1
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Moldovan AA, Maloney AGP. Surface Analysis-From Crystal Structures to Particle Properties. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:4160-4169. [PMID: 38766640 PMCID: PMC11099916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the surface properties of particles is crucial for optimizing the performance of formulated products in various industries. However, acquiring this understanding often requires expensive trial-and-error studies. Here, we present advanced surface analysis tools that enable the visualization and quantification of chemical and topological information derived from crystallographic data. By employing functional group analysis, roughness calculations, and statistical interaction data, we facilitate direct comparisons of surfaces. We further demonstrate the practicality of our approach by correlating the sticking propensity of distinct ibuprofen morphologies with surface and particle descriptors calculated from a single crystal structure. Our findings support and expand upon previous work, demonstrating that the presence of a carboxylic acid group on the {011} facet leads to significant differences in particle properties and explains the higher electrostatic potential observed in the block-like morphology. While our surface analysis tools are not intended to replace the importance of chemical intuition and expertise, they provide valuable insights for formulators and particle engineers, facilitating informed, data-driven decisions to mitigate formulation risks. This research represents a significant step toward a comprehensive understanding of particle surfaces and their impact on products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G. P. Maloney
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data
Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K.
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2
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Zhu A, Mao C, Luner PE, Lomeo J, So C, Marchal S, Zhang S. Investigation of Quantitative X-ray Microscopy for Assessment of API and Excipient Microstructure Evolution in Solid Dosage Processing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:117. [PMID: 35441297 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment and understanding of changes in particle size of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients as a function of solid dosage form processing is an important but under-investigated area that can impact drug product quality. In this study, X-ray microscopy (XRM) was investigated as a method for determining the in situ particle size distribution of API agglomerates and an excipient at different processing stages in tablet manufacturing. An artificial intelligence (AI)-facilitated XRM image analysis tool was applied for quantitative analysis of thousands of individual particles, both of the API and the major filler component of the formulation, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Domain size distributions for API and MCC were generated along with the calculation of the porosity of each respective component. The API domain size distributions correlated with laser diffraction measurements and sieve analysis of the API, formulation blend, and granulation. The XRM analysis demonstrated that attrition of the API agglomerates occurred secondary to the granulation stage. These results were corroborated by particle size distribution and sieve potency data which showed generation of an API fines fraction. Additionally, changes in the XRM-calculated size distribution of MCC particles in subsequent processing steps were rationalized based on the known plastic deformation mechanism of MCC. The XRM data indicated that size distribution of the primary MCC particles, which make up the larger functional MCC agglomerates, is conserved across the stages of processing. The results indicate that XRM can be successfully applied as a direct, non-invasive method to track API and excipient particle properties and microstructure for in-process control samples and in the final solid dosage form. The XRM and AI image analysis methodology provides a data-rich way to interrogate the impact of processing stresses on API and excipients for enhanced process understanding and utilization for Quality by Design (QbD).
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3
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Han JK, Kim JY, Choi DH, Park ES. A formulation development strategy for dual-release bilayer tablets: An integrated approach of quality by design and a placebo layer. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121659. [PMID: 35292397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although dual-release mechanism bilayer tablets containing one drug in both immediate- and sustained-release layers are widely used to improve therapeutic efficiency, studies quantitatively analyzing the drug amount released from each layer and the mutual effect of each layer's mechanical properties on drug product quality are limited. Here, the formulation of a dual-release bilayer tablet containing sarpogrelate HCl was optimized with a placebo layer and quality by design (QbD) approach. The placebo layer was developed to replace the active pharmaceutical ingredient and its mechanical properties were evaluated. The formulation was developed using the placebo layer to quantitatively analyze the drug released from each layer. The mixture design and Monte Carlo simulation enabled robust design space identification. The mutual effect of each layer's mechanical properties on drug product quality was confirmed by multivariate analysis using the optimal settings in the design space. The optimized formulation was characterized by comparison with a reference drug for various quality attributes and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, which ensured the bioequivalence of the optimized bilayer tablet with the reference drug. This study shows that the integration of QbD and a placebo layer is an effective optimization strategy for dual-release bilayer tablets containing one drug in different layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50819, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50819, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Upadhyay P, Mishra MK, Ramamurty U, Bond AD. Mechanical Anisotropy and Tabletability of Famotidine Polymorphs. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the drug development process, early characterization of solid forms can help to envisage the bulk processability of a powder, which should assist in selecting an optimal solid form. In...
