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Risely A, Byrne PG, Hoye BJ, Silla AJ. Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17203. [PMID: 37962103 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The amphibian skin microbiome plays a crucial role in host immunity and pathogen defence, yet we know little about the environmental drivers of skin microbial variation across host individuals. Inter-individual variation in the availability of micro-nutrients such as dietary carotenoids, which are involved in amphibian immunity, may be one factor that influences skin microbial assembly across different life history stages. We compared the effect of four carotenoid supplementation regimes during different life stages on the adult skin microbiome using a captive population of the critically endangered southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree. We applied 16S rRNA sequencing paired with joint-species distribution models to examine the effect of supplementation on taxon abundances. We found that carotenoid supplementation had subtle yet taxonomically widespread effects on the skin microbiome, even 4.5 years post supplementation. Supplementation during any life-history stage tended to have a positive effect on the number of bacterial taxa detected, although explanatory power was low. Some genera were sensitive to supplementation pre-metamorphosis, but most demonstrated either additive or dominant effects, whereby supplementation during one life history stage had intermediate or similar effects, respectively, to supplementation across life. Carotenoid supplementation increased abundances of taxa belonging to lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus and Enterococcus, a group of bacteria that have previously been linked to protection against the amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While the fitness benefits of these microbial shifts require further study, these results suggest a fundamental relationship between nutrition and the amphibian skin microbiome which may be critical to amphibian health and the development of novel conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risely
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Salford University, Manchester, UK
| | - Phillip G Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bethany J Hoye
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Lundsgaard NU, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Early exposure to UV radiation causes telomere shortening and poorer condition later in life. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276293. [PMID: 35950364 PMCID: PMC9482364 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Determining the contribution of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR; 280–315 nm) to amphibian population declines is being hindered by a lack of knowledge about how different acute UVBR exposure regimes during early life-history stages might affect post-metamorphic stages via long-term carryover effects. We acutely exposed tadpoles of the Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) to a combination of different UVBR irradiances and doses in a multi-factorial laboratory experiment, and then reared them to metamorphosis in the absence of UVBR to assess carryover effects in subsequent juvenile frogs. Dose and irradiance of acute UVBR exposure influenced carryover effects into metamorphosis in somewhat opposing manners. Higher doses of UVBR exposure in larvae yielded improved rates of metamorphosis. However, exposure at a high irradiance resulted in frogs metamorphosing smaller in size and in poorer condition than frogs exposed to low and medium irradiance UVBR as larvae. We also demonstrate some of the first empirical evidence of UVBR-induced telomere shortening in vivo, which is one possible mechanism for life-history trade-offs impacting condition post-metamorphosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of how acute UVBR exposure regimes in early life affect later life-history stages, which has implications for how this stressor may shape population dynamics. Summary: Ultraviolet radiation exposure in amphibian larvae generates detrimental carryover effects on body condition and relative telomere length post-metamorphosis, a mechanism that may influence amphibian population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas U Lundsgaard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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3
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Blood Spots technology for veterinary applications and biological investigations: technical aspects, retrospective analysis, ongoing status and future perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:655-698. [PMID: 35771305 PMCID: PMC9244892 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried Blood Spots (DBS) technology has become a valuable tool in medical studies, however, in veterinary and biological research DBS technology applications are still limited. Up-to-date no review has comprehensively integrated all the evidence existing across the fields, technologies and animal species. In this paper we summarize the current applications of DBS technology in the mentioned areas, and provide a scope of different types of dried sample carriers (cellulose and non-cellulose), sampling devices, applicable methods for analyte extraction and detection. Mammals, birds, insects and other species are represented as the study objects. Besides the blood, the review considers a variety of specimens, such as milk, saliva, tissue samples and others. The main applications of dried samples highlighted in the review include epidemiological surveys and monitoring for infections agents or specific antibodies for disease/vaccination control in households and wildlife. Besides the genetic investigations, the paper describes detection of environmental contaminants, pregnancy diagnosis and many other useful applications of animal dried samples. The paper also analyses dried sample stability and storage conditions for antibodies, viruses and other substances. Finally, recent developments and future research for DBS technology in veterinary medicine and biological sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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4
