartz for the imaging area. A model ibuprofen (IBU) gel formulation was tested by introducing the dosage form through the 3D printed donor compartment. The drug concentration permeated through the skin mimic (silicone membrane) was determined from the 3D printed receptor compartment using UV imaging in real-time. The results showed successful UV imaging of the permeation of IBU gel in the novel diffusion cell potentially negating further analytical testing such as the HPLC process required for Franz cell tests thereby reducing costs. Potential interactions between the drug and filament used in the 3D printed process suggests although this concept can be moved towards commercialisation, care should be taken with choice of filament used in the 3D printing process.
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11
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Etherson K, Dunn C, Matthews W, Pamelund H, Barragat C, Sanderson N, Izumi T, Mathews CDC, Halbert G, Wilson C, McAllister M, Mann J, Østergaard J, Butler J, Khadra I. An interlaboratory investigation of intrinsic dissolution rate determination using surface dissolution. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:24-32. [PMID: 32061919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct an interlaboratory ring-study, with six partners (academic and industrial), investigating the measurement of intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) using surface dissolution imaging (SDI) equipment. Measurement of IDR is important in pharmaceutical research as it provides characterising information on drugs and their formulations. This work allowed us to assess the SDI's interlaboratory performance for measuring IDR using a defined standard operating procedure (see supporting information) and six drugs assigned as low (tadalafil, bromocriptine mesylate), medium (carvedilol, indomethacin) and high (ibuprofen, valsartan) solubility compounds. Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid (FaSSIF) and blank FaSSIF (without sodium taurocholate and lecithin) (pH 6.5) were used as media. Using the standardised protocol an IDR value was obtained for all compounds and the results show that the overall IDR rank order matched the solubility rank order. Interlaboratory variability was also examined and it was observed that the variability for lower solubility compounds was higher, coefficient of variation >50%, than for intermediate and high solubility compounds, with the exception of indomethacin in FaSSIF medium. Inter laboratory variability is a useful descriptor for understanding the robustness of the protocol and the system variability. On comparison to another published small-scale IDR study the rank ordering with respect to dissolution rate is identical except for the high solubility compounds. This results indicates that the SDI robustly measures IDR however, no recommendation on the use of one small scale method over the other is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Etherson
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wayne Matthews
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Henrik Pamelund
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camille Barragat
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Sanderson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Toshiko Izumi
- Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Ltd., Sandwich, UK
| | | | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Ltd., Sandwich, UK
| | - James Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Butler
- Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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12
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Zarmpi P, Flanagan T, Meehan E, Mann J, Fotaki N. Surface dissolution UV imaging for characterization of superdisintegrants and their impact on drug dissolution. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119080. [PMID: 31988030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Superdisintegrants are a key excipient used in immediate release formulations to promote fast tablet disintegration, therefore understanding the impact of superdisintegrant variability on product performance is important. The current study examined the impact of superdisintegrant critical material attributes (viscosity for sodium starch glycolate (SSG), particle size distribution (PSD) for croscarmellose sodium (CCS)) on their performance (swelling) and on drug dissolution using surface dissolution UV imaging. Acidic and basic pharmacopoeia (compendial) media were used to assess the role of varying pH on superdisintegrant performance and its effect on drug dissolution. A highly soluble (paracetamol) and a poorly soluble (carbamazepine) drug were used as model compounds and drug compacts and drug-excipient compacts were prepared for the dissolution experiments. The presence of a swelled SSG or CCS layer on the compact surface, due to the fast excipient hydration capacity, upon contact with dissolution medium was visualized. The swelling behaviour of superdisintegrants depended on excipient critical material attributes and the pH of the medium. Drug dissolution was faster in presence compared to superdisintegrant absence due to improved compact wetting or compact disintegration. The improvement in drug dissolution was less pronounced with increasing SSG viscosity or CCS particle size. Drug dissolution was slightly more complete in basic compared to acidic conditions in presence of the studied superdisintegrants for the highly soluble drug attributed to the increased excipient hydration capacity and the fast drug release through the swelled excipient structure. The opposite was observed for the poorly soluble drug as potentially the improvement in drug dissolution was compromised by drug release from the highly swelled structure. The use of multivariate data analysis revealed the influential role of excipient and drug properties on the impact of excipient variability on drug dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zarmpi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - E Meehan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - J Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - N Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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13
