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Bloom PP, Tapper EB. Lactulose in cirrhosis: Current understanding of efficacy, mechanism, and practical considerations. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0295. [PMID: 37820287 PMCID: PMC10578757 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HE is a complication of cirrhosis characterized by neuropsychiatric and motor dysfunction, and results in decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used to treat HE since 1966, though many questions about its use remain unanswered. Lactulose reverses minimal HE, prevents overt HE, improves quality of life, increases the rate of recovery from overt HE, and improves survival rates. Lactulose's clinical effect appears to be derived from its impact on intestinal microbes, likely a result of its enteric acidifying effect, positive pressure on beneficial taxa, and improvement of gut barrier function. There are several practical considerations with lactulose including (1) a need to avoid excessive bowel movements and subsequent dehydration, (2) treatment titration protocols need further investigation, (3) baseline or treatment-induced gastrointestinal side effects limit adherence in some cases, and (4) the utility of monitoring stool consistency or pH remains unknown. Further research is needed to optimize our use of this effective treatment for HE.
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Elkomy HS, Koshich II, Mahmoud SF, Abo-Samaha MI. Use of lactulose as a prebiotic in laying hens: its effect on growth, egg production, egg quality, blood biochemistry, digestive enzymes, gene expression and intestinal morphology. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:207. [PMID: 37845670 PMCID: PMC10578020 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising popularity of eggs as an alternative source of protein to meat has led to significant increase in egg consumption over the past decade. To meet the increasing demand for eggs, poultry farmers have used antibiotics to treat infections and, to some extent, promote growth and egg production in raising layer. However, the emergence and global spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria has now necessitated antibiotic-free poultry farming. As alternatives to antibiotics, prebiotics are feed additives that can be used to improve the growth and laying performance of poultry which positively impacts their performance and general health. In this study we evaluated the effect of lactulose, formulated as Vetelact, on body weight, egg production, egg quality, blood biochemical parameters and expression of genes associated with reproductive performance in laying hens. RESULTS Vetelact supplementation improved egg weight, egg production as well as egg quality. Following Vetalact supplementation, the levels of total bilirubin, total protein, globulin and phosphorus were increased, while the activities of alkaline phosphatase and lipase enzymes were increased compared to control. Vetelact at 0.10 ml/kg body weight upregulated OCX-36, OVAL, CALB1, OC-116, OCX-32 and IL8 transcripts while downregulating the transcription of Gal-10, PENK and AvBD9. At this optimal inclusion rate of Vetalect, histomorphologic analyses of intestinal tissue showed increased villi length with more goblet cell distribution and obvious mucus covering a surface, increase in the depth of intestinal crypts produce digestive enzymes, as well as more developed muscle layer that promote improved nutrient absorption. CONCLUSION Vetelact at a dose of 0.10 ml/ kg body weight was effective in improving productive performance of laying hens. Adding lactulose (0.10 ml/ kg body weight) to layer diet is recommended to promote growth and improve egg laying performance in antibiotics-free poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Elkomy
- Poultry Breeding and Production, Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Beheira, 22758, Egypt
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Named After K.I. Skryabin, 23, Academician Skryabin Street, Moscow, 109472, Russia
| | - Ivan I Koshich
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Named After K.I. Skryabin, 23, Academician Skryabin Street, Moscow, 109472, Russia
| | - Sahar F Mahmoud
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, 22511, Egypt
| | - Magda I Abo-Samaha
- Poultry Breeding and Production, Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Beheira, 22758, Egypt.