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Carotenoid intake during early life mediates ontogenetic colour shifts and dynamic colour change during adulthood. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Lundsgaard NU, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Ultraviolet-B irradiance and cumulative dose combine to determine performance and survival. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 222:112276. [PMID: 34358884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the role of elevated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR; 280-315 nm) in shaping amphibian populations remains ambiguous. These difficulties stem partly from a poor understanding of which parameters of UVBR exposure - dose, irradiance, and time interval - determine UVBR exposure health risk, and the potentially erroneous assumption that effects are proportional to the dose of exposure, irrespective of the administered regime (Bunsen-Roscoe Law of Reciprocity; BRL). We tested if the BRL holds with respect to UVBR-induced physiological effects in amphibians by acutely exposing tadpoles of the Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) to a combination of different UVBR irradiances and doses in a fully factorial experiment. The BRL was invalid across all metrics assessed, with UVBR irradiance influencing the effects of a given dose on growth, coloration and burst swimming performance of larvae. We demonstrated some of the first empirical evidence for beneficial physiological effects of UVBR exposure in a larval amphibian, with improvements in growth, burst swimming performance and survival at the highest UVBR doses, contrary to hypotheses. Our findings demonstrate the species-specific nature of amphibian responses to UVBR, and the importance of UVBR irradiance in influencing the long-term physiological effects of a given dose of radiation. This work enhances our understanding of which parameters of complex UVBR exposures determine amphibian health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas U Lundsgaard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Calcium Accumulation and Loss and Vitamin D3 Content of Feeder Black Field Crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) Fed on a High Calcium Diet with and without UVB Irradiation. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium metabolism in insectivores may be perturbed by insufficient calcium or vitamin D3. Insects may be gut loaded to increase calcium content, and recent research shows that exposure to UVB radiation can increase the vitamin D3 content of some invertebrates. Typical gut loading protocols result in peak calcium content after 24–48 h, while existing evidence with UVB irradiation involves exposure periods of tens of days. We UVB-irradiated fasted black field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) while feeding them on high calcium diets for 48 h, then fasted them for a further 24 h, and measured the vitamin D3, calcium, and phosphorus content compared with non-irradiated controls. UVB irradiation had no effect on vitamin D3 (crickets had no detectable levels of vitamin D3 at any point), or on calcium accumulation rates, which approximated existing research. Crickets significantly increased their calcium:phosphorus ratio from 0.17 to approximately 0.4 over 24 h and this did not increase over a further 24 h of feeding. Removal of the food source resulted in loss of all accumulated calcium within 24 h. Our results have implications for managing food sources for captive insectivores and highlight the importance of good feeder preparation and rapid consumption to ensure optimal calcium delivery to predators.
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause for presentation of reptiles and amphibians to the veterinarian. A clinical approach to orthopedic cases starts with a thorough history and review of husbandry, and identification of any underlying or concomitant disease. Medical management is indicated for pathologic fractures. Traumatic fractures may require surgical intervention. Stabilization options include external coaptation and/or external and internal fixation. Special considerations must be given to shell fractures in chelonians. Many techniques used in mammalian practice can be applied to reptiles and amphibians, although some species may require prolonged healing times by comparison.
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Beausoleil NJ, Mellor DJ, Baker L, Baker SE, Bellio M, Clarke AS, Dale A, Garlick S, Jones B, Harvey A, Pitcher BJ, Sherwen S, Stockin KA, Zito S. "Feelings and Fitness" Not "Feelings or Fitness"-The Raison d'être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:296. [PMID: 30538995 PMCID: PMC6277474 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, human activities, including those aimed at conserving species and ecosystems (conservation activities) influence not only the survival and fitness but also the welfare of wild animals. Animal welfare relates to how an animal is experiencing its life and encompasses both its physical and mental states. While conservation biology and animal welfare science are both multi-disciplinary fields that use scientific methods to address concerns about animals, their focus and objectives sometimes appear to conflict. However, activities impacting detrimentally on the welfare of individual animals also hamper achievement of some conservation goals, and societal acceptance is imperative to the continuation of conservation activities. Thus, the best outcomes for both disciplines will be achieved through collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Despite this recognition, cross-disciplinary information-sharing and collaborative research and practice in conservation are still rare, with the exception of the zoo context. This paper summarizes key points developed by a group of conservation and animal welfare scientists discussing scientific assessment of wild animal welfare and barriers to progress. The dominant theme emerging was the need for a common language to facilitate cross-disciplinary progress in understanding and safeguarding the welfare of animals of wild species. Current conceptions of welfare implicit in conservation science, based mainly on "fitness" (physical states), need to be aligned with contemporary animal welfare science concepts which emphasize the dynamic integration of "fitness" and "feelings" (mental experiences) to holistically understand animals' welfare states. The way in which animal welfare is characterized influences the way it is evaluated and the emphasis put on different features of welfare, as well as, the importance placed on the outcomes of such evaluations and how that information is used, for example in policy development and decision-making. Salient examples from the New Zealand and Australian context are presented to illustrate. To genuinely progress our understanding and evaluation of wild animal welfare and optimize the aims of both scientific disciplines, conservation and animal welfare scientists should work together to evolve and apply a common understanding of welfare. To facilitate this, we propose the formal development of a new discipline, Conservation Welfare, integrating the expertise of scientists from both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngaio J. Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Liv Baker
