1
|
Fong CR, Smith TB, Muthukrishnan R, Fong P. A persistent green macroalgal mat shifts ecological functioning and composition of associated species on an Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reef. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:105952. [PMID: 37068436 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global evidence of phase shifts to alternate community types is of particular concern because these new communities can provide fundamentally different and often novel ecosystem functions and services compared to the original community. Shifts of a diverse range of marine communities to dominance by green macroalgal mats have occurred worldwide, making it critical to understand their emerging functions and roles. We observed a green algal mat on two reefs in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, with one persisting for >10 years on a reef with stable herbivore populations and no known sources of anthropogenic nutrients. These mats supported a more speciose macroalgal community with fewer taxa present in the adjacent coral community and facilitated growth of an associated understory macroalgal species by reducing herbivory pressure and possibly enhancing nutrient supplies within the mat community state. These results demonstrate a weakening in the processes controlling reef community structure as a result of the shift in composition associated with the macroalgal mat, creating a positive feedback supporting mat persistence. These novel ecosystem functions generated by this alternate community state illustrate the importance of further research on community shifts, which will become increasingly common in the Anthropocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Fong
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, USA.
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, USA
| | | | - Peggy Fong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Zhou P, Zhou W, Huang S, Peng C, Li D, Li G. Network Analysis Indicates Microbial Assemblage Differences in Life Stages of Cladophora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0211222. [PMID: 36880773 PMCID: PMC10057885 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02112-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladophora represents a microscopic forest that provides many ecological niches and fosters a diverse microbiota. However, the microbial community on Cladophora in brackish lakes is still poorly understood. In this study, the epiphytic bacterial communities of Cladophora in Qinghai Lake were investigated at three life stages (attached, floating, and decomposing). We found that in the attached stage, Cladophora was enriched with chemoheterotrophic and aerobic microorganisms, including Yoonia-Loktanella and Granulosicoccus. The proportion of phototrophic bacteria was higher in the floating stage, especially Cyanobacteria. The decomposing stage fostered an abundance of bacteria that showed vertical heterogeneity from the surface to the bottom. The surface layer of Cladophora contained mainly stress-tolerant chemoheterotrophic and photoheterotrophic bacteria, including Porphyrobacter and Nonlabens. The microbial community in the middle layer was similar to that of floating-stage Cladophora. Purple oxidizing bacteria were enriched in the bottom layer, with Candidatus Chloroploca, Allochromatium, and Thiocapsa as the dominant genera. The Shannon and Chao1 indices of epibiotic bacterial communities increased monotonically from the attached stage to the decomposing stage. Microbial community composition and functional predictions indicate that a large number of sulfur cycle-associated bacteria play an important role in the development of Cladophora. These results suggest that the microbial assemblage on Cladophora in a brackish lake is complex and contributes to the cycling of materials. IMPORTANCE Cladophora represents a microscopic forest that provides many ecological niches fostering a diverse microbiota, with a complex and intimate relationship between Cladophora and bacteria. Many studies have focused on the microbiology of freshwater Cladophora, but the composition and succession of microorganisms in different life stages of Cladophora, especially in brackish water, have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the microbial assemblages in the life stages of Cladophora in the brackish Qinghai Lake. We show that heterotrophic and photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria are enriched in attached and floating Cladophora, respectively, whereas the epiphytic bacterial community shows vertical heterogeneity in decomposing mats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sırakaya S. Pros and cons of Ulva lactuca and Cladophora glomerata grown in freshwater as feed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33446-33454. [PMID: 36480141 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of algae as alternative feeds has long time attracted interest. However, due to excessive accumulation and variation in some of its components, difficulty in harvesting, and the need for some processes (cleaning, rinsing, drying, etc.) before final use, it causes hesitations about their use as feed. The feed values of Ulva lactuca and Cladophora glomerata collected from the same region in two different years (2020-2021) were investigated. The comparison of Ulva lactuca and Clodophora glomerata in two successive yearsyielded significant differences (P < 0.05) for crude protein% (22.23-10.78 and 18.38-12.85), crude ash% (19.28-34.10 and 40.67-35.51), ADF% (13.41-12.39 and 