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Tate DE, Tanprasertsuk J, Jones RB, Maughan H, Chakrabarti A, Khafipour E, Norton SA, Shmalberg J, Honaker RW. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Impact of a Novel Probiotic and Nutraceutical Supplement on Pruritic Dermatitis and the Gut Microbiota in Privately Owned Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:453. [PMID: 38338095 PMCID: PMC10854619 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pruritic dermatitis (PD) is a common presentation of canine allergic skin diseases, with diversity in severity and treatment response due to complex etiopathogenesis. Evidence suggests the gut microbiota (GM) may contribute to the development of canine allergies. A 10-week double-blind randomized controlled trial evaluated a novel probiotic and nutraceutical blend (PNB) on clinical signs of skin allergy, health measures, and the GM of privately owned self-reported pruritic dogs. A total of 105 dogs were enrolled, with 62 included in pruritus and health analysis and 50 in microbiome analysis. The PNB supported greater improvement of owner-assessed clinical signs of PD at week 2 than the placebo (PBO). More dogs that received the PNB shifted to normal pruritus (digital PVAS10-N: <2) by week 4, compared to week 7 for the PBO. While a placebo effect was identified, clinical differences were supported by changes in the GM. The PNB enriched three probiotic bacteria and reduced abundances of species associated with negative effects. The PBO group demonstrated increased abundances of pathogenic species and reduced abundances of several beneficial species. This trial supports the potential of the PNB as a supplemental intervention in the treatment of PD; however, further investigation is warranted, with stricter diagnostic criteria, disease biomarkers and direct veterinary examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E. Tate
- NomNomNow Inc., Nashville, TN 37207, USA; (D.E.T.); (J.T.); (R.B.J.)
| | | | - Roshonda B. Jones
- NomNomNow Inc., Nashville, TN 37207, USA; (D.E.T.); (J.T.); (R.B.J.)
| | | | | | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Cargill Inc., Wayzata, MN 55391, USA; (A.C.); (E.K.); (S.A.N.)
| | | | - Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ryan W. Honaker
- NomNomNow Inc., Nashville, TN 37207, USA; (D.E.T.); (J.T.); (R.B.J.)
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Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation in Atopic Dermatitis by Celastrol through Suppressing MRGPRX2. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9049256. [PMID: 36712922 PMCID: PMC9876689 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis is a common dermatological disease, and mast cell degranulation is believed to be related with the progression of atopic dermatitis. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2), and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1-2 (ORAI-1, ORAI-2) are involved in mast cell degranulation. Celastrol is an active monomer of Tripterygium wilfordii, and it presents an antiatopic role. Methods 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and compound 48/80 (C 48/80) were used to establish a slow and acute scratching animal model, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining was used to investigate tissue injury. Inflammatory factor concentration was measured with ELISA. The expression of MRGPRX2, ORAI-1, and ORAI-2 was detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Gene expression profiling and microRNA array were performed to investigate gene differential expression. Results Celastrol greatly inhibited atopic dermatitis-related tissues injury, mast cell production, histamine release, scratching level, inflammatory factor expression, and activation of MRGPRX2/ORAI axis in the DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis model. The influence of Celastrol on atopic dermatitis was remarkably reversed by overexpression of MRGPRX2. Conclusion We found that the improvements of atopic dermatitis caused by Celastrol were reversed by treatment with MRGPRX2OE, indicating that Celastrol might affect atopic dermatitis through MRGPRX2. This study might provide a novel thought for the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis by regulating MRGPRX2.
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de Santiago MS, Arribas JLG, Llamas YM, Becvarova I, Meyer H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial measuring the effect of a dietetic food on dermatologic scoring and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:354. [PMID: 34798876 PMCID: PMC8603501 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common condition that often requires multimodal therapy. Including a diet in the multimodal management of AD may reduce medication doses, saving pet owners money and reducing side effects. The objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to determine if a diet fortified in antioxidants, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the clinical signs of AD. Forty client-owned dogs with AD were enrolled in the study and assigned to either an enriched diet (diet B) or control diet (diet A) for 60-days. CADESI-4 index scores and owner-reported pruritus scores were measured periodically. Results Total CADESI-4 index scores for dogs eating diet B were lower on day 60 compared to baseline (P = 0.003). There was no statistical difference in scores for dogs eating diet A over a 60-day period. Diet B dogs had 25 and 49% reductions in CADESI-4 index scores on days 30 and 60, respectively (P = 0.0007) while diet A had no change over the study period. When comparing the percent change in owner-reported pruritus scores, diet B also performed better than diet A. By day 60, owners feeding diet B to their dogs reported a significant reduction (P < 0.0001) of 46.4% in itching, while those on diet A reported a 26.8% reduction, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Conclusions These study results demonstrate feeding a diet enriched with ingredients to improve skin health and reduce inflammation improves the clinical signs of AD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda Moral Llamas
- Clinical Veterinary Hospital, Complutense University, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iveta Becvarova
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 400 Southwest Eighth Avenue, Topeka, KS, 66603, USA
| | - Hein Meyer
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 400 Southwest Eighth Avenue, Topeka, KS, 66603, USA.