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Baker
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mariagrazia Bellio
- Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison S. Clarke
- Veterinary Emergency Centre and Hospital, JCU Vet, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnja Dale
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steve Garlick
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Possumwood Wildlife Recovery and Research, Bungendore, NSW, Australia
| | - Bidda Jones
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Karen A. Stockin
- Coastal Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Zito
- Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Auckland, New Zealand
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Camperio Ciani JF, Guerrel J, Baitchman E, Diaz R, Evans M, Ibáñez R, Ross H, Klaphake E, Nissen B, Pessier AP, Power ML, Arlotta C, Snellgrove D, Wilson B, Gratwicke B. The relationship between spindly leg syndrome incidence and water composition, overfeeding, and diet in newly metamorphosed harlequin frogs (Atelopus spp.). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204314. [PMID: 30325919 PMCID: PMC6191089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindly Leg Syndrome (SLS) is a persistent animal welfare issue associated with the rearing of amphibians in captivity. We conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of diet, water composition and overfeeding on prevalence of SLS in newly metamorphosed harlequin frogs (Atelopus spp.). In our first experiment, we offered 400 full-sibling tadpoles of Atelopus certus isocaloric diets in treatments of 31%, 37%, 42% and 48% crude protein respectively. Tadpoles fed higher protein diets metamorphosed faster, but the incidence of SLS exceeded 80% in all treatments leading to the conclusion that variation in dietary protein was not responsible for causing SLS. We used 720 full-sibling Atelopus glyphus tadpoles in a second experiment to examine the effects of diet type, water composition and diet ration on SLS. We found that an overall incidence of 58% spindly leg in tadpoles reared in tap water, but reduced to about 10% in water treated by reverse osmosis and then reconstituted. It is possible that the reverse osmosis treatment removed some factor that caused the SLS, or that the reconstitution may have added a mineral lacking in the original tap water. Within tap water treatments, overfeeding tadpoles in tanks increased the incidence of SLS. We recommend further experimental research into this condition to identify the causative factors in the water. Additional research into the nutritional composition of food available to wild tadpoles would be useful in formulating captive diets, that have to date been solely based on surrogate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Guerrel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panamá
| | - Eric Baitchman
- Zoo New England, 1 Franklin Park Road, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rigoberto Diaz
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panamá
| | - Matthew Evans
- Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Panamá
| | - Heidi Ross
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panamá
| | - Eric Klaphake
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, CO, United States of America
| | - Bradley Nissen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panamá
| | - Allan P. Pessier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Power
- Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Arlotta
- Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Donna Snellgrove
- Waltham Center for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Brad Wilson
- Atlanta Botanical Gardens, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Zoo New England, 1 Franklin Park Road, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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EVALUATION OF BONE MINERALIZATION BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN WILD AND CAPTIVE EUROPEAN COMMON SPADEFOOTS (PELOBATES FUSCUS), IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:748-756. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Passos LF, Garcia G, Young RJ. The tonic immobility test: Do wild and captive golden mantella frogs (Mantella aurantiaca) have the same response? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181972. [PMID: 28732029 PMCID: PMC5521826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptations to captivity that reduce fitness are one of many reasons, which explain the low success rate of reintroductions. One way of testing this hypothesis is to compare an important behavioural response in captive and wild members of the same species. Thanatosis, is an anti-predator strategy that reduces the risk of death from predation, which is a common behavioral response in frogs. The study subjects for this investigation were captive and wild populations of Mantella aurantiaca. Thanatosis reaction was measured using the Tonic Immobility (TI) test, a method that consists of placing a frog on its back, restraining it in this position for a short period of time and then releasing it and measuring how much time was spent feigning death. To understand the pattern of reaction time, morphometric data were also collected as body condition can affect the duration of thanatosis. The significantly different TI times found in this study, one captive population with shorter responses, were principally an effect of body condition rather than being a result of rearing environment. However, this does not mean that we can always dismiss the importance of rearing environment in terms of behavioural skills expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Figueiredo Passos
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford Manchester, Salford, United Kingdom
- Chester Zoo, Cedar House, Upton by Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Garcia
- Chester Zoo, Cedar House, Upton by Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert John Young