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5
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Mansuri A, Münzner P, Feuerbach T, Vermeer AWP, Hoheisel W, Böhmer R, Thommes M, Gainaru C. The relaxation behavior of supercooled and glassy imidacloprid. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174502. [PMID: 34742219 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing dielectric spectroscopy, oscillatory shear rheology, and calorimetry, the present work explores the molecular dynamics of the widely used insecticide imidacloprid above and below its glass transition temperature. In its supercooled liquid regime, the applied techniques yield good agreement regarding the characteristic structural (alpha) relaxation times of this material. In addition, the generalized Gemant-DiMarzio-Bishop model provides a good conversion between the frequency-dependent dielectric and shear mechanical responses in its viscous state, allowing for an assessment of imidacloprid's molecular hydrodynamic radius. In order to characterize the molecular dynamics in its glassy regime, we employ several approaches. These include the application of frequency-temperature superposition (FTS) to its isostructural dielectric and rheological responses as well as use of dielectric and calorimetric physical aging and the Adam-Gibbs-Vogel model. While the latter approach and dielectric FTS provide relaxation times that are close to each other, the other methods predict notably longer times that are closer to those reflecting a complete recovery of ergodicity. This seemingly conflicting dissimilarity demonstrates that the molecular dynamics of glassy imidacloprid strongly depends on its thermal history, with high relevance for the use of this insecticide as an active ingredient in technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mansuri
- INVITE GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - P Münzner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Feuerbach
- Chair of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - R Böhmer
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Thommes
- Chair of Solids Process Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Gainaru
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Carboxylic Acid Counterions in FDA-Approved Pharmaceutical Salts. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1307-1326. [PMID: 34302256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salification is one of the powerful and widely employed approaches to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs. The FDA's eighty-year trajectory of new drug approvals depicts around one-third of the drugs clinically used as their pharmaceutical salts. Among various cationic and anionic counterions used in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts, the carboxylic acids have significantly contributed. A total of 94 pharmaceutical salts discovered during 1943-2020 comprises carboxylic acids as counterions with a major contribution of acetate, maleate, tartrate, fumarate, and succinate. Hydrocodone tartrate is the first FDA-approved carboxylate salt approved in 1943. Overall, the analysis shows that fifteen carboxylic acid counterions are present in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts with a major share of acetate (18 drugs). This review provides an account of FDA-approved carboxylate salts from 1939 to 2020. The decade-wise analysis indicates that 1991-2000 contributed a maximum number of carboxylate salts (24) and least (3) in 1939-1950. The technical advantage of carboxylate salts over free-base or other counterions is also discussed. Graphical Abstract.
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7
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Mannitol Polymorphs as Carrier in DPIs Formulations: Isolation Characterization and Performance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081113. [PMID: 34452073 PMCID: PMC8401007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for best performing carriers for dry powder inhalers is getting a great deal of interest to overcome the limitations posed by lactose. The aerosolization of adhesive mixtures between a carrier and a micronized drug is strongly influenced by the carrier solid-state properties. This work aimed at crystallizing kinetically stable D-mannitol polymorphs and at investigating their aerosolization performance when used in adhesive mixtures with two model drugs (salbutamol sulphate, SS, and budesonide, BUD) using a median and median/high resistance inhaler. A further goal was to assess in vitro the cytocompatibility of the produced polymer-doped mannitol polymorphs toward two lung epithelial cell lines. Kinetically stable (up to 12 months under accelerate conditions) α, and δ mannitol forms were crystallized in the presence of 2% w/w PVA and 1% w/w PVP respectively. These solid phases were compared with the β form and lactose as references. The solid-state properties of crystallized mannitol significantly affected aerosolization behavior, with the δ form affording the worst fine particle fraction with both the hydrophilic (9.3 and 6.5%) and the lipophilic (19.6 and 32%) model drugs, while α and β forms behaved in the same manner (11–13% for SS; 53–58% for BUD) and better than lactose (8 and 13% for SS; 26 and 39% for BUD). Recrystallized mannitol, but also PVA and PVP, proved to be safe excipients toward lung cell lines. We concluded that, also for mannitol, the physicochemical properties stemming from different crystal structures represent a tool for modulating carrier-drug interaction and, in turn, aerosolization performance.