19.61-22.13), NDF% (39.18-36.35 and 29.36-35.74), calcium% (11.75-1.49 and 38.47-1.35), magnesium% (1.02-13.54 and 1.76-8.61), potassium% (0.53-6.17 and 1.50-17.86), sulphur% (4.76-2.41 and 3.41-1.80), and nickel ppm (9.50-87.5 and 20.25-105.3). Significant differences were also detected between other nutrients, minerals, energy, and digestibility values (P < 0.05). It has been determined that some heavy metal and mineral amounts are at restrictive levels at the point of use as feed. Aluminum (4982.7-7459.3 ppm) and silicon (8882.3-1449.3 ppm) were found in Ulva lactuca and Cladophora glomerata, respectively (P < 0.05). Sulphur, aluminum, silicon, and nickel amounts are above the tolarable feed criteria limits. Cadmium and lead were determined to be above the limits allowed in the legal legislation. Their biosorbent properties cause them to be affected by the ecosystem, and undesirable accumulations appear as a restrictive situation. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically determine their contents and variations. It was concluded that they are important in terms of potential feed value but should be used in a controlled manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Sırakaya
- Aksaray University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Hacılar Harmanı Mah, 12. Bulvar No:2, Merkez, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nutautaitė M, Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė A, Bliznikas S, Vilienė V. Enhancement of Rabbit Meat Functionality by Replacing Traditional Feed Raw Materials with Alternative and More Sustainable Freshwater Cladophora glomerata Macroalgal Biomass in Their Diets. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040744. [PMID: 36832819 PMCID: PMC9955542 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's challenges in the animal husbandry sector, with customers' demand for more beneficial products, encourage the development of strategies that not only provide more sustainable production from the field to the table but also ensure final product functionality. Thus, the current research was aimed at replacing some traditional feed raw materials in rabbit diets with C. glomerata biomass to improve the functionality of meat. For this purpose, thirty weaned (52-d-old) Californian rabbits were assigned to 3 dietary treatments: standard compound diet (SCD), SCD + 4% C. glomerata (CG4), and SCD + 8% C. glomerata (CG8). At the end of the feeding trial, 122-d-old rabbits were slaughtered, longissimus dorsi (LD) and hind leg (HL) muscles were dissected post-mortem, and moisture, protein, and lipid profiles were determined. Results revealed that CG4 treatment can increase protein (22.17 g/kg), total (192.16 g/kg) and essential (threonine, valine, methionine, lysine, and isoleucine) amino acid levels in rabbit muscles. Both inclusions gradually reduced fat accumulation in muscles (CG8 < CG4 < SCD) but improved the lipid profile's nutritional value by decreasing saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). As the dose of C. glomerata increased, the level of lipid oxidation decreased. Biomass supplementation enhanced PUFA/SFA and h/H levels while decreasing thrombogenicity index (TI) and atherogenic index (AI) levels in rabbit muscles, potentially contributing to the prevention of heart disease. Overall, dietary supplementation with C. glomerata biomass may be a more beneficial and sustainable nutritional approach to functionally enhancing rabbit meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nutautaitė
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Asta Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Bliznikas
- Institute of Animal Science, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-82317 Baisogala, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Vilienė
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Two different morphotypes of freshwater Cladophora surera (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) produce similar sulfated cell wall polysaccharides. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
6
|
Guo L, Dai L, Zheng J, Zhou W, Peng C, Li D, Li G. Environmental factors associated with the filamentous green algae Cladophora blooms: A mesocosm experiment in a shallow eutrophic lake. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:114977. [PMID: 35367675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The process of ecological restoration in eutrophic lakes, often results in the blooming of the filamentous green algae Cladophora. This consequently affects the growth of submerged plants and the restoration of vegetation. However, the blooming process of Cladophora and the environmental factors affecting their growth are poorly understood. This has become a difficult problem in the management of lakes. The study therefore focused on succession process of Cladophora blooms and their driving factors through mesocosm experiments in Caohai Lake. The results of our experiment indicated that Cladophora growth was mainly affected by water temperature, turbidity and soluble reactive phosphorus concentration of the habitat where Elodea nuttallii and Cladophora coexist. Nuisance Cladophora was mainly affected by turbidity (>19.24 NTU) when the water temperature was above 15.7 °C. With increasing Cladophora biomass and decreasing turbidity (<4.88 NTU), Cladophora biomass accumulation was mainly limited by the soluble reactive phosphorus concentration (<3.2 μg/L). Recorded turbidity range of 9.54-13.19 NTU was found to cause dramatic changes in the biomass of Cladophora. The results also showed that the outbreak of Cladophora blooms was mainly attributed to turbidity when the water temperature was appropriate in eutrophic lakes. These findings suggest that successful management efforts should strengthen the monitoring of transparency change in addition to controlling the phosphorus concentration to limit the Cladophora overgrowth on lake ecological restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | | | - Jiaoli Zheng