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Konkol D, Popiela E, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Moustakas K, Opaliński S, Korczyński M, Witek-Krowiak A, Chojnacka K. Recent innovations in various methods of harmful gases conversion and its mechanism in poultry farms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113825. [PMID: 35835164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poultry breeding takes place in intensive, high-production systems characterized by high animal density, which is a source of harmful emission of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and greenhouse gases, which in turn sustain animal welfare. This study identified and examined the characteristics of chemical compounds emitted in intensive poultry farming (laying hens, broilers) and their toxicity, which led to recommending methods of deodorization. Emphasis was placed on the law relative to air purification in poultry farms. Various methods of air treatment in poultry farms have been described: the modification of animal diet to improve nutrient retention and decrease the amount of their excrement; chemical oxidation technologies (ozonation, photocatalysis, Fenton reaction); various types/brands of biofilters, bioscrubbers and membrane reactors. Numerous studies show that biofilters can reduce ammonia emissions by 51%, hydrogen sulfide by 80%, odors by 67%, while scrubbers brings down ammonia emissions by 77% and odors by 42%, and the application of UV light lowers ammonia emissions by 28%, hydrogen sulfide by 55%, odors by 69% and VOCs by 52%. The paper presents both the solutions currently used in poultry farming and those which are currently in the research and development phase and, as innovative solutions, could be implemented in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Konkol
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Popiela
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Sebastian Opaliński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Sodium butyrate reduces ammonia production in the cecum of laying hens by regulating ammonia-producing bacteria. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102241. [PMID: 36972670 PMCID: PMC10066553 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate is a commonly used feed additive and can reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions from laying hens, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. In this study, the sodium butyrate and cecal content of Lohmann pink laying hens were measured, and in vitro fermentation experiments and NH3-producing bacteria coculture experiments were carried out to explore the relationship between NH3 emissions and its associated microbiota metabolism. Sodium butyrate was found to significantly reduce NH3 emission from the cecal microbial fermentation of Lohmann pink laying hens (P < 0.05). The concentration of NO3--N in the fermentation broth of the sodium butyrate-supplemented group increased significantly, and the concentration of NH4+-N decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, sodium butyrate significantly reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum. The culturable NH3-producing bacteria consisted mainly of Escherichia and Shigella, such as Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia marmotae and Shigella flexnerii. Among them, E. fergusonii had the highest potential for NH3 production. The coculture experiment showed that sodium butyrate can significantly downregulate the expression of the lpdA, sdaA, gcvP, gcvH and gcvT genes of E. fergusonii (P < 0.05), thus reducing the NH3 emission produced by the bacteria during metabolism. In general, sodium butyrate regulated NH3-producing bacteria to reduce NH3 production in the cecum of laying hens. These results are of great significance for NH3 emission reduction in the layer breeding industry and for future research.
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Chu N, Ling J, Jie H, Leung K, Poon E. The potential role of lactulose pharmacotherapy in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:956203. [PMID: 36187096 PMCID: PMC9519995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.956203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-absorbable disaccharide lactulose is mostly used in the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders such as chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. The mechanism of action of lactulose remains unclear, but it elicits more than osmotic laxative effects. As a prebiotic, lactulose may act as a bifidogenic factor with positive effects in preventing and controlling diabetes. In this review, we summarized the current evidence for the effect of lactulose on gut metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention. Similar to acarbose, lactulose can also increase the abundance of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as well as suppress the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. These bacterial activities have anti-inflammatory effects, nourishing the gut epithelial cells and providing a protective barrier from microorganism infection. Activation of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) can influence secondary bile acids and reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins. A low dose of lactulose with food delayed gastric emptying and increased the whole gut transit times, attenuating the hyperglycemic response without adverse gastrointestinal events. These findings suggest that lactulose may have a role as a pharmacotherapeutic agent in the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes via actions on the gut microbiota.
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Bloom PP, Tapper EB, Young VB, Lok AS. Microbiome therapeutics for hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1452-1464. [PMID: 34453966 PMCID: PMC10471317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication of cirrhosis characterised by neuropsychiatric and motor dysfunction. Microbiota-host interactions play an important role in HE pathogenesis. Therapies targeting microbial community composition and function have been explored for the treatment of HE. Prebiotics, probiotics and faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) have been used with the aim of increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial taxa, while antibiotics have been used to decrease the abundance of potentially harmful taxa. Other microbiome therapeutics, including postbiotics and absorbents, have been used to target microbial products. Microbiome-targeted therapies for HE have had some success, notably lactulose and rifaximin, with probiotics and FMT also showing promise. However, there remain several challenges to the effective application of microbiome therapeutics in HE, including the resilience of the microbiome to sustainable change and unpredictable clinical outcomes from microbiota alterations. Future work in this space should focus on rigorous trial design, microbiome therapy selection, and a personalised approach to HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Bloom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, USA.