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D S, Muthudoss P, Khullar P, A RV. Micronization and Agglomeration: Understanding the Impact of API Particle Properties on Dissolution and Permeability Using Solid State and Biopharmaceutical “Toolbox”. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Rihawy M, Alzier A, Allaf A. Investigation of chloramphenicol release from PVA/CMC/HEA hydrogel using ion beam analysis, UV and FTIR techniques. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 153:108806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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16
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Biorelevant intrinsic dissolution profiling in early drug development: Fundamental, methodological, and industrial aspects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:101-114. [PMID: 30862481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) is the surface specific dissolution rate of a drug. In early drug development, this property (among other parameters) is measured in order to compare different polymorphs and salt forms, guide formulation decisions, and to provide a quality marker of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) during production. In this review, an update on different methods and small-scale techniques that have recently evolved for determination of IDR is provided. The importance of biorelevant media and the hydrodynamic conditions of dissolution are also discussed. Different preparation techniques for samples are presented with a focus on disc, particle- and crystal-based methods. A number of small-scale techniques are then described in detail, and their applicability domains are identified. Finally, an updated industrial perspective is provided about IDR's place in the early drug development process.
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17
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weitschies W. In-line derivative spectroscopy as a promising application to a small-scale in vitro transfer model in biorelevant supersaturation and precipitation testing. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1315-1323. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Dissolution testing of poorly soluble and precipitating drugs is of great importance for pharmaceutical industry. As offline HPLC analytics is time-consuming and labour-intensive, the development of suitable in-line analytics to measure drug concentration allows better predictions of drug dissolution and precipitation. The purpose of this study was to develop an in-line derivative spectroscopic method which facilitates drug concentration measurements in suspensions without additional sample preparation.
Methods
Solubility, dissolution and precipitation of ketoconazole were analysed using derivative spectroscopy and HPLC.
Key findings
Results of solubility and dissolution experiments were highly comparable. Due to higher sampling frequency and lack of sample preparations, supersaturation in a pH-shift experiment was more accurately captured by UV in-line analytics. The application of a prefiltration step and flow-through cuvettes facilitates implementation of in-line derivative spectroscopy into an in vitro transfer model with changing UV-active media and high supersaturation in highly turbid samples.
Conclusions
Although the application of derivative spectroscopy has been described previously, the approach described herein is novel and well-suited for the application in an automated in vitro transfer model. Moreover, it represents a promising tool for drug substance characterisation, candidate selection and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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18
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O'Dwyer PJ, Litou C, Box KJ, Dressman JB, Kostewicz ES, Kuentz M, Reppas C. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:536-556. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drug precipitation in vivo poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. During the drug development process, the impact of drug supersaturation or precipitation on the in vivo behaviour of drug products is evaluated with in vitro techniques. This review focuses on the small and full scale in vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine.
Key findings
Many methods have been developed in an attempt to evaluate drug precipitation in the fasted state, with varying degrees of complexity and scale. In early stages of drug development, when drug quantities are typically limited, small-scale tests facilitate an early evaluation of the potential precipitation risk in vivo and allow rapid screening of prototype formulations. At later stages of formulation development, full-scale methods are necessary to predict the behaviour of formulations at clinically relevant doses. Multicompartment models allow the evaluation of drug precipitation after transfer from stomach to the upper small intestine. Optimisation of available biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating precipitation in the fasted small intestine is crucial for accelerating the development of novel breakthrough medicines and reducing the development costs.