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Weicheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chengrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Genbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shirae-Kurabayashi M, Edzuka T, Suzuki M, Goshima G. Cell tip growth underlies injury response of marine macroalgae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264827. [PMID: 35298494 PMCID: PMC8929694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is a widely observed phenomenon by which the integrity of an organism is recovered after damage. To date, studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration have been limited to a handful of model multicellular organisms. Here, the regeneration ability of marine macroalgae (Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyta) was systematically surveyed after thallus severing. Live cell imaging on severed thalli uncovered the cellular response to the damage. Three types of responses-budding, rhizoid formation, and/or sporulation-were observed in 25 species among 66 examined, proving the high potential of regeneration of macroalgae. The cellular and nuclear dynamics were monitored during cell repair or rhizoid formation of four phylogenetically diverged species, and the tip growth of the cells near the damaged site was observed as a common response. Nuclear translocation followed tip growth, enabling overall distribution of multinuclei or central positioning of the mononucleus. In contrast, the control of cell cycle events, such as nuclear division and septation, varied in these species. These observations showed that marine macroalgae utilise a variety of regeneration pathways, with some common features. This study also provides a novel methodology of live cell imaging in macroalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Shirae-Kurabayashi
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
| | - Tomoya Edzuka
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Iwaya, Awaji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cook SC, Back JA, King RS. Compensatory dynamics of lotic algae break down nonlinearly with increasing nutrient enrichment. Ecology 2021; 103:e3613. [PMID: 34921393 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One important mechanism governing the temporal maintenance of biodiversity is asynchrony in co-occurring competitors due to fluctuating environments (i.e. compensatory dynamics). Temporal niche partitioning has evolved in response to predictable oscillations in environmental conditions so that species may offset competition, but we do not yet have a clear understanding of how novel anthropogenic stressors alter seasonal patterns of succession. Many primary producers are nutrient-limited, and enrichment may decrease the importance of environmental fluctuations that govern which species are effective competitors under naturally low nutrient regimes. Consequently, elevated nutrient concentrations may synchronize species responses to seasonality. By studying benthic algal assemblages over two years from 35 streams that spanned a wide gradient of nutrient enrichment, we found that compensatory dynamics characterizing seasonal succession under natural nutrient regimes broke down at relatively low levels of total phosphorus (P) enrichment (~ 25 μg L-1 ). With increasing P more species were able to coexist at any given time, and seasonal variation in assemblage composition was characterized by synchronous swings in species biovolumes. We also observed much higher instability in assemblage biovolumes with declines in compensatory dynamics, which indicates that anthropogenic alteration of nutrient regimes can affect community stability by changing the dominant mode of seasonal succession. Our findings indicate that compensatory fluctuations of stream algae are driven by seasonality, and provide insight about how nutrient enrichment alters evolved drivers of species coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Cook
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Back
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan S King
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Juijuljerm R, Vanijajiva O, Chittapun S. The potential of using akinetes as seed starters for Cladophora glomerata cultivation: Germination and growth of akinetes under different light intensities and humic concentrations. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Ruen-Pham K, Graham LE, Satjarak A. Spatial Variation of Cladophora Epiphytes in the Nan River, Thailand. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34834629 PMCID: PMC8622721 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cladophora is an algal genus known to be ecologically important. It provides habitats for microorganisms known to provide ecological services such as biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and nutrient cycling. Most knowledge of microbiomes was obtained from studies of lacustrine Cladophora species. However, whether lotic freshwater Cladophora microbiomes are as complex as the lentic ones or provide similar ecological services is not known. To illuminate these issues, we used amplicons of 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, and ITS to investigate the taxonomy and diversity of the microorganisms associated with replicate Cladophora samples from three sites along the Nan River, Thailand. Results showed that the diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic members of Cladophora microbiomes collected from different sampling sites was statistically different. Fifty percent of the identifiable taxa were shared across sampling sites: these included organisms belonging to different trophic levels, decomposers, and heterotrophic bacteria. These heterogeneous assemblages of bacteria, by functional inference, have the potential to perform various ecological functions, i.e., cellulose degradation, cobalamin biosynthesis, fermentative hydrogen production, ammonium oxidation, amino acid fermentation, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium, nitrite reduction, nitrate reduction, sulfur reduction, polyphosphate accumulation, denitrifying phosphorus-accumulation, and degradation of aromatic compounds. Results suggested that river populations of Cladophora provide ecologically important habitat for microorganisms that are key to nutrient cycling in lotic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karnjana Ruen-Pham
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Linda E. Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Anchittha Satjarak
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peller J, Nevers MB, Byappanahalli M, Nelson C, Ganesh Babu B, Evans MA, Kostelnik E, Keller M, Johnston J, Shidler S. Sequestration of microfibers and other microplastics by green algae, Cladophora, in the US Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116695. [PMID: 33601201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Daunting amounts of microplastics are present in surface waters worldwide. A main category of microplastics is synthetic microfibers, which originate from textiles. These microplastics are generated and released in laundering and are discharged by wastewater treatment plants or enter surface waters from other sources. The polymers that constitute many common synthetic microfibers are mostly denser than water, and eventually settle out in aquatic environments. The interaction of these microfibers with submerged aquatic vegetation has not been thoroughly investigated but is potentially an important aquatic sink in surface waters. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, prolific growth of macrophytic Cladophora creates submerged biomass with a large amount of surface area and the potential to collect and concentrate microplastics. To determine the number of synthetic microfibers in Great Lakes Cladophora, samples were collected from Lakes Erie and Michigan at multiple depths in the spring and summer of 2018. After rinsing and processing the algae, associated synthetic microfibers were quantified. The average loads of synthetic microfibers determined from the Lake Erie and Lake Michigan samples were 32,000 per kg (dry weight (dw)) and 34,000 per kg (dw), respectively, 2-4 orders of magnitude greater than loads previously reported in water and sediment. To further explore this sequestration of microplastics, fresh and aged Cladophora were mixed with aqueous mixtures of microfibers or microplastic in the laboratory to simulate pollution events. Microscopic analyses indicated that fresh Cladophora algae readily interacted with microplastics via adsorptive forces and physical entanglement. These interactions mostly cease upon algal senescence, with an expected release of microplastics in benthic sediments. Collectively, these findings suggest that synthetic microfibers are widespread in Cladophora algae and the affinity between microplastics and Cladophora may offer insights for removing microplastic pollution. Macroalgae in the Laurentian Great Lakes contain high loads of synthetic microfibers, both entangled and adsorbed, which likely account for an important fraction of microplastics in these surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Peller
- Department of Chemistry, 1710 Chapel Drive, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA.
| | - Meredith B Nevers
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Chesterton, IN, 46304, USA
| | | | - Cassie Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | | | - Mary Anne Evans
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Eddie Kostelnik
- Department of Chemistry, 1710 Chapel Drive, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
| | - Morgan Keller
- Department of Chemistry, 1710 Chapel Drive, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
| | - Jenna Johnston
- Department of Geography, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Flores-Morales G, Díaz M, Arancibia-Avila P, Muñoz-Carrasco M, Jara-Zapata P, Toledo-Montiel F, Vega-Román E. Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:544-550. [PMID: 32785467 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.224708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Flores-Morales
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Programa Magister Ciencias Biológicas, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mónica Díaz
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - Michelle Muñoz-Carrasco
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pamela Jara-Zapata
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo-Montiel
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Chillán, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Vega-Román