| | - Elliot B Tapper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Michigan, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Anna S Lok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, USA
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Dose-Dependent Effects of Dietary Xylooligosaccharides Supplementation on Microbiota, Fermentation and Metabolism in Healthy Adult Cats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215030. [PMID: 33138291 PMCID: PMC7662210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect and appropriate dose of prebiotics, this study evaluated the effect of two levels of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in cats. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were divided into three groups: no-XOS control diet with 1% cellulose; low XOS supplementation (LXOS) with 0.04% XOS and 0.96% cellulose; and high XOS supplementation (HXOS) with 0.40% XOS and 0.60% cellulose. Both XOS groups increased blood 3-hydroxybutyryl carnitine levels and decreased hexadecanedioyl carnitine levels. Both XOS treatments displayed an increased bacterial abundance of Blautia, Clostridium XI, and Collinsella and a decreased abundance of Megasphaera and Bifidobacterium. LXOS groups increased fecal pH and bacterial abundance of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, decreased blood glutaryl carnitine concentration, and Catenibacterium abundance. HXOS group showed a more distinct microbiome profile and higher species richness, and an increased bacterial abundance of Subdoligranulum, Ruminococcaceae genus (unassigned genus), Erysipelotrichaceae genus, and Lachnospiraceae. Correlations between bacterial abundances and blood and fecal parameters were also observed. In conclusion, XOS could benefit feline gut health by altering microbiota; its effects dependant on the dose. The higher-dose XOS increased bacterial populations that possibly promoted intestinal fermentation, while the lower dose altered populations of carbohydrate-metabolic microbiota and possibly modulated host metabolism. Low-dose prebiotics may become a trend in future studies.
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Liu X, Yoon SB, Kim IH. Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profiles, Excreta Microbial Counts, Meat Quality and Organ Weight on Broilers Fed with De-Oiled Lecithin Emulsifier. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E478. [PMID: 32178371 PMCID: PMC7143105 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research evaluated the effects of de-oiled lecithin (DOL) as an exogenous emulsifier in broilers. Totally, 480 male broilers (1-d-old, Ross308) were raised for a 35-day feeding experiment. Broilers were randomly divided into three dietary groups including the addition of 0, 61.80%de-oiled lecithin (DOL-60), 97.16%de-oiled lecithin (DOL-97) into the basal diet. Broiler chickens fed with DOL-60 and DOL-97diets had greater body weight gain (BWG) during 1-7 days, 8-21 days, and the overall experimental period (p< 0.05),greater(p < 0.05) breast muscle percentages, and lower (p < 0.05) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL/C) concentrations. Furthermore, broiler chickens fed with DOL-97 diet showed the highest (p< 0.05)BWG during 22-35 days and feed intake during 8-21 days, lowest (p< 0.05) feed conversion ratio during 22-35 days and overall period, highest (p< 0.05) concentration of serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL/C), lowest (p < 0.05) concentration of serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL/C),excreta population of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and highest(p < 0.05) value of breast muscle redness. In summary, broiler diets inclusion of DOL-97 decreased the excreta E. coli counts, improved the growth performance, increased breast muscle percentage and redness, and enhanced concentrations of serum HDL/C and LDL/C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (X.L.); (S.B.Y.)