Summary
Despite the progress from compendial quality control dissolution methods, further work is required to validate the usefulness of proposed setups and to increase their biorelevance, particularly in simulating the absorption of drug along the intestinal lumen. Coupling results from in vitro testing with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling holds significant promise and requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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19
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Price DJ, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Nair A, Holm R, Kuentz M, Dressman JB, Saal C. Approaches to increase mechanistic understanding and aid in the selection of precipitation inhibitors for supersaturating formulations – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:483-509. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Supersaturating formulations hold great promise for delivery of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To profit from supersaturating formulations, precipitation is hindered with precipitation inhibitors (PIs), maintaining drug concentrations for as long as possible. This review provides a brief overview of supersaturation and precipitation, focusing on precipitation inhibition. Trial-and-error PI selection will be examined alongside established PI screening techniques. Primarily, however, this review will focus on recent advances that utilise advanced analytical techniques to increase mechanistic understanding of PI action and systematic PI selection.
Key findings
Advances in mechanistic understanding have been made possible by the use of analytical tools such as spectroscopy, microscopy and mathematical and molecular modelling, which have been reviewed herein. Using these techniques, PI selection can be guided by molecular rationale. However, more work is required to see widespread application of such an approach for PI selection.
Summary
Precipitation inhibitors are becoming increasingly important in enabling formulations. Trial-and-error approaches have seen success thus far. However, it is essential to learn more about the mode of action of PIs if the most optimal formulations are to be realised. Robust analytical tools, and the knowledge of where and how they can be applied, will be essential in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Price
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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20
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Corner PA, Berry DJ, McCabe JF, Barbas R, Prohens R, Du H, Zhou H, Llinas A. Property prediction and pharmacokinetic evaluation of mixed stoichiometry cocrystals of zafirlukast, a drug delivery case study. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce02059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals have been identified as a method for ensuring the delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Barbas
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Rafel Prohens
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Llinas
- Respiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit
- AstraZeneca
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
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21
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Puppolo MM, Hughey JR, Dillon T, Storey D, Jansen-Varnum S. Biomimetic Dissolution: A Tool to Predict Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2841-2853. [PMID: 28560506 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented study describes the development of a membrane permeation non-sink dissolution method that can provide analysis of complete drug speciation and emulate the in vivo performance of poorly water-soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II compounds. The designed membrane permeation methodology permits evaluation of free/dissolved/unbound drug from amorphous solid dispersion formulations with the use of a two-cell apparatus, biorelevant dissolution media, and a biomimetic polymer membrane. It offers insight into oral drug dissolution, permeation, and absorption. Amorphous solid dispersions of felodipine were prepared by hot melt extrusion and spray drying techniques and evaluated for in vitro performance. Prior to ranking performance of extruded and spray-dried felodipine solid dispersions, optimization of the dissolution methodology was performed for parameters such as agitation rate, membrane type, and membrane pore size. The particle size and zeta potential were analyzed during dissolution experiments to understand drug/polymer speciation and supersaturation sustainment of felodipine solid dispersions. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to measure the agreement or equivalence between dissolution profiles acquired using polymer membranes and porcine intestines and to establish the biomimetic nature of the treated polymer membranes. The utility of the membrane permeation dissolution methodology is seen during the evaluation of felodipine solid dispersions produced by spray drying and hot melt extrusion. The membrane permeation dissolution methodology can suggest formulation performance and be employed as a screening tool for selection of candidates to move forward to pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the presented model is a cost-effective technique.