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Kakavas S, Karayiannis D, Mastora Z. The Complex Interplay between Immunonutrition, Mast Cells, and Histamine Signaling in COVID-19. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103458. [PMID: 34684460 PMCID: PMC8537261 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for new therapeutic modalities against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mast cell histamine has been implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 as a regulator of proinflammatory, fibrotic, and thrombogenic processes. Consequently, mast cell histamine and its receptors represent promising pharmacological targets. At the same time, nutritional modulation of immune system function has been proposed and is being investigated for the prevention of COVID-19 or as an adjunctive strategy combined with conventional therapy. Several studies indicate that several immunonutrients can regulate mast cell activity to reduce the de novo synthesis and/or release of histamine and other mediators that are considered to mediate, at least in part, the complex pathophysiology present in COVID-19. This review summarizes the effects on mast cell histamine of common immunonutrients that have been investigated for use in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Kakavas
- Critical Care Department, “Sotiria” General Hospital of Chest Diseases, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Karayiannis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Ypsilantou 45-47, 10676 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-213-2045035; Fax: +30-213-2041385
| | - Zafeiria Mastora
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Ma J, Wang FY, Xu L, Wang YF, Tang XD. Mechanism of mast cell-mediated COX2-PGE2-Eps signaling pathway in visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:306-311. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i6.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) whose pathophysiological mechanism is complex, involving genetic factors, psychosocial factors, low-grade mucosal inflammation, changes in the intestinal barrier, bacterial flora disorder, neuroimmune abnormalities, and high visceral sensitivity. In recent years, the mechanism of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS has become a hot research topic. Mast cells (MCs) are a group of immune cells that are distributed in the central nervous system and digestive system. The COX2-PGE2-Eps signaling pathway plays a major role in the visceral hypersensitivity in IBS, from peripheral sensitization to central sensitization, which provides a new idea for further clarifying the pathological mechanism of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Peking University Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Medical School, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
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Mast Cell Regulation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Food Components with Potential Nutraceutical Use. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184314. [PMID: 32962285 PMCID: PMC7570512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are key actors in inflammatory reactions. Upon activation, they release histamine, heparin and nerve growth factor, among many other mediators that modulate immune response and neuron sensitization. One important feature of mast cells is that their population is usually increased in animal models and biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, mast cells and mast cell mediators are regarded as key components in IBS pathophysiology. IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting the quality of life of up to 20% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from constipation to diarrhea, with a mixed subtype and even an unclassified form. Nutrient intake is one of the triggering factors of IBS. In this respect, certain components of the daily food, such as fatty acids, amino acids or plant-derived substances like flavonoids, have been described to modulate mast cells' activity. In this review, we will focus on the effect of these molecules, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on mast cell degranulation, looking for a nutraceutical capable of decreasing IBS symptoms.
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Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
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Marchegiani A, Fruganti A, Spaterna A, Dalle Vedove E, Bachetti B, Massimini M, Di Pierro F, Gavazza A, Cerquetella M. Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Canine Dermatological Disorders. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E38. [PMID: 32260299 PMCID: PMC7355824 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplements, also known as complementary feeds, are products administered with the aim of furnishing health benefits, regardless of nutritional needs. They have been used since ancient times in veterinary dermatology, and a number of studies have focused on investigating the health benefits of some ingredients found in commercially available complementary feed for dogs. The aim of this paper is to review the literature available on the use of nutritional supplementation for the management of canine skin diseases, critically appraising the clinical efficacy of such interventions and summarizing the current state of knowledge. This review highlights how these feeds can be considered useful in the management of dermatological disorders and outlines their beneficial effects in the prevention of dietary deficiencies and treatment of diseases, alone, or in addition to conventional pharmacological therapy. In recent years, nutritional supplements have found increasing potential application in veterinary medicine, and the scientific proofs of their beneficial effects are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Fruganti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Elena Dalle Vedove
- Research and Development Unit (NIL), C.I.A.M. srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (E.D.V.); (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Benedetta Bachetti
- Research and Development Unit (NIL), C.I.A.M. srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (E.D.V.); (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcella Massimini
- Research and Development Unit (NIL), C.I.A.M. srl, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy; (E.D.V.); (B.B.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (A.F.); (A.S.); (A.G.); (M.C.)