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Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hammad S, Khalaphallah R, Salem WM, Lohakare J. Synbiotic as eco-friendly feed additive in diets of chickens under hot climatic conditions. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4575-4583. [PMID: 30895316 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of synbiotic supplementation on performance, survivability rate, microbial populations, ammonia production, liver function, and meat physicochemical properties as well as carcass characteristics in broiler chicks under hot climatic conditions. A total of 320 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments as follows: control diet without synbiotic (S0), synbiotic at 500 mg/kg for starter diet and 250 mg/kg grower diet (S1), synbiotic at 1000 mg/kg for starter diet and 500 mg/kg grower diet (S2), and synbiotic at 1500 mg/kg for starter diet and 750 mg/kg grower diet (S3). Each treatment had 10 replicate pens with 8 birds. Diets were formulated using corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal and sunflower oil as major ingredients to meet the nutrient requirements for starter (1 to 21 d) and grower (22 to 35 d) periods. The experiment lasted for 35 d. The results showed that body weight and body weight gain were increased (linear, P<0.01) with the increase in dietary synbiotic feeding during the trial period. In addition, the feed intake linearly increased (P < 0.001) with increasing synbiotic levels and, in turn, caused linear improvements (P < 0.001) in feed conversion values. Interestingly, E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella were decreased (P < 0.001) by supplemental synbiotic levels compared to the control group during the entire study. Furthermore, there was beneficial effects on excreta ammonia reduction (P < 0.001) by supplementation of synbiotic groups compared to control. Increasing synbiotic levels decreased (P < 0.001) drip loss and cook loss percentage of breast and leg muscles without any significant changes in pH values. Dressing, breast, and leg percentages were increased, and abdominal fat percentage was decreased by supplemental synbiotic levels. In conclusion, this investigation demonstrated that synbiotic can be used as an effective feed additive to improve productive performance, meat quality, and ammonia reduction as well as decrease microbial populations of broiler chicks in hot climatic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Abdel-Wareth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523-Qena, Egypt
| | - Rafat Khalaphallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, 83523-Qena, Egypt
| | - Wesam M Salem
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523-Qena, Egypt
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Department of Agriculture - Animal Science, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
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Lan R, Kim I. Enterococcus faecium supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation improves the performance of sucking piglets. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31769224 PMCID: PMC7036309 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Enterococcus faecium DSM 7,134 supplementation on the performance of sows and their litters. A total of 15 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates. Dietary treatments were: CON, basal diet; E1, CON + 0.025% E. faecium; E2, CON + 0.05% E. faecium. No significant differences were observed on body weight and feed intake of lactating sows with E. faecium supplementation, but linearly increased the sow apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE; p < .05), and decreased piglets pre-weaning mortality (p < .05). Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased weaning weight, average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (p < .05), as well as linearly decreased diarrhoea score (p < .05) in the first weaning week. Piglets from E. faecium-supplemented sows linearly increased faecal Lactobacillus and Enterococci counts (p < .05), while linearly decreased faecal Escherichia coli counts (p < .05) after weaning. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of E. faecium improved the ATTD of DM, N and GE in lactating sows, as well as improved body weight, ADG and shifted faecal microbiota in their litters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan,, Choongnam, South Korea
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Zhai S, Zhu L, Qin S, Li L. Effect of lactulose intervention on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid composition of C57BL/6J mice. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00612. [PMID: 29575825 PMCID: PMC6291785 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota have strong connections with health. Lactulose has been shown to regulate gut microbiota and benefit host health. In this study, the effect of short‐term (3 week) intervention of lactulose on gut microbiota was investigated. Gut microbiota were detected from mouse feces by 16S rRNA high‐throughput sequencing, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Lactulose intervention enhanced the α‐diversity of the gut microbiota; increased the abundance of hydrogen‐producing bacteria Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae, probiotics Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae, and mucin‐degrading bacteria Akkermansia and Helicobacter; decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria Desulfovibrionaceae and branched‐chain SCFAs (BCFAs). These results suggest that lactulose intervention effectively increased the diversity and improved the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which may be beneficial for host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhai
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Zhu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Choi H, Jung SK, Kim JS, Kim KW, Oh KB, Lee PY, Byun SJ. Effects of dietary recombinant chlorella supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood characteristics, excreta microflora, and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:710-716. [PMID: 27697932 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chlorella as an immune stimulant to enhance nonspecific host defense mechanisms or as an antimicrobial to inhibit bacterial growth has been reported. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of recombinant chlorella supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and the blood profile, excreta microflora, and nutrient digestibility in broilers. A total of 375 one-day-old ROSS 308 broilers (male and female) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments using 5 cages with 15 chicks per cage. Treatments were: 1) NC, basal diet supplemented with 1.0% E. coli fermented liquor (EFL); 2) PC1, 0.2% EFL with chlorella; 3) PC2, 1.0% EFL with chlorella; 4) T1, 0.2% EFL with chlorella (anti-viral); and 5) T2, 1.0% EFL with chlorella (anti-viral). The broilers in the T2 treatment groups showed higher body weight gain (BGW) by 2.55% (P < 0.01) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 2.75% (P < 0.05) compared with those fed the control NC treatment group. Moreover, the blood contents of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and IgA in the broilers of the T2 treatment group were significantly increased by 28.12, 23.07, and 29.72%, respectively -more than those found in the broilers of the NC treatment group (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LDL/C in the blood from the animals in the T2 treatment group was significantly decreased by 23.23% - more than that in the blood from the NC broilers (P < 0.05). Based on these results, we suggest that the dietary supplementation of broilers with recombinant chlorella could improve their growth performance, increase the concentration of IgA and apparently metabolizable nitrogen in the blood, and decrease ammonia emissions. Therefore, our findings have important implications for the effect of recombinant chlorella supplementation through increasing the concentration of IgA and the level of metabolizable nitrogen.