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22
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Østergaard J. UV imaging in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:140-148. [PMID: 28797957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UV imaging provides spatially and temporally resolved absorbance measurements, which are highly useful in pharmaceutical analysis. Commercial UV imaging instrumentation was originally developed as a detector for separation sciences, but the main use is in the area of in vitro dissolution and release testing studies. The review covers the basic principles of the technology and summarizes the main applications in relation to intrinsic dissolution rate determination, excipient compatibility studies and in vitro release characterization of drug substances and vehicles intended for parenteral administration. UV imaging has potential for providing new insights to drug dissolution and release processes in formulation development by real-time monitoring of swelling, precipitation, diffusion and partitioning phenomena. Limitations of current instrumentation are discussed and a perspective to new developments and opportunities given as new instrumentation is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Laitinen R, Räty J, Korhonen K, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE. Reflectometric monitoring of the dissolution process of thin polymeric films. Int J Pharm 2017; 523:127-132. [PMID: 28323100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical thin films are versatile drug-delivery platforms i.e. allowing transdermal, oral, sublingual and buccal administration. However, dissolution testing of thin films is challenging since the commonly used dissolution tests for conventional dosage forms correspond rather poorly to the physiological conditions at the site of administration. Here we introduce a traditional optical reflection method for monitoring the dissolution behavior of thin polymeric films. The substances, e.g. drug molecules, released from the film generate an increase in the refractive index in the liquid medium which can be detected by reflectance monitoring. Thin EUDRAGIT® RL PO poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) (RLPO) films containing the model drug perphenazine (PPZ) were prepared by spraying on a glass substrate. The glass substrates were placed inside the flow cell in the reflectometer which was then filled with phosphate buffer solution. Dissolution was monitored by measuring the reflectance of the buffer liquid. The method was able to detect the distinctive dissolution characteristics of different film formulations and measured relatively small drug concentrations. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that a traditional optical reflection method can provide valuable information about the dissolution characteristics of thin polymeric films in low liquid volume surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jukka Räty
- Unit of Measurement Technology, MITY, Technology Park P.O. Box 127, FI-87400 Kajaani, Finland
| | - Kristiina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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24
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Khaydukova M, Kirsanov D, Pein-Hackelbusch M, Immohr LI, Gilemkhanova V, Legin A. Critical view on drug dissolution in artificial saliva: A possible use of in-line e-tongue measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 99:266-271. [PMID: 28042103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proper monitoring of drug's dissolution is a prerequisite for assessing of taste masking efficacy of pharmaceuticals. Corresponding dissolution procedure is likely to be performed with water. Since the objective of these tests is to examine fate of a pharmaceutical formulation in oral cavity, this choice of solvent seems unsuitable because physical and chemical properties of human saliva are quite far from those of water. Obviously, dissolution profiles registered in water may differ significantly from what really happens with a drug in a mouth cavity. In order to address this discrepancy we examined three different compositions of artificial saliva in dissolution test context in present study. It was found that certain compositions preclude the employment of traditional UV-vis spectroscopy as a detection tool due to strong light scattering in the media caused by viscosity and protein composition modifiers. This issue was circumvented by the use of in-line applied potentiometric multisensor system (e-tongue) and the potential of this new approach for more biorelevant dissolution tests was demonstrated with two model formulations of quinine and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khaydukova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kirsanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch
- Life Science Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Detmold, Germany
| | - L Isabell Immohr
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Venera Gilemkhanova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Mendeleev Center, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Pr., 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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25