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Chillán, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ciancia M, Fernández PV, Leliaert F. Diversity of Sulfated Polysaccharides From Cell Walls of Coenocytic Green Algae and Their Structural Relationships in View of Green Algal Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554585. [PMID: 33133113 PMCID: PMC7550628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.554585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated polysaccharides as key components of their cell walls. These polysaccharides are potentially interesting as biologically active compounds. Green macroalgae of the class Ulvophyceae comprise sulfated polysaccharides with great structural differences regarding the monosaccharide constituents, linearity of their backbones, and presence of other acidic substituents in their structure, including uronic acid residues and pyruvic acid. These structures have been thoroughly studied in the Ulvales and Ulotrichales, but only more recently have they been investigated with some detail in ulvophytes with giant multinucleate (coenocytic) cells, including the siphonous Bryopsidales and Dasycladales, and the siphonocladous Cladophorales. An early classification of these structurally heterogeneous polysaccharides was based on the presence of uronic acid residues in these molecules. In agreement with this classification based on chemical structures, sulfated polysaccharides of the orders Bryopsidales and Cladophorales fall in the same group, in which this acidic component is absent, or only present in very low quantities. The cell walls of Dasycladales have been less studied, and it remains unclear if they comprise sulfated polysaccharides of both types. Although in the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales the most important sulfated polysaccharides are arabinans and galactans (or arabinogalactans), their major structures are very different. The Bryopsidales produce sulfated pyruvylated 3-linked β-d-galactans, in most cases, with ramifications on C6. For some species, linear sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been described. In the Cladophorales, also sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been found, but 4-linked and highly substituted with side chains. These differences are consistent with recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales are distantly related. In addition, some of the Bryopsidales also biosynthesize other sulfated polysaccharides, i.e., sulfated mannans and sulfated rhamnans. The presence of sulfate groups as a distinctive characteristic of these biopolymers has been related to their adaptation to the marine environment. However, it has been shown that some freshwater algae from the Cladophorales also produce sulfated polysaccharides. In this review, structures of sulfated polysaccharides from bryopsidalean, dasycladalean, and cladophoralean green algae studied until now are described and analyzed based on current phylogenetic understanding, with the aim of unveiling the important knowledge gaps that still exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
| | - Paula Virginia Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Salvo Pereira J, Oyanedel Pérez A. Community signals of the effect of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt on benthic diatom communities in Chilean rivers. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-019-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Horinouchi Y, Togashi T. Characteristics of mitosis in the gametophyte cells of the marine green alga Monostroma angicava. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:8. [PMID: 31222467 PMCID: PMC6586733 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some marine algae exhibit several characteristics of mitosis (e.g., the timing of mitosis such as diurnal periodicity) that are unique from those of land plants. Not only the timing but also other characteristics of mitosis, including the process itself and the number of chromosomes involved, are largely unknown in ulvophycean marine green algae. Effective mitotic inhibitors are useful for observing mitosis and identifying the number of chromosomes. However, few such inhibitors are available for ulvophycean algae. Here, we examined the timing and process of mitosis and the number of chromosomes with several mitotic inhibitors in the haploid gametophyte cells of the Ulvophyceae alga Monostroma angicava. RESULTS Mitosis did not occur during the light period but began immediately after the onset of the dark period. The typical process of mitosis was observed. The mitotic inhibitors colchicine and 8-hydroxyquinoline, which generally arrest mitosis in land plants, were ineffective in M. angicava. We found that three other mitotic inhibitors, amiprophos methyl, griseofulvin and oryzalin, are effective to arrest mitosis. With three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that there were nine chromosomes in each cell. CONCLUSIONS In the gametophyte cells of M. angicava, mitosis occurs diurnally. It is triggered by the onset of the dark period. We identified the number of chromosomes as N = 9. Our study shows effective inhibitors to observe mitosis in ulvophycean algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horinouchi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, 299-5502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Zhu H, Lu X, Dai H. Surface-flow constructed wetlands dominated by Cladophora for reclaiming nutrients in diffuse domestic effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:524-530. [PMID: 29277032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a