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8
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Tsolaki E, Stocker MW, Healy AM, Ferguson S. Formulation of ionic liquid APIs via spray drying processes to enable conversion into single and two-phase solid forms. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120669. [PMID: 33989753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) forms of drugs are increasingly being explored to address problems presented by poorly water-soluble drugs and solid-state stability. However, before ILs of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be routinely incorporated into oral solid dosage forms (OSDs), challenges surrounding their ease of handling and manufacture must be addressed. To this end a framework for transforming API-ILs into solid forms at high loadings based on spray encapsulation using an immiscible polymer has recently been demonstrated. The current work demonstrates that this framework can be applied to a broad range of newly synthesized low glass transition temperature (Tg) API-ILs. Furthermore, the work explores a second novel approach to solidification of API-ILs based on polymer-API-IL miscibility that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously demonstrated. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that it was possible to produce spray dried solid materials, at acceptable loadings and yields for OSD applications in the form of both two-phase phase encapsulated systems and single phase amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). This was achieved by the appropriate selection of an API-IL insoluble polymer (ethyl cellulose) for phase separated systems, or a miscible polymer with an exceptionally high Tg (the polysaccharide, maltodextrin) for the ASDs. Both approaches successfully overcame the Tg suppression associated with room temperature ILs. This work represents the first step to understanding the fundamental critical physical attributes of these systems to facilitate a more mechanistic methodology for their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tsolaki
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; EPSRC-SFI Centre for Doctoral Training in Transformative Pharmaceutical Technologies, Ireland.
| | - Michael W Stocker
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Steven Ferguson
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; I-Form, The SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Institute for Bioprocess Research and Training, 24 Foster's Ave, Belfield, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.
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9
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Kalash LN, Cole JC, Copley RCB, Edge CM, Moldovan AA, Sadiq G, Doherty CL. First global analysis of the GSK database of small molecule crystal structures. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the molecular and structural features of the GSK crystal structure database and Cambridge Structural Database leads to improved reliability in hydrogen bond propensity models for pharmaceutical polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen N. Kalash
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jason C. Cole
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Royston C. B. Copley
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Colin M. Edge
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Ghazala Sadiq
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Cheryl L. Doherty
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
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10
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Modeling and Simulation of Process Technology for Nanoparticulate Drug Formulations-A Particle Technology Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010022. [PMID: 33374375 PMCID: PMC7823784 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline organic nanoparticles and their amorphous equivalents (ONP) have the potential to become a next-generation formulation technology for dissolution-rate limited biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IIa molecules if the following requisites are met: (i) a quantitative understanding of the bioavailability enhancement benefit versus established formulation technologies and a reliable track record of successful case studies are available; (ii) efficient experimentation workflows with a minimum amount of active ingredient and a high degree of digitalization via, e.g., automation and computer-based experimentation planning are implemented; (iii) the scalability of the nanoparticle-based oral delivery formulation technology from the lab to manufacturing is ensured. Modeling and simulation approaches informed by the pharmaceutical material science paradigm can help to meet these requisites, especially if the entire value chain from formulation to oral delivery is covered. Any comprehensive digitalization of drug formulation requires combining pharmaceutical materials science with the adequate formulation and process technologies on the one hand and quantitative pharmacokinetics and drug administration dynamics in the human body on the other hand. Models for the technical realization of the drug production and the distribution of the pharmaceutical compound in the human body are coupled via the central objective, namely bioavailability. The underlying challenges can only be addressed by hierarchical approaches for property and process design. The tools for multiscale modeling of the here-considered particle processes (e.g., by coupled computational fluid dynamics, population balance models, Noyes–Whitney dissolution kinetics) and physiologically based absorption modeling are available. Significant advances are being made in enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds by applying innovative solutions. As examples, the predictive modeling of anti-solvent precipitation is presented, and options for the model development of comminution processes are discussed.