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Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, Scott K, Stanton C, Swanson KS, Cani PD, Verbeke K, Reid G. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:491-502. [PMID: 28611480 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2603] [Impact Index Per Article: 371.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Robert Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 258 Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 7119 S. Glencoe Court, Centennial, Colorado 80122, USA
| | - Susan L Prescott
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2500 University Drive, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seppo J Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Karen Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, 73 Avenue E Mounier, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Targid - Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, BE 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada
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Lei XJ, Cheong JY, Park JH, Kim IH. Supplementation of protease, alone and in combination with fructooligosaccharide to low protein diet for finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1987-1993. [PMID: 28730711 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of adding protease with or without fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal noxious gas emission were evaluated in 160 finishing pigs (57.70 ± 1.16 kg) in a 9-week study. Pigs were randomly divided into four dietary treatments, PC: positive control diet (15.97% crude protein (CP)); NC: negative control diet (12.94% CP); PRO: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease; PROFOS: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease and 0.1% FOS. During weeks 4-9 and weeks 0-9, gain : feed ratio was impaired (P < 0.05) in pigs fed NC diet compared with those fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets. Pigs fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets had higher (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP than pigs fed NC diet. Pigs fed PROFOS diet had reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia emissions compared to pigs fed NC and PRO diets. These data indicate that reducing dietary CP concentrations impaired growth performance, decreased ATTD of CP and reduced ammonia emissions. Supplementation of protease in low CP diet improved growth performance and increased ATTD of CP. Dietary supplementation with protease and FOS in low CP diet improved growth performance, increased ATTD of CP and decreased fecal ammonia emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jian Lei
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Cheong
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
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16
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Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:26-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWith the increase in regulations regarding the use of antibiotic growth promoters and the rise in consumer demand for poultry products from ‘Raised Without Antibiotics’ or ‘No Antibiotics Ever’ flocks, the quest for alternative products or approaches has intensified in recent years. A great deal of research has focused on the development of antibiotic alternatives to maintain or improve poultry health and performance. This review describes the potential for the various alternatives available to increase animal productivity and help poultry perform to their genetic potential under existing commercial conditions. The classes of alternatives described include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, enzymes, phytogenics, antimicrobial peptides, hyperimmune egg antibodies, bacteriophages, clay, and metals. A brief description of the mechanism of action, efficacy, and advantages and disadvantages of their uses are also presented. Though the beneficial effects of many of the alternatives developed have been well demonstrated, the general consensus is that these products lack consistency and the results vary greatly from farm to farm. Furthermore, their mode of action needs to be better defined. Optimal combinations of various alternatives coupled with good management and husbandry practices will be the key to maximize performance and maintain animal productivity, while we move forward with the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic use in the animal industry.