surface-flow constructed wetland (SFCW) dominated by Cladophora was used to remove and reclaim nutrients in diffuse domestic effluent (DDE) discharged from rural regions around Taihu Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake in China. Growth rate of Cladophora was investigated and linked to ambient factors and nutrient consuming rates. The growth performances of Cladophora and animal-feed microbes were studied during the commissioning of SFCW. Results show that the growth rate of Cladophora was closely correlated with field temperature and surface irradiance, while surface coverage was suitable for the manipulation of SFCW. Harvest of Cladophora along with animal-feed microbes and removal of nutrients in DDE could be achieved by manipulating surface coverage to drag growth rate back at the end of linear zone and to quickly restore Cladophora biomass in the mid zone of surface growth rate. Among four stages of the commissioning, concentrating stage experienced the majority species of animal-feed microbes and maximal nutrient removal; during decomposing stage, however, the reproduction of animal-feed microbes and nutrient removal were lower, whereas the density of pathogens was higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen, 333403, China
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ross ME, Davis K, McColl R, Stanley MS, Day JG, Semião AJ. Nitrogen uptake by the macro-algae Cladophora coelothrix and Cladophora parriaudii: Influence on growth, nitrogen preference and biochemical composition. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Braus MJ, Graham LE, Whitman TL. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the bacterial microbiota on lacustrine Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1255-1262. [PMID: 28787765 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The branched periphytic green alga Cladophora glomerata, often abundant in nearshore waters of lakes and rivers worldwide, plays important ecosystem roles, some mediated by epibiotic microbiota that benefit from host-provided surface, organic C, and O2 . Previous microscopy and high-throughput sequencing studies have indicated surprising epibiont taxonomic and functional diversity, but have not included adequate consideration of sample replication or the potential for spatial and temporal variation. Here, we report the results of 16S rRNA amplicon-based phylum-to-genus taxonomic analysis of Cladophora-associated bacterial epibiota sampled in replicate from three microsites and at six times during the open-water season of 2014, from the same lake locale (Picnic Point, Lake Mendota, Dane Co., WI, USA) explored by high-throughput sequencing studies in two previous years. Statistical methods were used to test null hypotheses that the bacterial community: (i) is homogeneous across microsites tested, and (ii) does not change over the course of a growth season or among successive years. Results indicated a dynamic microbial community that is more strongly influenced by sampling day during the growth season than by microsite variation. A surprising diversity of bacterial genera known to be associated with the key function of methane-oxidation (methanotrophy), including relatively high-abundance of Crenothrix, Methylomonas, Methylovulum, and Methylocaldum-showed intraseasonal and interannual variability possibly related to temperature differences, and microsite preferences possibly related to variation in methane abundance. By contrast, a core assemblage of bacterial genera seems to persist over a growth season and from year to year, possibly transmitted by a persistent attached host resting stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Braus
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, 53707, USA
| | - Linda E Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, 53707, USA
| | - Thea L Whitman
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Dr., Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ross ME, Stanley MS, Day JG, Semião AJ. A comparison of methods for the non-destructive fresh weight determination of filamentous algae for growth rate analysis and dry weight estimation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 29:2925-2936. [PMID: 29213184 PMCID: PMC5705739 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The determination of rates of macroalgal growth and productivity via temporal fresh weight (FW) measurements is attractive, as it does not necessitate the sacrifice of biomass. However, there is no standardised method for FW analysis; this may lead to potential discrepancies when determining growth rates or productivity and make literature comparison problematic. This study systematically assessed a variety of lab-scale methods for macroalgal FW measurement for growth rate determination. Method efficacy was assessed over a 14-day period as impact upon algal physiology, growth rate on basis of FW and dry weight (DW), nitrate removal, and maintenance of structural integrity. The choice of method is critical to both accuracy and inter-study comparability of the data generated. In this study, it was observed that the choice of protocol had an impact upon the DW yield (P values = 0.036-0.51). For instance, those involving regular mechanical pressing resulted in a >25% reduction in the final DW in two of the three species studied when compared to algae not subjected to any treatment. This study proposes a standardised FW determination method employing a reticulated spinner that is rapid, reliable, and non-destructive and provides an accurate growth estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Ross