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11
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Quantitative Microscopy: Particle Size/Shape Characterization, Addressing Common Errors Using 'Analytics Continuum' Approach. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:833-849. [PMID: 32971124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Particle size/shape characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is integral to successful product development. It is more of a correlative property than a decision-making measure. Though microscopy is the only technique that provides a direct measure of particle properties, it is neglected for reasons like non-repeatability and non-reproducibility which is often attributed to a) fundamental error, b) segregation error, c) human error, d) sample randomness, e) sample representativeness etc. Using the "Sucrose" as model sample, we propose "analytics continuum" approach that integrates optical microscope PSD measurements complimented by NIR spectroscopy-based trending analysis as a prescreening tool to demonstrate sample randomness and representativeness. Furthermore, plethora of statistical tests are utilized to infer population statistics. Subsequently, an attribute-based control chart and bootstrap-based confidence interval was developed to monitor product performance. A flowchart to serve as an elementary guideline is developed, which is then extended to handle more complex situations involving API crystallized from two different solvent systems. The results show that the developed methodology can be utilized as a quantitative procedure to assess the suitability of API/excipients from different batches or from alternate vendors and can significantly help in understanding the differences between material even on a minor scale.
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12
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Yang S, Bier I, Wen W, Zhan J, Moayedpour S, Marom N. Ogre: A Python package for molecular crystal surface generation with applications to surface energy and crystal habit prediction. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244122. [PMID: 32610993 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present Ogre, an open-source code for generating surface slab models from bulk molecular crystal structures. Ogre is written in Python and interfaces with the FHI-aims code to calculate surface energies at the level of density functional theory (DFT). The input of Ogre is the geometry of the bulk molecular crystal. The surface is cleaved from the bulk structure with the molecules on the surface kept intact. A slab model is constructed according to the user specifications for the number of molecular layers and the length of the vacuum region. Ogre automatically identifies all symmetrically unique surfaces for the user-specified Miller indices and detects all possible surface terminations. Ogre includes utilities to analyze the surface energy convergence and Wulff shape of the molecular crystal. We present the application of Ogre to three representative molecular crystals: the pharmaceutical aspirin, the organic semiconductor tetracene, and the energetic material HMX. The equilibrium crystal shapes predicted by Ogre are in agreement with experimentally grown crystals, demonstrating that DFT produces satisfactory predictions of the crystal habit for diverse classes of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Imanuel Bier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhan
- School of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Saeed Moayedpour
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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13
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D S, Muthudoss P, Khullar P, A RV. Micronization and Agglomeration: Understanding the Impact of API Particle Properties on Dissolution and Permeability Using Solid State and Biopharmaceutical “Toolbox”. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Black SN, Wheatcroft HP, Roberts R, Jones MF, McFarlane I, Pettersen A. Cediranib Maleate-From Crystal Structure Toward Materials Control. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1509-1518. [PMID: 31884015 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cediranib maleate is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in phase III of development within AstraZeneca's oncology portfolio. Analysis of the crystal structure of this API confirmed that the selected salt form was robust. The salt formation step had to be redesigned to avoid an unwanted metastable polymorph. A solvate with a twist appeared during later development and was avoided using insights gained from its crystal structure. Differences between predicted and experimental aspect ratios correlate with weaker crystal interactions. Acceptable variability in particle size was defined and accommodated. The "Matwall" is introduced as a tool for building control of API performance from the crystal structure upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Black
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK; School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Helen P Wheatcroft
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK.