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Tang L, Li X, Wan L, Wang H, Mai Q, Deng Z, Ding H. Ameliorative effect of orally administered different linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratios in a mouse model of DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Witzel-Rollins A, Murphy M, Becvarova I, Werre SR, Cadiergues MC, Meyer H. Non-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of a dietetic food on pruritus and dermatologic scoring in atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:220. [PMID: 31253166 PMCID: PMC6599232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate food designed to improve skin barrier function and lower inflammation to reduce pruritus and clinical severity in client-owned atopic dogs. The food contained an antioxidant blend to reduce oxidative stress, plant polyphenols to stabilize mast cells, and polyunsaturated fatty acids to improve skin health and reduce inflammation. RESULTS Seventeen dogs were included in the analysis. Initially 48 adult atopic dogs were enrolled and exclusively fed a dermatologic food for 8 weeks in a non-controlled, open-label study. Thirty-one dogs were excluded for the following reasons: oral and topical medication changes (n = 17), missing data (n = 4), fatty acid supplementation (n = 3), food refusal (n = 3), dropped out (n = 3), and owner concerns (n = 1). Using a scale from 0 (normal) - 4 (severe), veterinarians evaluated the presence and severity of clinical signs of atopy at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Pet owners also rated their pet's clinical signs of atopy on a scale from 0 (not present) - 10 (present continuously) at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Compared with initial baseline scores (median 19, range 3-69), the total veterinarian scores were significantly lower at weeks 4 (median 11, range 1-15) and 8 (median 7, range 3-46) (p < 0.05). Similarly, owner assessments showed significant improvements in the least squares mean (LSM) from baseline to 4 weeks (itching, redness, licking, and scratching) continuing to 8 weeks (itching, redness, and scratching) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this open, non-controlled study evaluating a dermatologic diet in seventeen client-owned dogs, owner and veterinarian assessments showed statistically significant reductions in clinical scores designed to measure severity of atopic dermatitis. While these results show promise for the management of canine atopic dermatitis, controlled clinical trials are also needed to affirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Witzel-Rollins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Maryanne Murphy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Iveta Becvarova
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition Europe, 4106 Therwil, Grabetsmattweg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061 USA
| | | | - Hein Meyer
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition Europe, 4106 Therwil, Grabetsmattweg, Switzerland
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Hamel AF, Menard MT, Novak MA. Fatty acid supplements improve hair coat condition in rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:248-251. [PMID: 28464359 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As captive rhesus macaques often exhibit hair loss, alopecia was quantified and behavior was recorded before, during, and after fatty acid supplementation in six macaques. Fatty acid treatment was associated with a decrease in alopecia and in self-grooming behavior. Therefore, fatty acids may be a viable treatment for alopecia in some captive primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Hamel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - M T Menard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - M A Novak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Koch T, Mueller RS, Dobenecker B, Fischer A. Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in Dogs Treated with Antiepileptic Drugs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:27. [PMID: 27148543 PMCID: PMC4830846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders in dogs and life-long treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AED) is frequently required. Adverse events of AED targeting the skin are only rarely reported in veterinary medicine and the true incidence and spectrum of cutaneous reactions in epileptic dogs remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that cutaneous reactions commonly occur in epileptic dogs and are related to AED treatment. A retrospective case review of 185 dogs treated for epilepsy identified 20.0% with simultaneous appearance of dermatologic signs. In a subsequent prospective case investigation (n = 137), we identified newly appearing or distinct worsening of skin lesions following initiation of AED therapy in 10.9% of dogs treated for epilepsy (95% CI 6.8–17.7%). Cutaneous lesions were classified as probably drug-induced in 40.0% of these cases. Patch testing and intradermal testing were further investigated as potential diagnostic methods to confirm AED hypersensitivity. They were of high specificity but sensitivity and positive predictive value appeared inappropriate to recommend their routine use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Koch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Munich , Germany
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Kovanen PT, Schneider WJ. Lipid droplets in activated mast cells - a significant source of triglyceride-derived arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:59-69. [PMID: 26164793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are potent effectors of immune reactions and key players in various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. The cellular defense response of mast cells represents a unique and powerful system, where external signals can trigger cell activation resulting in a stimulus-specific and highly coordinated release of a plethora of bioactive mediators. The arsenal of mediators encompasses preformed molecules stored in cytoplasmic secretory granules, as well as newly synthesized proteinaceous and lipid mediators. The release of mediators occurs in strict chronological order and requires proper coordination between the endomembrane system and various enzymatic machineries. For the generation of lipid mediators, cytoplasmic lipid droplets have been shown to function as a major intracellular pool of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Recent studies have revealed that not only phospholipids in mast cell membranes, but also triglycerides in mast cell lipid droplets are a substrate source for eicosanoid formation. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mast cell lipid droplet biology, and discusses expansions and challenges of traditional mechanistic models for eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dichlberger
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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