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford Manchester, Salford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Drigeard Desgarnier MC, Fournier F, Droit A, Rochette PJ. Influence of a pre-stimulation with chronic low-dose UVB on stress response mechanisms in human skin fibroblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173740. [PMID: 28301513 PMCID: PMC5354420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet type B (UVB), through the induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), is the major risk factor for cutaneous cancer. Cells respond to UV-induced CPD by triggering the DNA damage response (DDR) responsible for signaling DNA repair, programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest. Underlying mechanisms implicated in the DDR have been extensively studied using single acute UVB irradiation. However, little is known concerning the consequences of chronic low-dose of UVB (CLUV) on the DDR. Thus, we have investigated the effect of a CLUV pre-stimulation on the different stress response pathways. We found that CLUV pre-stimulation enhances CPD repair capacity and leads to a cell cycle delay but leave residual unrepaired CPD. We further analyzed the consequence of the CLUV regimen on general gene and protein expression. We found that CLUV treatment influences biological processes related to the response to stress at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. This overview study represents the first demonstration that human cells respond to chronic UV irradiation by modulating their genotoxic stress response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Catherine Drigeard Desgarnier
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Fournier
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de Protéomique, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL - Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wielstra B, Vörös J, Arntzen J. Is the Danube crested newt Triturus dobrogicus polytypic? A review and new nuclear DNA data. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Danube crested newtTriturus dobrogicushas been proposed to comprise two subspecies:T. d. dobrogicusandT. d. macrosoma. Uncertainty exists in the literature over their distribution and diagnosability. We conduct a multilocus phylogeographical survey and review published data to determine whether a two taxon treatment is warranted. Newly produced and published nuclear DNA data suggest intraspecific variation in the Pannonian Plain part of the range, but with extensive genetic admixture, whereas mitochondrial DNA data shows a lack of geographical structuring inT. dobrogicusaltogether. None of the studied morphological characters suggest the presence of two geographical groups inT. dobrogicusunequivocally. Although Danube Delta newts do have relatively short bodies compared to the remainder of the range (the Pannonian and Lower Danube Plains and the Dnepr Delta), we argue that this finding can be explained by phenotypic plasticity – particularly in light of the incongruent evolutionary scenario suggested by genetic data. We conclude that the total body of evidence does not support the two subspecies hypothesis and recommend thatT. dobrogicusis treated as a monotypic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wielstra
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judit Vörös
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan W. Arntzen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Ferrie GM, Alford VC, Atkinson J, Baitchman E, Barber D, Blaner WS, Crawshaw G, Daneault A, Dierenfeld E, Finke M, Fleming G, Gagliardo R, Hoffman EA, Karasov W, Klasing K, Koutsos E, Lankton J, Lavin SR, Lentini A, Livingston S, Lock B, Mason T, McComb A, Morris C, Pessier AP, Olea-Popelka F, Probst T, Rodriguez C, Schad K, Semmen K, Sincage J, Stamper MA, Steinmetz J, Sullivan K, Terrell S, Wertan N, Wheaton CJ, Wilson B, Valdes EV. Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:485-501. [PMID: 25296396 PMCID: PMC4685711 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian biology is intricate, and there are many inter-related factors that need to be understood before establishing successful Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs). Nutritional needs of amphibians are highly integrated with disease and their husbandry needs, and the diversity of developmental stages, natural habitats, and feeding strategies result in many different recommendations for proper care and feeding. This review identifies several areas where there is substantial room for improvement in maintaining healthy ex situ amphibian populations specifically in the areas of obtaining and utilizing natural history data for both amphibians and their dietary items, achieving more appropriate environmental parameters, understanding stress and hormone production, and promoting better physical and population health. Using a scientific or research framework to answer questions about disease, nutrition, husbandry, genetics, and endocrinology of ex situ amphibians will improve specialists' understanding of the needs of these species. In general, there is a lack of baseline data and comparative information for most basic aspects of amphibian biology as well as standardized laboratory approaches. Instituting a formalized research approach in multiple scientific disciplines will be beneficial not only to the management of current ex situ populations, but also in moving forward with future conservation and reintroduction projects. This overview of gaps in knowledge concerning ex situ amphibian care should serve as a foundation for much needed future research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Ferrie
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Vance C. Alford
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jim Atkinson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy Daneault
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | - Greg Fleming
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - William Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kirk Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate Program in Avian Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Julia Lankton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shana R. Lavin
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Shannon Livingston
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P. Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Tom Probst
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kristine Schad
- European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kent Semmen
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jamie Sincage
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - M. Andrew Stamper
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jason Steinmetz
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Scott Terrell
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Nina Wertan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Catharine J. Wheaton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Brad Wilson
- Amphibian Ark, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA
| | - Eduardo V. Valdes
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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