| | - Ron Roberts
- Global Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Martin F Jones
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Ian McFarlane
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
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15
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Cummings J, Feldman HH, Scheltens P. The "rights" of precision drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:76. [PMID: 31470905 PMCID: PMC6717388 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a high rate of failure in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development with 99% of trials showing no drug-placebo difference. This low rate of success delays new treatments for patients and discourages investment in AD drug development. Studies across drug development programs in multiple disorders have identified important strategies for decreasing the risk and increasing the likelihood of success in drug development programs. These experiences provide guidance for the optimization of AD drug development. The "rights" of AD drug development include the right target, right drug, right biomarker, right participant, and right trial. The right target identifies the appropriate biologic process for an AD therapeutic intervention. The right drug must have well-understood pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features, ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, efficacy demonstrated in animals, maximum tolerated dose established in phase I, and acceptable toxicity. The right biomarkers include participant selection biomarkers, target engagement biomarkers, biomarkers supportive of disease modification, and biomarkers for side effect monitoring. The right participant hinges on the identification of the phase of AD (preclinical, prodromal, dementia). Severity of disease and drug mechanism both have a role in defining the right participant. The right trial is a well-conducted trial with appropriate clinical and biomarker outcomes collected over an appropriate period of time, powered to detect a clinically meaningful drug-placebo difference, and anticipating variability introduced by globalization. We lack understanding of some critical aspects of disease biology and drug action that may affect the success of development programs even when the "rights" are adhered to. Attention to disciplined drug development will increase the likelihood of success, decrease the risks associated with AD drug development, enhance the ability to attract investment, and make it more likely that new therapies will become available to those with or vulnerable to the emergence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, UNLV and Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 West Bonneville Ave, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA.
| | - Howard H Feldman
- Department of Neurosciences, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Ostergaard I, Lopez de Diego H, Qu H. Crystallization of Cephradine Polymorphs and Hydrates from Mixed Solvents of Methanol and Water. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iben Ostergaard
- University of Southern DenmarkDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | | | - Haiyan Qu
- University of Southern DenmarkDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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17
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Nakach M, Authelin JR, Corsini C, Gianola G. Jet milling industrialization of sticky active pharmaceutical ingredient using quality-by-design approach. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:849-863. [PMID: 30998419 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1608449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Jet milling is frequently used in pharmaceutical industry to achieve different objectives. It can be used as enabling technology to overcome poor water solubility linked to hydrophobic active of pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by reducing the particle size and therefore increasing the dissolution rate. Alternatively, jet milling can be used either to enhance blending efficiency of API with excipient in case of formulation at low dosage strength or to achieve the required particle size for inhalation therapy. In this study, development of commercial manufacturing process of sticky API and its industrialization are described. The methodology used is based on quality-by-design approach to deliver safe, effective and robust manufacturing process. The study showed that the specific energy is a key factor that drives particle size during jet milling and the scale-up from lab to industrial scale. After understanding the process, a design space was built where different zones such as operating point, operating space (where the product is compliant to specification despite variability of process parameters), and the knowledge space were outlined. Finally, an industrial installation was proposed to deliver product with high productivity yield, compliant with safety regulation, and cleanable in place.