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Thomas Bayes Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FG UK
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - John G. Day
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA UK
| | - Andrea J.C. Semião
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Thomas Bayes Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FG UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Svensson F, Karlsson E, Gårdmark A, Olsson J, Adill A, Zie J, Snoeijs P, Eklöf JS. In situ warming strengthens trophic cascades in a coastal food web. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Svensson
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ., Svante Arrhenius v g 20A; SE-114 18 Stockholm Sweden
- Dept of Aquatic Resources; Inst. of Marine Research, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; Lysekil Sweden
| | - Erik Karlsson
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ., Svante Arrhenius v g 20A; SE-114 18 Stockholm Sweden
- Dept of Aquatic Resources; Inst. of Coastal Research; Öregrund Sweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Dept of Aquatic Resources; Inst. of Coastal Research; Öregrund Sweden
| | - Jens Olsson
- Dept of Aquatic Resources; Inst. of Coastal Research; Öregrund Sweden
| | - Anders Adill
- Dept of Aquatic Resources; Inst. of Coastal Research; Öregrund Sweden
| | - Jenny Zie
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ., Svante Arrhenius v g 20A; SE-114 18 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pauline Snoeijs
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ., Svante Arrhenius v g 20A; SE-114 18 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ., Svante Arrhenius v g 20A; SE-114 18 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rindi F, Verbruggen H. Taxonomic Reshuffling of the Cladophoraceae. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:901-904. [PMID: 27976384 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rindi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boedeker C, Leliaert F, Zuccarello GC. Molecular phylogeny of the Cladophoraceae (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae), with the resurrection of Acrocladus Nägeli and Willeella Børgesen, and the description of Lurbica gen. nov. and Pseudorhizoclonium gen. nov. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:905-928. [PMID: 27535014 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomy of the Cladophoraceae, a large family of filamentous green algae, has been problematic for a long time due to morphological simplicity, parallel evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and unknown distribution ranges. Partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences were generated for 362 isolates, and the analyses of a concatenated dataset consisting of unique LSU and small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of 95 specimens greatly clarified the phylogeny of the Cladophoraceae. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the three currently accepted genera Chaetomorpha, Cladophora, and Rhizoclonium are polyphyletic. The backbone of the phylogeny is robust and the relationships of the main lineages were inferred with high support, only the phylogenetic position of both Chaetomorpha melagonium and Cladophora rupestris could not be inferred unambiguously. There have been at least three independent switches between branched and unbranched morphologies within the Cladophoraceae. Freshwater environments have been colonized twice independently, namely by the freshwater Cladophora species as well as by several lineages of the Rhizoclonium riparium clade. In an effort to establish monophyletic genera, the genera Acrocladus and Willeella are resurrected and two new genera are described: Pseudorhizoclonium and Lurbica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boedeker
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe C Zuccarello
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cellobiohydrolase 1 from Trichoderma reesei degrades cellulose in single cellobiose steps. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10149. [PMID: 26657780 PMCID: PMC4682103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolase 1 from Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A) processively hydrolyses cellulose into cellobiose. Although enzymatic techniques have been established as promising tools in biofuel production, a clear understanding of the motor's mechanistic action has yet to be revealed. Here, we develop an optical tweezers-based single-molecule (SM) motility assay for precision tracking of TrCel7A. Direct observation of motility during degradation reveals processive runs and distinct steps on the scale of 1 nm. Our studies suggest TrCel7A is not mechanically limited, can work against 20 pN loads and speeds up when assisted. Temperature-dependent kinetic studies establish the energy requirements for the fundamental stepping cycle, which likely includes energy from glycosidic bonds and other sources. Through SM measurements of isolated TrCel7A domains, we determine that the catalytic domain alone is sufficient for processive motion, providing insight into TrCel7A's molecular motility mechanism. Cellobiohydrolases are promising tools in biofuel production by hydrolysing cellulose into cellobiose. Here the authors use optical tweezers to show that Cellobiohydrolase 1 from Tricodermia reesei functions processively against moderate load, and likely uses multiple energy sources to fuel each step along the cellulose fibre.