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Sun Y, Østergaard J. Application of UV Imaging in Formulation Development. Pharm Res 2016; 34:929-940. [PMID: 27766463 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery is dependent on the drug substance dissolving in the body fluids, being released from dosage forms and transported to the site of action. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of the active compound and pharmaceutical excipients defining formulation behavior after exposure to the aqueous environments and pharmaceutical performance is critical in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality control of drugs. UV imaging has been explored as a tool for qualitative and quantitative characterization of drug dissolution and release with the characteristic feature of providing real-time visualization of the solution phase drug transport in the vicinity of the formulation. Events occurring during drug dissolution and release, such as polymer swelling, drug precipitation/recrystallization, or solvent-mediated phase transitions related to the structural properties of the drug substance or formulation can be monitored. UV imaging is a non-intrusive and simple-to-operate analytical technique which holds potential for providing a mechanistic foundation for formulation development. This review aims to cover applications of UV imaging in the early and late phase pharmaceutical development with a special focus on the relation between structural properties and performance. Potential areas of future advancement and application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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26
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Andersson SB, Alvebratt C, Bevernage J, Bonneau D, da Costa Mathews C, Dattani R, Edueng K, He Y, Holm R, Madsen C, Müller T, Muenster U, Müllertz A, Ojala K, Rades T, Sieger P, Bergström CA. Interlaboratory Validation of Small-Scale Solubility and Dissolution Measurements of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2864-2872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Jensen SS, Jensen H, Goodall DM, Østergaard J. Performance characteristics of UV imaging instrumentation for diffusion, dissolution and release testing studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:113-123. [PMID: 27589028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UV imaging is capable of providing spatially and temporally resolved absorbance measurements, which is highly beneficial in drug diffusion, dissolution and release testing studies. For optimal planning and design of experiments, knowledge about the capabilities and limitations of the imaging system is required. The aim of this study was to characterize the performance of two commercially available UV imaging systems, the D100 and SDI. Lidocaine crystals, lidocaine containing solutions, and gels were applied in the practical assessment of the UV imaging systems. Dissolution of lidocaine from single crystals into phosphate buffer and 0.5% (w/v) agarose hydrogel at pH 7.4 was investigated to shed light on the importance of density gradients under dissolution conditions in the absence of convective flow. In addition, the resolution of the UV imaging systems was assessed by the use of grids. Resolution was found to be better in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction, consistent with the illumination geometry. The collimating lens in the SDI imaging system was shown to provide more uniform light intensity across the UV imaging area and resulted in better resolution as compared to the D100 imaging system (a system without a lens). Under optimal conditions, the resolution was determined to be 12.5 and 16.7 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) corresponding to line widths of 40μm and 30μm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. Overall, the performance of the UV imaging systems was shown mainly to depend on collimation of light, the light path, the positioning of the object relative to the line of 100μm fibres which forms the light source, and the distance of the object from the sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine S Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Goodall
- Paraytec Limited, York House, Outgang Lane, Osbaldwick, York, YO19 5UP, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Feeney OM, Crum MF, McEvoy CL, Trevaskis NL, Williams HD, Pouton CW, Charman WN, Bergström CA, Porter CJ. 50years of oral lipid-based formulations: Provenance, progress and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:167-194. [PMID: 27089810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBF) provide well proven opportunities to enhance the oral absorption of drugs and drug candidates that sit close to, or beyond, the boundaries of Lipinski's 'rule-of-five' chemical space. Advantages in permeability, efflux and presystemic metabolism are evident; however, the primary benefit is in increases in dissolution and apparent intestinal solubility for lipophilic, poorly water soluble drugs. This review firstly details the inherent advantages of LBF, their general properties and classification, and provides a brief retrospective assessment of the development of LBF over the past fifty years. More detailed analysis of the ability of LBF to promote intestinal solubilisation, supersaturation and absorption is then provided alongside review of the methods employed to assess formulation performance. Critical review of the ability of simple dispersion and more complex in vitro digestion methods to predict formulation performance subsequently reveals marked differences in the correlative ability of in vitro tests, depending on the properties of the drug involved. Notably, for highly permeable low melting drugs e.g. fenofibrate, LBF appear to provide significant benefit in all cases, and sustained ongoing solubilisation may not be required. In other cases, and particularly for higher melting point drugs such as danazol, where re-dissolution of crystalline precipitate drug is likely to be slow, correlations with ongoing solubilisation and supersaturation are more evident. In spite of their potential benefits, one limitation to broader use of LBF is low drug solubility in the excipients employed to generate formulations. Techniques to increase drug lipophilicity and lipid solubility are therefore explored, and in particular those methods that provide for temporary enhancement including lipophilic ionic liquid and prodrug technologies. The transient nature of these lipophilicity increases enhances lipid solubility and LBF viability, but precludes enduring effects on receptor promiscuity and off target toxicity. Finally, recent efforts to generate solid LBF are briefly described as a means to circumvent the need to encapsulate in soft or hard gelatin capsules, although the latter remain popular with consumers and a proven means of LBF delivery.