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Ahmed B, Brown CJ, McGlone T, Bowering DL, Sefcik J, Florence AJ. Engineering of acetaminophen particle attributes using a wet milling crystallisation platform. Int J Pharm 2019; 554:201-211. [PMID: 30391338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wet milling coupled with crystallisation has considerable potential to deliver enhanced control over particle attributes. The effect of process conditions and wet mill configuration on particle size, shape and surface energy has been investigated on acetaminophen using a seeded cooling crystallisation coupled with a wet mill unit generating size controlled acetaminophen crystals through an interchangeable rotor-tooth configuration. The integrated wet milling crystallisation platform incorporates inline focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and particle vision measurement (PVM) for in-depth understanding of particle behaviour under high-shear conditions. We used a recently developed computational tool for converting chord length distribution (CLD) from FBRM to particle size distribution (PSD) to obtain quantitative insight into the effect of the competing mechanisms of size reduction and growth in a wet milling seeded crystallisation process for acetaminophen. The novelty of our wet milling crystallisation approach is in delivery of consistent surface energies across a range of particle sizes. This highlights the potential to engineer desirable particle attributes through a carefully designed, highly intensified crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmed
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron J Brown
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas McGlone
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Bowering
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sefcik
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J Florence
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Leane M, Pitt K, Reynolds GK, Dawson N, Ziegler I, Szepes A, Crean AM, Dall Agnol R, The Manufacturing Classification System McS Working Group. Manufacturing classification system in the real world: factors influencing manufacturing process choices for filed commercial oral solid dosage formulations, case studies from industry and considerations for continuous processing. Pharm Dev Technol 2018; 23:964-977. [PMID: 30320539 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1534863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the first Manufacturing Classification System (MCS) paper, the team conducted surveys to establish which active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties were important when selecting or modifying materials to enable an efficient and robust pharmaceutical manufacturing process. The most commonly identified factors were (1) API particle size: small particle sizes are known to increase risk of processing issues; (2) Drug loading in the formulation: high drug loadings allow less opportunity to mitigate poor API properties through the use of excipients. The next step was to establish linkages with process decisions by identifying publicly-available proxies for these important parameters: dose (in place of drug loading) and BCS class (in place of particle size). Poorly-soluble API were seen as more likely to have controlled (smaller) particle size than more highly soluble API. Analysis of 435 regulatory filings revealed that higher doses and more poorly-soluble API was associated with more complex processing routes. Replacing the proxy factors with the original parameters should give the opportunity to demonstrate stronger trends. This assumption was tested by accessing a dataset relating to commercial tablet products. This showed that, for dry processes, a larger particle size was associated with higher achievable drug loading as determined by percolation threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leane
- a Drug Product Science & Technology (DPST), Bristol-Myers Squibb , Moreton , UK
| | - Kendal Pitt
- b Global Manufacturing and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline , Ware , UK
| | | | - Neil Dawson
- d Global Research and Development, Pfizer , Sandwich , UK
| | - Iris Ziegler
- e Corden Pharma International GmbH , Plankstadt , Germany
| | - Aniko Szepes
- f Research and Development Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Abina M Crean
- g Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre, School of Pharmacy , University College Cork - National University of Ireland , Cork , Ireland.,h Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy , University College Cork - National University of Ireland , Cork , Ireland
| | - Rafaela Dall Agnol
- i Curso de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde , Universidade de Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul , Brazil
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Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071719. [PMID: 30011904 PMCID: PMC6100526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes.
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Hayashi Y, Oishi T, Shirotori K, Marumo Y, Kosugi A, Kumada S, Hirai D, Takayama K, Onuki Y. Modeling of quantitative relationships between physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients and tensile strength of tablets using a boosted tree. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1090-1098. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1434195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Japan
| | - Takuya Oishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Japan
| | - Kaede Shirotori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Japan
| | - Yuki Marumo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kosugi
- Formulation Development Department, Development and Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Namerikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Shungo Kumada
- Formulation Development Department, Development and Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Namerikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Daijiro Hirai
- Formulation Development Department, Development and Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Namerikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Japan
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Konnerth C, Braig V, Ito A, Schmidt J, Lee G, Peukert W. Formation of Mefenamic Acid Nanocrystals with Improved Dissolution Characteristics. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Konnerth
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Cluster of Excellence - Engineering of Advanced Material (EAM); Nägelsbachstraße 49b 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Veronika Braig
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Division of Pharmaceutics, Cauerstraße 4; 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Cluster of Excellence - Engineering of Advanced Material (EAM); Nägelsbachstraße 49b 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Atsutoshi Ito
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Geoffrey Lee
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Division of Pharmaceutics, Cauerstraße 4; 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Cluster of Excellence - Engineering of Advanced Material (EAM); Nägelsbachstraße 49b 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Institute of Particle Technology; Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Cluster of Excellence - Engineering of Advanced Material (EAM); Nägelsbachstraße 49b 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Juban A, Briançon S, Puel F. Processing-induced-transformations (PITs) during direct compression: Impact of tablet composition and compression load on phase transition of caffeine. Int J Pharm 2016; 501:253-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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