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Chae JP, Pajarillo EAB, Oh JK, Kim H, Kang DK. Revealing the combined effects of lactulose and probiotic enterococci on the swine faecal microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:486-95. [PMID: 27305897 PMCID: PMC4919990 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand for the development of non‐antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has increased in recent years. This report compared the faecal microbiota of weaned piglets under the administration of a basal diet (CON) or that containing prebiotic lactulose (LAC), probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 (PRO) or their synbiotic combination (SYN). At the phylum level, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio increased in the treatment groups compared with the CON group, and the lowest proportion of Proteobacteria was observed in the LAC group. At the family level, Enterobacteriaceae decreased in all treatments; more than a 10‐fold reduction was observed in the LAC (0.99%) group compared with the CON group. At the genus level, the highest Oscillibacter proportion was detected in PRO, the highest Clostridium in LAC and the highest Lactobacillus in SYN; the abundance of Escherichia was lowest in the LAC group. Clustering in the discriminant analysis of principal components revealed distinct separation of the feeding groups (CON, LAC, PRO and SYN), showing different microbial compositions according to different feed additives or their combination. These results suggest that individual materials and their combination have unique actions and independent mechanisms for changes in the distal gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pyo Chae
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Korea
| | | | - Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Korea
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Lee SI, Kim JK, Hancock JD, Kim IH. β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in early weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1141775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. I. Lee
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - J. K. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - J. D. Hancock
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, Republic of Korea
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19
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Hossain M, Park J, Kim I. δ-Aminolevulinic acid, and lactulose supplements in weaned piglets diet: Effects on performance, fecal microbiota, and in-vitro noxious gas emissions. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Zhao PY, Li HL, Mohammadi M, Kim IH. Effect of dietary lactulose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, and excreta microflora in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 95:84-9. [PMID: 26542810 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lactulose on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, and excreta microflora in broilers. A total of 816 1-day-old male Ross broilers (40.2 ± 0.4 g) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments using 12 cages with 17 chicks per cage. Treatments were: 1) CON, basal diet; 2) L05, CON + 0.05% lactulose; 3) L10, CON + 0.10% lactulose; and 4) L15, CON + 0.15% lactulose. Higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in broilers fed the L15 diet compared with those fed the CON diet during d 22 to 35. During d 0 to 35, BWG was higher (P < 0.05) and FCR was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed lactulose diets than those fed the CON diet. Additionally, broilers fed L15 diets had the highest BWG (P < 0.05) and lowest FCR (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and nitrogen (N) was increased (P < 0.05) in broilers fed the L15 diet compared with those fed the CON diet. Drip loss was decreased (P < 0.05) in L10 and L15 treatments compared with CON treatment on d 1, d 3, and d 5. On d 3, lowest (P < 0.05) drip loss was observed in the L15 treatment. Excreta E. coli counts in the L15 treatment were decreased (P < 0.05) on d 14, but Lactobacillus counts in the L15 treatment were increased (P < 0.05) on d 14 and d 35 compared with the CON diet. A linear effect (P < 0.05) was observed on BWG (d 22 to 35), FCR (d 0 to 35), the ATTD of DM and N, drip loss, E. coli (d 14), and Lactobacillus (d 14 and d 35) counts. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.15% lactulose can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility; as well as increase the proliferation of Lactobacillus and decrease E. coli counts in excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Zhao
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - H L Li
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
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Lactulose increases bacterial diversity and modulates the swine faecal microbiome as revealed by 454-pyrosequencing. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Begum M, Li H, Hossain M, Kim I. Dietary bromelain-C.3.4.22.32 supplementation improves performance and gut health in sows and piglets. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Calik A, Ergün A. Effect of lactulose supplementation on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbial population, and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2173-82. [PMID: 26188035 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary lactulose supplementation on broiler growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microflora, and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. A total of 245 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 different treatments, with 7 replicates including 7 birds each. The birds received the same basal diet based on corn--soybean meal, and lactulose was included in the diet at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8% at the expense of corn and/or soybean meal. The body weight gain (linear, P=0.027) and feed conversion (linear, P=0.003) from 0 to 21 d showed significant improvement as dietary lactulose was increased from 0.2 to 0.8%. However, dietary lactulose did not affect broiler performance at the end of the experiment (42 d). Furthermore, intestinal measurements and the goblet cell count of broilers fed a lactulose-containing diet differed from those of birds fed a diet that did not contain lactulose. In addition, a significant quadratic response in the Lactobacillus count (P≤0.001) was observed at 42 d on increasing the level of lactulose. The cecal coliform bacterial population was not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation with lactulose significantly increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA measured on d 7 and d 42. In conclusion, inclusion of lactulose in the diet can enhance broiler performance and intestinal morphology by selectively stimulating intestinal microflora and increasing cecal SCFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Calik
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ergün
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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Begum M, Hossain MM, Zhao PY, Park JW, Kim IH. Dietary lactulose supplementation improves grower-finisher pig performance and indices of gastrointestinal tract function. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/anv55n12ab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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