Collapse
|
25
|
Graham LE, Wilcox LW, Knack JJ. Why we need more algal metagenomes(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:1029-1036. [PMID: 26986998 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent perspective article ably argued that fully sequencing more algal genomes would enable progress in diverse areas of fundamental and applied studies. More algal genomes would add resources needed to build well-supported phylogenies, improve our understanding of how horizontal gene transfer has influenced the evolution of algal genomes, provide useful ecological insights, and generate information essential to manipulating the genomes of industrially useful algae (J. Phycol. 51:1). We agree that more algal genomes would be quite beneficial, and also propose that more algal metagenomes would enable progress in both predictable and unforeseen directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Lee W Wilcox
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer J Knack
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Graham LE, Knack JJ, Graham ME, Graham JM, Zulkifly S. A metagenome for lacustrine Cladophora (Cladophorales) reveals remarkable diversity of eukaryotic epibionts and genes relevant to materials cycling. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:408-418. [PMID: 26986658 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Periphyton dominated by the cellulose-rich filamentous green alga Cladophora forms conspicuous growths along rocky marine and freshwater shorelines worldwide, providing habitat for diverse epibionts. Bacterial epibionts have been inferred to display diverse functions of biogeochemical significance: N-fixation and other redox reactions, phosphorus accumulation, and organic degradation. Here, we report taxonomic diversity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic epibionts and diversity of genes associated with materials cycling in a Cladophora metagenome sampled from Lake Mendota, Dane Co., WI, USA, during the growing season of 2012. A total of 1,060 distinct 16S, 173 18S, and 351 28S rRNA operational taxonomic units, from which >220 genera or species of bacteria (~60), protists (~80), fungi (6), and microscopic metazoa (~80), were distinguished with the use of reference databases. We inferred the presence of several algal taxa generally associated with marine systems and detected Jaoa, a freshwater periphytic ulvophyte previously thought endemic to China. We identified six distinct nifH gene sequences marking nitrogen fixation, >25 bacterial and eukaryotic cellulases relevant to sedimentary C-cycling and technological applications, and genes encoding enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic pathways for vitamin B12 biosynthesis. These results emphasize the importance of Cladophora in providing habitat for microscopic metazoa, fungi, protists, and bacteria that are often inconspicuous, yet play important roles in ecosystem biogeochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer J Knack
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa E Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James M Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shahrizim Zulkifly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee PO, McLellan SL, Graham LE, Young EB. Invasive dreissenid mussels and benthic algae in Lake Michigan: characterizing effects on sediment bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 91:1-12. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
28
|
Sherwood AR, Carlile AL, Neumann JM, Kociolek JP, Johansen JR, Lowe RL, Conklin KY, Presting GG. The Hawaiian freshwater algae biodiversity survey (2009-2014): systematic and biogeographic trends with an emphasis on the macroalgae. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:28. [PMID: 25343968 PMCID: PMC4222836 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-014-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A remarkable range of environmental conditions is present in the Hawaiian Islands due to their gradients of elevation, rainfall and island age. Despite being well known as a location for the study of evolutionary processes and island biogeography, little is known about the composition of the non-marine algal flora of the archipelago, its degree of endemism, or affinities with other floras. We conducted a biodiversity survey of the non-marine macroalgae of the six largest main Hawaiian Islands using molecular and microscopic assessment techniques. We aimed to evaluate whether endemism or cosmopolitanism better explain freshwater algal distribution patterns, and provide a baseline data set for monitoring future biodiversity changes in the Hawaiian Islands. RESULTS 1,786 aquatic and terrestrial habitats and 1,407 distinct collections of non-marine macroalgae were collected from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii from the years 2009-2014. Targeted habitats included streams, wet walls, high elevation bogs, taro fields, ditches and flumes, lakes/reservoirs, cave walls and terrestrial areas. Sites that lacked freshwater macroalgae were typically terrestrial or wet wall habitats that were sampled for diatoms and other microalgae. Approximately 50% of the identifications were of green algae, with lesser proportions of diatoms, red algae, cyanobacteria, xanthophytes and euglenoids. 898 DNA sequences were generated representing eight different markers, which enabled an assessment of the number of taxonomic entities for genera collected as part of the survey. Forty-four well-characterized taxa were assessed for global distribution patterns. This analysis revealed no clear biogeographic affinities of the flora, with 27.3% characterized as "cosmopolitan", 11.4% "endemic", and 61.3% as intermediate. CONCLUSIONS The Hawaiian freshwater algal biodiversity survey represents the first comprehensive effort to characterize the non-marine algae of a tropical region in the world using both morphological and molecular tools. Survey data were entered in the Hawaiian Freshwater Algal Database, which serves as a digital repository of photographs and micrographs, georeferenced localities and DNA sequence data. These analyses yielded an updated checklist of the non-marine macroalgae of the Hawaiian Islands, and revealed varied biogeographic affinities of the flora that are likely a product of both natural and anthropogenic dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Sherwood
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - Amy L Carlile
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
- Current address: Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven 06516, CT, USA
| | - Jessica M Neumann
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - J Patrick Kociolek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johansen
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights 44118, OH, USA
| | - Rex L Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green 43409, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Y Conklin
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| | - Gernot G Presting
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu 96822, HI, USA
| |
Collapse
|