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29
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Elder DP, Kuentz M, Holm R. Pharmaceutical excipients — quality, regulatory and biopharmaceutical considerations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Unintended and in situ amorphisation of pharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:126-32. [PMID: 26724250 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amorphisation of poorly water-soluble drugs is one approach that can be applied to improve their solubility and thus their bioavailability. Amorphisation is a process that usually requires deliberate external energy input. However, amorphisation can happen both unintentionally, as in process-induced amorphisation during manufacturing, or in situ during dissolution, vaporisation, or lipolysis. The systems in which unintended and in situ amorphisation has been observed normally contain a drug and a carrier. Common carriers include polymers and mesoporous silica particles. However, the precise mechanisms by which in situ amorphisation occurs are often not fully understood. In situ amorphisation can be exploited and performed before administration of the drug or possibly even within the gastrointestinal tract, as can be inferred from in situ amorphisation observed during in vitro lipolysis. The use of in situ amorphisation can thus confer the advantages of the amorphous form, such as higher apparent solubility and faster dissolution rate, without the disadvantage of its physical instability.
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Ewing AV, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of pharmaceuticals in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024125. [PMID: 27158293 PMCID: PMC4841796 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients presents challenges for effective drug delivery. In this study, the combination of attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopic imaging with specifically designed polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices to study drug release from pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. First, the high-throughput analysis of the dissolution of micro-formulations studied under flowing conditions has been introduced using a model formulation of ibuprofen and polyethylene glycol. The behaviour and release of the drug was monitored in situ under different pH conditions. In contrast to the neutral solution, where both the drug and excipient dissolved at a similar rate, structural change from the molecularly dispersed to a crystalline form of ibuprofen was characterised in the obtained spectroscopic images and the corresponding ATR-FTIR spectra for the experiments carried out in the acidic medium. Further investigations into the behaviour of the drug after its release from formulations (i.e., dissolved drug) were also undertaken. Different solutions of sodium ibuprofen dissolved in a neutral medium were studied upon contact with acidic conditions. The phase transition from a dissolved species of sodium ibuprofen to the formation of solid crystalline ibuprofen was revealed in the microfluidic channels. This innovative approach could offer a promising platform for high-throughput analysis of a range of micro-formulations, which are of current interest due to the advent of 3D printed pharmaceutical and microparticulate delivery systems. Furthermore, the ability to study dissolved drug in solution under flowing conditions can be useful for the studies of the diffusion of drugs into tissues or live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Clarke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, Merseyside CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Stillhart C, Kuentz M. Trends in the Assessment of Drug Supersaturation and Precipitation In Vitro Using Lipid-Based Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2468-2476. [PMID: 26935881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of drug supersaturation close to the absorptive site is an important mechanism of how several formulation technologies enhance oral absorption and bioavailability. Lipid-based formulations belong to the supersaturating drug delivery systems although this is not the only mechanism of how drug absorption is promoted in vivo. Different methods to determine drug supersaturation and precipitation from lipid-based formulations are described in the literature. Experimental in vitro setups vary according to their complexity and proximity to the in vivo conditions and, therefore, some tests are used for early formulation screening, while others better qualify for a later stage of development. The present commentary discusses this rapidly evolving field of in vitro testing with a special focus on the advancements in analytical techniques and new approaches of mechanistic modeling. The importance of considering a drug absorption sink is particularly emphasized. This commentary should help formulators in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia to make informed decisions on how to conduct in vitro tests for lipid-based delivery systems and to decide on the implications of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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